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Local Administration in Zaïre and Underdevelopment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

David J. Gould
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Extract

This article is an exploratory attempt to understand the state of underdevelopment in contemporary Zaïre through a study of bureaucratic decision-making process at the local level. It is based on a series of investigations which the author and a group of colleagues carried out in 13 zones in Shaba Region during 1975 and 1976, but our reflections have evolved considerably since then and, to a large extent, have outstripped the reach of the research data, so that the present article should be considered as a report on work-in-progress.

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Articles
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The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , September 1977 , pp. 349 - 378
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1977

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References

page 349 note 1 Sfez, Lucien, Critique de la décision (Paris, 1973).Google Scholar

page 349 note 2 Gould, D. J. and Mushi-Mugumorhagerwa, , ‘Multirationalité et sous-développement: l'écologie du processus décisionnel dans l'administration locale zaïroise’, in Canadian Journal of Political Science (Toronto), 06 1977.Google Scholar

page 349 note 3 Riggs, Fred W., Administration in Developing Countries (Boston, 1964)Google Scholar, and Price, Robert M., Society and Bureaucracy in Contemporary Ghana (Berkeley, 1975).Google Scholar

page 350 note 1 Young, M. Crawford, Politics in the Congo: decolonization and independence (Princeton, 1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and The Politics of Cultural Pluralism (Madison, 1976); and also Kasfir, Nelson, The Shrinking Political Arena: participation and ethnicity in African politics, with a case study of Uganda (Berkeley and London, 1976).Google Scholar

page 350 note 2 Gould, D. J. and Tshibanda, M. K., ‘Vers l'administration du développement régional au Zaïre’, in Annales de la Faculté des Sciences Sociales (Lubumbashi), 4, 12 1975.Google Scholar

page 350 note 3 D. J. Gould and Mushi-Mugumorhagerwa, ‘L'Administration et le développement: conceptions classiques, radicales et zaïroises’, in ibid. 6, July 1976. See especially D. J. Gould, ‘La Conception radicale de l'administration’, and Mushi-Mugumorhagerwa, ‘La Conception zaïroise de l'administration’.

page 350 note 4 Amin, Samir, Le Développement inégal (Paris, 1973).Google Scholar

page 351 note 1 Harris, Richard, ‘The Political Economy of Africa – Underdevelopment or Revolution’, in Harris, (ed.), The Political Economy of Africa (Cambridge, 1975).Google Scholar

page 351 note 2 Zartman, I. William, ‘Europe and Africa: decolonization or dependency’, in Foreign Affairs (New York), 01 1976, pp. 325–43.Google Scholar

page 351 note 3 Green, Reginald and Seidman, Ann, Unity or Poverty? the economics of pan-Africanism (Baltimore, 1968)Google Scholar; Amin, op. cit.; Harris, loc. cit.; Vengroff, Richard, ‘Neo-Colonialism and Policy Outputs in Africa’, in Comparative Political Studies (Beverly Hills), VIII, 2, 07 1975Google Scholar; and Leys, Colin, Underdevelopment in Kenya: the political economy of neo-colonialism, 1964–1971 (Berkeley, 1974).Google Scholar

page 351 note 4 Nzongola, Georges N., ‘The Bourgeoisie and Revolution in the Congo’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), VIII, 4, 12 1970, pp. 511–30.Google Scholar See also Kabundi-Mpenga, , ‘Le Développement des masses populaires à Kasenga’, Mémoire, U.N.A.Z.A.– Lubumbashi, 07 1976Google Scholar, and M. K. Tshibanda, ‘Technologie et développement: essai de démystification d'une théorie mystifiante’, Mémoire, ibid. July 1976.

page 351 note 5 J. C. Willame made a courageous albeit partial attempt in Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo (Stanford, 1972). A later and more focused brief study was made by Mushi-Mugumorhagerwa, ‘La Conception zaïroise de l'administration’, loc. cit.

page 352 note 1 See, for example, Esman, Milton J., ‘The Politics of Development Administration’, in Montgomery, J. D. and Siffin, W. J. (eds.), Approaches to Development Administration (New York, 1968)Google Scholar, and Siffin, W. J., ‘Two Decades of Public Administration in Developing Countries’, in Public Administration Review (Chicago), 01/02 1975.Google Scholar Professor Siffin was for many years responsible for overseas public administration programmes at U.S. A.I.D. and currently directs a multi-million dollar A.I.D.-funded project at Indiana University.

page 352 note 2 See, for example, Uphoff, Norman T. and Ilchman, Warren F., The Political Economy of Development (Berkeley, 1972).Google Scholar

page 352 note 3 Waldo, Dwight, ‘Scope of the Theory of Public Administration’, in Charles-worth, James S. (ed.), Theory and Practice of Public Administration: scope, objectives and methods (Philadelphia, 1968)Google Scholar, Monograph 8, American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, p. 2.

page 352 note 4 Ostrom, Vincent, The Intellectual Crisis in American Public Administration (Alabama, 1974).Google Scholar

page 352 note 5 Siffin, loc. cit.

page 353 note 1 Riggs, op. cit.

page 353 note 2 James S. Coleman, ‘The Resurrection of Political Economy’, in Uphoff and Ilchman (eds.), op. cit. see also LaPalombara, Joseph, Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, 1963).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 353 note 3 See Eaton, Joseph W. (ed.), Institution-Building and Development (Beverly Hills, 1972).Google Scholar

page 353 note 4 Hydén, Göran et al. , Development Administration in Kenya (Nairobi, 1970).Google Scholar

page 353 note 5 Frank, André Gunder, ‘The Development of Underdevelopment’, in Monthly Review (New York), 09 1966Google Scholar, appearing as ch. I in his Latin America: underdevelopment and revolution (New York, 1969).

page 354 note 1 Corps/Zaïre, Peace, Country Program Evaluation, Washington, 06 1976, p. 1.Google Scholar

page 355 note 1 Nzongola, loc. cit. p. 520.

page 355 note 2 See Young, op. cit. and Willame op. cit. Also Mpinga-Kasenda, , L'Administration publique du Zaïre (Paris, 1973)Google Scholar, and Vieux, S. A., L'Administration zaïroise (Paris, 1974).Google Scholar

page 356 note 1 Mpinga-Kasenda, and Gould, D. J. (eds.), Les Réformes administratives au Zaïre, 1972–1973, Vol. I (Kinshasa, 1975).Google Scholar

page 356 note 2 Gould, D. J. and Katuala-Ghifem, , ‘Bureaucracy, Underdevelopment, and Multi-rationality: constraints on decision-making and administrative reform in local Zaïrian administration’, African Studies Association, San Francisco, 11 1975.Google Scholar Also MushiMugumorhagerwa, ‘La Conception zaïroise de l'administration’, loc. cit.

page 356 note 3 Ntalaja, Nzongola, Urban Administration in Kananga, 1970–1973 (Madison, 1975).Google Scholar

page 357 note 1 Mulumba-Lukoji, , ‘Investir au Zaïre’, Zaïre-Afrique (Kinshasa), 03 1976Google Scholar, points out that the overwhelming majority of all foreign capital investment (over $2,000 million) since 1970 has gone into capital-intensive extractive industries centred around the Lubumbashi, Kisangani, and Kinshasa areas, and provided additional job opportunities for fewer than 30,000 people. It is clear that Lubumbashi and Kisangani are ‘centres’ only in a relative sense and are less ‘hinterlandish’ than the surrounding countryside.

page 357 note 2 Kabundi-Mpenga, loc. cit.

page 359 note 1 At another public meeting the following month, the President claimed that his Lingala phraseology had been misinterpreted.

page 360 note 1 Madrandele-Tanzi, , ‘Discours d'orientation prononcée à l'installation de la Commission chargée de la reforme administrative’, Kinshasa, 07 1972Google Scholar, and Bisengimana-Rwema, ‘La Politique gouvernementale en matière de planification’, in Mpinga-Kasenda and Gould (eds.), op. cit.

page 360 note 2 See the important study by Mpinga-Kasenda, op. cit. Also Vieux, op. cit.

page 362 note 1 Turner, T. E., ‘Chiefs, Bureaucrats, and M.P.R. of Zaïre’, African Studies Association, San Francisco, 30 10-2 11 1975.Google Scholar

page 362 note 2 Esman, Milton J., ‘Administrative Doctrine and Developmental Needs’, in Morgan, E. Philip (ed.), The Administration of Change in Africa: essays in the theory and practice of development administration in Africa (New York and London, 1974), pp. 3–26.Google Scholar

page 362 note 3 Madrandele-Tanzi, in Mpinga-Kasenda and Gould (eds.), op. cit.

page 364 note 1 Riggs, op. cit.

page 365 note 1 Turner, op. cit.

page 366 note 1 Mushi-Mugumorhagerwa, , ‘Incidence ethniques sur la fonction administrative’, Mémoire, U.N.A.Z.A.-Lubumbashi, 07 1974.Google Scholar

page 368 note 1 Ilchman, Warren, ‘Administrative Productivity in the Second Development Decade’, in Philippine Journal of Public Administration (Manila), 1973.Google Scholar

page 370 note 1 Sfez, op. cit.

page 373 note 1 See Kabundi-Mpenga, loc. cit.