Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T16:10:17.006Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Inhibition of inappropriate responses is preserved in the think-no-think and impaired in the random number generation tasks in schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2007

PIERRE SALAMÉ  and
JEAN-MARIE DANION
PIERRE SALAMÉ
Affiliation:
Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, France Physiopathologie clinique et expérimentale de la schizophrénie, Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasborg, France
JEAN-MARIE DANION
Affiliation:
Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, France
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We examined the ability of 23 schizophrenia patients and 24 healthy controls to exert intentional inhibition of prepotent responses in the Think-No-Think (TNT) paired-associate learning paradigm (Anderson & Green, 2001). TNT manipulates the frequency (1, 8, 16 times) of intentional attempts to suppress (inhibit) some target words and to respond to most cue words. Following a TNT practice-phase, recall of suppressed words was tested in two ways, using the same cue words initially learned, and the category name plus letter-stem of the target words. Inhibition of prepotent responses was also examined in a random number generation (RNG) task. In TNT, speed results showed longer reaction times after 16 suppress attempts in patients, not in controls, reflecting increased difficulty with retrieving the memory traces of the overridden items. In accuracy, no between-groups differences were evidenced, and overall patterns replicated those of Anderson & Green. In RNG, patients produced more stereotyped responses and ascending and descending counting than controls, pointing to on-line failures to inhibit prepotent responses. These findings suggest that schizophrenia patients' difficulties to inhibit prepotent responses appear specific, not widespread, the intentional inhibition addressed in TNT being preserved, and on-line inhibition in RNG being impaired. (JINS, 2007, 13, 277–287.)This paper was presented at the 4th International Conference on Memory, July 16–21, 2006, in Sydney, Australia.

Keywords

ExecutiveIntentional suppressionRepetitionForgettingConscious awarenessOn-line control
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 13 , Issue 2 , March 2007 , pp. 277 - 287
Copyright
© 2007 The International Neuropsychological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aleman, A., Hijman, R., Dehaan, E.H.F., & Kahn, R.S. (1999). Memory impairment in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1358–1366.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV (4th ed.), (pp. 273–290). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Anderson, M.C. & Green, C. (2001). Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Nature, 410, 366–369.Google Scholar
Anderson, M.C., Ochsner, K.N., Kuhl, B., Cooper, J., Robertson, E., Gabrieli, S.W., Glover, G.H., & Gabrieli, J.D.E. (2004). Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories. Science, 303, 232–235.Google Scholar
Artiges, E., Salamé, P., Recasens, C., Poline, J.-B., Attar-Levy, D., De la Raillère, A., Paillère-Martinot, M.L., Danion, J.-M., & Martinot, J.-L. (2000). Working memory control in patients with schizophrenia: A PET study during a random number generation task. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1517–1519.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A.D. (1966). The capacity for generating information by randomization. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 119–129.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A.D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, A.D. (1996). Exploring the central executive. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A-Human Experimental Psychology, 49, 5–28.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A.D., Emslie, H., Kolodny, J., & Duncan, J. (1998). Random generation and the executive control of working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A-Human Experimental Psychology, 51, 819–852.Google Scholar
Carter, C.S., Perlstein, W.M., Ganguli, R., Brar, J., Mintun, M., & Cohen, J.D. (1998). Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1285–1287.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
Craik, F.I.M. & Lockhart, R.S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671–684.Google Scholar
Daniels, C., Witt, K., Wolff, S., Jansen, O., & Deuschl, G. (2003). Rate dependency of the human cortical network subserving executive functions during generation of random number series—A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience Letters, 345, 25–28.Google Scholar
Dirnberger, G., Frith, C.D., & Jahanshahi, M. (2005). Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease is associated with altered pallidal-frontal processing. Neuroimage, 25, 588–599.Google Scholar
Edwards, A.L. (1960). Experimental design in psychological research. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Evans, F.J. (1978). Monitoring attention deployment by random number generation: An index to measure subjective randomness. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 12, 35–38.Google Scholar
Heinrichs, R.W. & Zakzanis, K.K. (1998). Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12, 426–445.Google Scholar
Horne, R.L., Evans, F.J., & Orne, M.T. (1982). Random number generation, psychopathology, and therapeutic change. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 680–683.Google Scholar
Jahanshahi, M. & Dirnberger, G. (1999). The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and random generation of responses: Studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychologia, 37, 181–190.Google Scholar
Jahanshahi, M., Dirnberger, G., Fuller, R., & Frith, C.D. (2000). The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in random number generation: A study with positron emission tomography. Neuroimage, 12, 713–725.Google Scholar
Jahanshahi, M., Profice, P., Brown, R.G., Ridding, M.C., Dirnberger, G., & Rothwell, J.C. (1998). The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on suppression of habitual counting during random number generation. Brain, 121, 1533–1544.Google Scholar
Jimeno, N., Jimeno, A., Hornero, R., Alonso, A., & Espino, P. (1999). The test of random rhythm generation and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenic patients. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 7, 137–142.Google Scholar
Joppich, G., Dauper, J., Dengler, R., Johannes, S., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., & Munte, T.F. (2004). Brain potentials index executive functions during random number generation. Neuroscience Research, 49, 157–164.Google Scholar
Kim, J.J., Kwon, J.S., Park, H.J., Youn, T., Kang, D.H., Kim, M.S., Lee, D.S., & Lee, M.C. (2003). Functional disconnection between the prefrontal and parietal cortices during working memory processing in schizophrenia: A [(15)O]H(2)O PET study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 919–923.Google Scholar
Koriat, A. & Goldsmith, M. (1996). Monitoring and control processes in the strategic regulation of memory accuracy. Psychological Review, 103, 490–517.Google Scholar
Levy, B.J. & Anderson, M.C. (2002). Inhibitory processes and the control of memory retrieval. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 299–305.Google Scholar
Muller, U., Ullsperger, M., Hammerstein, E., Sachweh, S., & Becker, T. (2005). Directed forgetting in schizophrenia: Prefrontal memory and inhibition deficits. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 255, 251–257.Google Scholar
Perlstein, W.M., Dixit, N.K., Carter, C.S., Noll, D.C., & Cohen, J.D. (2003). Prefrontal cortex dysfunction mediates deficits in working memory and prepotent responding in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 25–38.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, S., Weber, N., Crocq, M.-A., Duval, F., & Macher, J.-P. (1990). Random number generation by normal, alcoholic and schizophrenic subjects. Psychological Medicine, 20, 953–960.Google Scholar
Rubia, K., Russell, T., Bullmore, E.T., Soni, W., Brammer, M.J., Simmons, A., Taylor, E., Andrew, C., Giampietro, V., & Sharma, T. (2001). An fMRI study of reduced left prefrontal activation in schizophrenia during normal inhibitory function. Schizophrenia Research, 52, 47–55.Google Scholar
Salamé, P., Danion, J.-M., Peretti, C.S., & Cuervo, C. (1998). The state of functioning of working memory in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 30, 11–29.Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B–Biological Sciences, B298, 199–209.Google Scholar
Shinba, T., Shinozaki, T., Kariya, N., & Ebata, K. (2000). Random number generation deficit in schizophrenia characterized by oral vs. written response modes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 1091–1105.Google Scholar
Sonntag, P., Gokalsing, E., Olivier, C., Robert, P., Burglen, F., Kaufmann-Muller, F., Huron, C., Salamé, P., & Danion, J.-M. (2003). Impaired strategic regulation of contents of conscious awareness in schizophrenia. Consciousness and Cognition, 12, 190–200.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). New York: Psychological Corporation.
Weisbrod, M., Kiefer, M., Marzinzik, F., & Spitzer, M. (2000). Executive control is disturbed in schizophrenia: Evidence from event-related potentials in a Go/NoGo task. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 51–60.Google Scholar