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The bow and arrow of the Eurasian steppe Bronze Age nomads

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Natalia I. Shishlina*
Affiliation:
State Historical Museum, Red Square 1/2, 103012 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract

According to a model of local cultural development, human adaptation to the specific conditions of the habitat in the third–late second millennium BC led to the appearance of a culture of the ‘mobile herders’ in the Eurasian steppe. Recent major studies of the key role of the horse and an increased mobility of these people provide the background for the origin and development of a new system of armament. The bow and arrow were at the centre of this new nomadic military equipment, A three-stage model for the evolution of the Bronze Age nomadic bow shows the existence of two types of bow in the Eurasian steppe during the Bronze Age: a traditional long bow of a simple type and a short composite bow. A new type of bow appeared in the first half of the second millennium BC, short enough to be used on horseback, and composite for extra power. The earliest evidence for such bows is clearly localised on the western part of the Eurasian steppe, but the technical innovation quickly spread throughout the steppe to the East.

Selon le modèle de l'évolution culturelle locale, l'adaptation humaine aux conditions spécifiques d'habitation pendant la période qui s'étend du troisième millénaire jusqu'à la fin du deuxième millénaire av. J-C a conduit à l'apparition de la culture des “gardiens de troupeaux mobiles” dans les steppes eurasiennes. Des études majeures récentes sur le rôle-clé du cheval et la mobilité accrue de ces gens-là, nous fournissent les éléments de base en ce qui concerne l'origine et l'évolution d'un nouveau système d'armement. Les armes et les flèches constituent l'élément central de ce nouvel équipement guerrier nomade. Un modèle en trois étapes, portant sur l'évolution de l'arc nomade pendant l'Age de bronze, montre qu'il existe deux types d'arc dans les steppes eurasiennes, pendant l'Age de bronze: un arc long, simple et traditionnel, et un arc composite court. Ce nouveau type d'arc, assez court pour étre utilisé à dos de cheval, et composite pour pouvoir étre plus puissant, est apparu pendant la première moitié du second millénaire av. J-C. Les premiers vestiges de ces arcs sont clairement localisés sur la partie ouest de la steppe eurasienne: cette innovation technique se répandit rapidement dans toute la steppe en direction de l'Est.

Dem Modell lokaler kultureller Entwicklung zufolge führte menschliche Anpassung an die spezifischen Bedingungen des jeweiligen Lebensraums im dritten bzw. späten zweiten Jahrtausend BC zum Erscheinen der Kultur der “mobilen Herdenhalter” in der eurasischen Steppe. Gröβere neue Arbeiten über die Schlüsselrolle des Pferdes und eine zunehmende Mobilität dieser Menschen liefern das Hintergrundwissen für den Ursprung und die Entwicklung einer neuen Bewaffnung. Pfeil und Bogen waren von zentraler Bedeutung in der Kriegsausrüstung dieser Nomaden. Ein Dreistufenmodell der Entwicklung des Bogens der bronzezeitlichen Nomaden zeigt die Existenz von zwei verschiedenen bronzezeitlichen Bogentypen in der eurasischen Steppe: ein traditioneller Langbogen einfacher Art und ein kurzer zusammengesetzter Bogen. Das Erscheinen eines neuen Bogentypus – kurz genug, um vom Pferderücken aus benutzt zu können, und zusammengesetzt, um mehr Durchschlagskraft zu besitzen – wird in die erste Hälfte des zweiten Jahrtausends BC datiert. Die frühesten Belege für solche Bögen stammen eindeutig aus dem westlichen Teil der eurasischen Steppe; diese technische Innovation breitete sich aber schnell über die Steppe nach Osten aus.

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Articles
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Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 

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