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Materials for the Study of the Economic History of Modern China*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2011

Albert Feuerwerker
Albert Feuerwerker
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
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Extract

Given the present state of the study of Chinese economic history, this survey ought either to be limited to a single paragraph—or else it should comprise a monograph of several hundred pages. Thirty pages of selected titles may leave the reader with a false impression that these are the cream of a very large crop; on the other hand, within this space I can barely adumbrate the thousands of potential sources—printed and in manuscript, ephemeral and lasting—that will eventually have to be digested before the economic history of China will be definitively written.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Economic History , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , March 1961 , pp. 41 - 60
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1961

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References

1 Kirby's, E. S.An Introduction to the Economic History of China (London, 1954)Google Scholar can be ignored without penalty. Fairbank, John K., Eckstein, Alexander, and Yang, Lien-sheng, “Economic Change in Early Modern China: An Analytic Framework,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, IX, No. 1 (October 1960), 1–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar, is a preliminary roundup of the problems. A recent Chinese Communist textbook, produced by the economics faculty of Hupei University, is of interest, but of course follows the party line: Chung-kuo chin-tai kuo-min ching-chi-shih chiang-i [Lectures on China's modern national economic history] (Peking, 1958)Google Scholar. There are a number of surveys in Japanese: note especially Minokichi, Hirase, Kindai Shina keizaishi [Modern Chinese economic history] (Tokyo, 1942)Google Scholar, and Fumio, Otake, Kinsei Shina keizaishi kenyu. [Researches in modern Chinese economic history] (Tokyo, 1942)Google Scholar. Books and articles in European languages published up to about 1920 may be found in Cordier, Henri, Bibliotheca Sinica (2nd ed., 4 vols., Paris, 1904–08Google Scholar; Supplement, 1 vol., Paris, 1924). For the period of 1921–57, see Yuan, T'ung-li, China in Western Literature: A Continuation of Cordier's Bibliotheca Sinica (New Haven, 1958)Google Scholar. Paauw, Douglas S. and Fairbank, John K., Bibliography of Modern China, Worlds in Western Languages (Revised), Section 5: Economic (Harvard University, Regional Studies Program on China, December 1951, dittoed)Google Scholar, is especially useful because of the annotations accompanying each item. For Russian materials see Skachkov, P. E., Bibliograjiya Kitaya (Moscow, 1932Google Scholar; rev. ed. announced for 1959 but not seen to date).

For Chinese periodical sources, largely on the premodern period, see Sun, E-tu Zen and De Francis, John, Bibliography on Chinese Social History: A Selected and Critical List of Chinese Periodical Sources (New Haven, 1952)Google Scholar. A more comprehensive listing of articles published between 1900 and 1937 on China's economic history is included in Vol. 2 of a recent historical bibliography published in the People's Republic of China: Chung-kuo shihhsiieh lun-wen so-yin [Index to articles on Chinese history] (Peking, 1957). Fairbank, John K. and Liu, Kwang-ching, Modern China: A Bibliographical Guide to Chinese Worlds, 1898–1937 (Cambridge, Mass., 1950)CrossRefGoogle Scholar lists with annotations books, articles, and documentary collections. There is, however, no adequate guide to primary sources or secondary works (books) in Chinese dealing with the nineteenth century and earlier.

John K. Fairbank and Masataka Banno, Japanese Studies of Modern China: A Bibliographic Guide to Historical Research on the 19th and 20th Centuries (Rutland, Vt. and Tokyo, 1955) is the best introduction (again with annotations) to materials in Japanese.

Fairbank and Banno, and Fairbank and Liu refer to more specialized bibliographies from time to time.

Unless otherwise indicated, the works mentioned below can be found in the Harvard-Yenching Library at Harvard University (311,409 volumes in Chinese and Japanese at the end of 1957). The other major collections of Chinese and Japanese books in the United States include the Library of Congress (736,619 volumes), Berkeley (230,000 volumes) Columbia (196,238 volumes), Stanford (89,200 volumes), Chicago (119,196 volumes), Washington (110,000 volumes), Princeton (138,456 volumes), and Michigan (77,666 volumes).

2 Summary annual figures can be found in the Ta-Ch'ing li-ch'ao shih-lu [Veritable records of the successive reigns of the Ch'ing dynasty] (Tokyo, 1937–38, 1220 vols.)Google Scholar; Chung-p'ing, Yen, ed., Chung-kuo chin-tai ching-chi-shih fung-chi tzu-liao hsiian-chi [Selected statistical materials on China's modern economic history] (Peking, 1955), pp. 362–74Google Scholar, contains population data for each province for the years 1786–1898 compiled from manuscript reports in the Palace archives in Peking. Yen's volume includes statistical material relevant to each of the topics to be discussed below. A critical evaluation of these data is still wanting.

3 Shih-ta, Wang, “Chin-tai Chung-kuo jen-k'ou ti ku-chi” [Estimates of the population of China, a critical review], She-hui k'o-hsüeh tsa-chih, 1.3 (September 1930), 32–130Google Scholar; 1.4 (December 1930), 34–105; 2.2 (June 1931), 51–105; and idem, “Tsui-chin shih-nien ti Chung-kuo jen-k'ou t'ung-chi” [Estimates of the population of China during the last ten years, a critical review], ibid., 2.2 (June 1931), 125–223.

4 Ping-ti, Ho, Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953 (Cambridge, Mass., 1959)Google Scholar; and Irene B. Taeuber, “Explorations of Some Official Statistics on Chinese in China,” ms.

5 Torgasheff, Boris P., The Mineral Industry of the Far East (Shanghai, 1930)Google Scholar; Bain, H. F., Ores and Industry in the Far East (New York, 1927)Google Scholar; and Tegengren, F. R., The Iron Ores and Iron Industry of China (Peking, 1924).Google Scholar

6 E.g., by reprinting such works as the T'ien-kung k'ai-wu by Sung Ying-hsing, first published in 1637. The text and many plates are one of the most valuable sources we have for the technology of metallurgy, agriculture, spinning and weaving, etc. in the seventeenth century. There is an elaborate Japanese translation and study of this work: Kiyoshi, Yabuuchi, ed., Tenkō kaibutsu no kenkyū [Studies on the T'ien-hung k'ai-wu] (Tokyo, 1953)Google Scholar. An English translation is being prepared by Sun Zen E-tu and Sun Shou-chüuan.

7 The first two volumes (Cambridge University Press, 1954 and 1956) are entitled respectively Introductory Orientations and History of Scientific Thought; the third (1959), Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth.

8 (New York, 1934). A revised version, with an up-dated bibliography, appeared in 1955 under the title Land of the 500 Million.

9 See, however, Takeo, Abe, “Beikoku jukyū no kenkyū: Yōseishi no isshō to shite mita” [A study of the supply and demand for staple grains in the reign of the emperor Yung-cheng, 1723–1735] Tōyōshi kenkyū, 15.4 (March 1957), 484–577.Google Scholar

10 E.g., Chung-hua min-kuo san-nien ti-san-tz'u nung-shang t'ung-chi piao [Statistical tables on agriculture and commerce, mird issue, 1914] (Peking, 1916)Google Scholar. The Harvard-Yenching Library also has copies of the fourth, sixth, and seventh issues.

11 Chung-hua min-kuo t'ung-chi t'yao [Statistical abstract of the Republic of China] (Shanghai, 1936).Google Scholar

12 Some of these data are available in summary form in English in Shen, T. H., Agricultural Resources of China (Ithaca, 1951) 372–81Google Scholar. Hsin-i, Chang, Chung-kuo nung-yeh kai-k.'uang ku-chi [An estimate of China's farms and crops] (Nanking, 1933)Google Scholar, which relies heavily on official sources for the 1920's, has been widely quoted, but his figures are open to criticism.

13 Compare, for example, the contradictory conclusions of the following two articles: Ichisada, Miyazaki, “Sōdai igo no tochishoyū keitai” [The demesne in China in the Sung period and after], Tōyōshi kenkyū, 12.2 (December 1952), 97–130Google Scholar; and Noboru, Niida, “Chūgoku shakai no ‘hoken’ to jyūdarizmu” [The “feng-chien” system in China and Western feudalism], Tōyō bunka, 5 (April 1951), 1–39Google Scholar. See also Wittfogel, K. A., “Foundations and Stages in Chinese Economic History,” Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, 4 (1935), 26–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For additional references see Fairbank and Banno, 17–29.

14 There is, for example, no work on the Ch'ing comparable to Yoshiyuki, Sudō, Chūgoku tochiseidoshi kenkyū [A study of the history of land systems in China] (Tokyo, 1954)Google Scholar which is primarily concerned with the Sung dynasty. Kuo-ting, Wan, Chung-kfio t'ien-chih shih [History of land systems in China] (Nanking, 1933)Google Scholar ends at the Yuan dynasty. Note Maspero, Henri, “Les regimes fonciers en Chine des origines aux temps modernes,” Melanges posthumes (Paris, 1950), III, 147–92Google Scholar; and Lee, Mabel Ping-hua, The Economic History of China, with Special Reference to Agriculture (New York, 1921)Google Scholar. See Sun and De Francis, items 30–41, 105–23, for relevant articles in Chinese.

18 E.g., Sudō Yoshiyuki, Shindai Manshū tochi seisaku no kenkyū, tokuni kichi seisaku o chūsin toshite [A study of Manchu land policy under the Ch'ing dynasty, with special attention to the policy concerning banner lands] (Tokyo, 1944); and Ma Feng-ch'en, “Ch'ing-ch'u Man-Han she-hui ching-chi ch'ung-t'u-chih i-pan” [A general veiw of Manchu-Chinese social and economic conflicts in the early Ch'ing], Shih-huo, 4.6 (August 16, 1936), 262–69; 4.8 (September 16, 1936), 349–56; 4.9 (October 1, 1936), 384–402.

16 Li Wen-chih, comp., Chung-kuo chin-tai nung-yeh shih tzu-liao ti-i-chi, 1840–1911 [Source materials on agriculture in modern China, first collection, 1840–1911] (Peking, 1957), with an extensive bibliography. See also Jamieson, George, “Tenure of Land in China and the Condition of the Rural Population,” Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, N.S., 23.2 (May 1889), 59–174.Google Scholar

17 Hsiao-t'ung, Fei, Peasant Life in China: A Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley (London, 1939)Google Scholar; Fei, and Chih-i, Chang, Earthbound China: A Study of Rural Economy in Yunnan (Chicago, 1945)Google Scholar; Tawney, R. H., Land and Labor in China (New York, 1942)Google Scholar; Han-seng, Ch'en, Landlord and Peasant in China: A Study of the Agrarian Crisis in South China (New York, 1936)Google Scholar; idem. Industrial Capital and the Chinese Peasant (Shanghai, 1939).Google Scholar

18 Fong, H. D., “Bibliography on the Land Problems of China,” Nankai Social and Economic Quarterly, 8.2 (July 1935), 325–85.Google Scholar

19 Buck, J. L., Land Utilization in China: A Study of 16,786 Farms in 168 Localities, and 38,256 Farm Families in Twenty-two Provinces in China, 1929–1933 (3 vols., Chicago, 1937).Google Scholar

See the bibliographical references at the end of each chapter of the first volume.

20 Chang Yu-i, comp., Chung-kuo chin-tai nung-yeh shih tzu-liao, ti-erh-chi, 79/2-/927 lsqb;Source materials on the modern agricultural history of China, second collection, 1912–1927](Peking, 1957); and idem, … ti-san-chi, 1927–1937 [… third collection, 1927–1937] (Peking, 1957). These continue the item cited in note 16, and also have extensive bibliographies.

21 Chung-kuo nung-ts'un ching-chi tzu-liao [Materials on China's rural economy] (Shanghai, 1933)Google Scholar, and Chung-kuo nung-ts'un ching-chi tzu-liao hsii-pien [Supplement to the previous item] (Shanghai, 1935)Google Scholar; both edited by Feng Ho-fa.

22 E.g., Che-chiang-sheng nung-ts'un tiao-ch'a [A rural survey of Chkiang province] (Shanghai, 1934)Google Scholar. See Fairbank and Liu, 370–92, for other survey materials.

23 See, e.g., Agrarian China, Selected Source Materials from Chinese Authors, compiled and translated by the research staff of the Secretariat, Institute of Pacific Relations, with an introduction by R. H. Tawney (London, 1939).Google Scholar

24 Motonosuke, Amano, Shina nōgyō keizai ron [A treatise on the Chinese farm economy] (2 vols., Tokyo, 1940 and 1942)Google Scholar; and idem, Chūgok.il nōgyō no shomondai [Problems of Chinese agriculture] (2 vols., Tokyo, 1952 and 1953)Google Scholar. See Fairbank and Banno, 184–92, for additional references, especially to Japanese studies of the rural economy of North China.

25 P'eng Tse-i, comp., Chung-kuo chin-tai shou-kung-yeh shih tzu-liao, 1840–1949 [Source materials on handicraft industry in modern China, 1840–1949] (4 vols., Peking, 1957).

26 Chung-kuo tzu-pen chu-i meng-ya wen-t'i t'ao-lun chi [Collected papers on the incipiency of capitalism in China] (2 vols., Peking, 1957)Google Scholar. For a summary and critical comments, see Feuerwerker, Albert, “From ‘Feudalism’ to ‘Capitalism’ in Recent Historical Writing from Mainland China,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 18.1 (November 1958), 107–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27 Chung-p'ing, Yen, Ch'ing-tai Yün-nan t'ung-cheng k.'ao [A study of the copper industry in Yunnan during the Ch'ing dynasty] (Peking, 1957)Google Scholar; and, e.g., Ch'üan Han-sheng, “Ya-p'ien chan-cheng ch'ien Chiang-su ti mien-fang-chih yeh” [The cotton industry in Kiangsu before the Opium War], Ch'ing-hua hsüeh-pao, New Series, 1.3 (September 1958), 25–51.

28 E.g., Fong, H. D., The Tientsin Carpet Industry (Tientsin, 1929)Google Scholar, Rural Industries in China (Tientsin, 1933)Google Scholar, and “Rural Weaving and the Merchant-Employers in a North China District,” Nankai Social and Economic Quarterly, 8.1 (April 1935), 73–120Google Scholar; 8.2 (July 1935), 274–308.

29 Dōbunkai, Tōa, Shina keizai zensho [China economic series] (12 vols., Osaka and Tokyo, 1907–08). For additional Japanese gazetteer-type publications, see Fairbank and Banno, 175–79.Google Scholar

30 E.g., Ichisada, Miyazaki, “Min-shin jidai no So-shū to keikōgyō no hattatsu” [The development of light industries in Soochow under the Ming and Ch'ing dynasties], Tōhōgak.11, 2 (August 1951), 64–73Google Scholar; Hikoshichirō, Satoi, “Shindai kōgyō shihon ni tsuite” [Mining capital under the Ch'ing dynasty], Tōyōshi kenkyu, 11.1 (September 1950), 32–50Google Scholar; Sadao, Nishijima, “Shina shoki mengyō no seiritsu to sono kōzō” [Inland trade of cotton cloth in China at its beginning stage], Tōyō Gakuhō, 31.2 (October 1947), 262–88Google Scholar; Yoshihiro, Hatano, “Chūgoku yushutsucha no seisan kōzō” [Manufacturing structure of Chinese tea for export], Nagoya daigaku bungakftbu kenkyū ronshū, II, Shikflgu, 1 (1952), 183–210.Google Scholar

31 Fortune, Robert, Two Visits to the Tea Countries of China (2 vols., London, 1853)Google Scholar is a combined edition, slightly abridged, of his Three Years' Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China (1847) and Journey to the Tea Countries (1852).

32 See Inspectorate General of Customs, Silk. (Shanghai, 1881), and Tea, 1888 (Shanghai, 1889).

33 Chün, Kung, Chung-kfio hsin-kung-yeh fa-chan-shih ta-kang [Outline history of the development of modern industry in China] (Shanghai, 1933)Google Scholar; Masao, Tezuka, Shina jūkōgyō hattat sushi [History of the development of modern Chinese heavy industry] (Tokyo, 1944).Google Scholar

34 Feuerwerker, Albert, China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-huai (1844–1916) and Mandarin Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1958).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

35 Chung-p'ing, Yen, Chung-kuo mien-jang-chih shift kao [History of the cotton textile industry in China] (Peking, 1955)Google Scholar; Hsien-t'ing, Fang, Chung-kuo chih mien-jang-chih yeh [The Chinese cotton textile industry] (Shanghai, 1934)Google Scholar; Carlson, Ellsworth, The Kaiping Mines, 1877–1912 (Cambridge, Mass., 1957)Google Scholar; Han-sheng, Ch'üan, “Ch'ing-mo Han-yang t'ieh-ch'ang” [The Hanyang Steel and Iron Works, 1890–1908], She-hui k'o-hsüeh lun-ts'ung, 1 (April 1950), 1–33Google Scholar; idem, “Chia-wu chan-cheng i-ch'ien ti Chung-kuo kung-yeh-hua yün-tung” [The industrialization movement in China before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895], The Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 24 (June 1954), 57–79Google Scholar; idem, “Shang-hai tsai chin-tai Chung-kuo kung-yeh-hua ti ti-wei” [The role of Shanghai in the industrialization of modern China], ibid., 29B (November 1958), 461–97. See also Lieu, D. K. (Liu Ta-chün), The Growth and Industrialization of Shanghai (Shanghai, 1936).Google Scholar

36 A number of company histories, based on their archives, are, however, now being published in the People's Republic of China: e.g., Nan-yang hsiung-ti yen-ts'ao k_ung-ssu shih-liao [Historical materials concerning the Nan-yang Tobacco Co.] (Shanghai, 1958). A partial exception for an earlier period is the famous Ta-sheng Cotton Mill (and Chang Chien's [1853–1926) other industrial projects) for which several volumes of documents and regulations have been published: T'ung-chou hsing-pan shih-yeh chih li-shih [History of the establishment of industries at Tungchow] (2 vols., Shanghai, 1910); and T'ung-chou hsing-pan shih-yeh chang-cheng [Regulations and documents] (4 vols., Shanghai, 1905). These are available at Columbia University. Samuel Chu of Bucknell University has recently completed a study of Chang Chien's entrepreneurial activities. See also my study of Sheng Hsuan-huai (note 34 above). A number of other items are listed in Fairbank and Liu, 295–302. The Jardine Matheson archives and the records of other foreign firms in China are mentioned below.

37 See especially ti Wen-chung-kung ch'üan-chi [The complete works of Li Hung-chang] (100 vols., Nanking, 1905)Google Scholar; Chang W en-hsiang-kung ch'üan-chi [The complete works of Chang Chih-tung] (120 vols., Peking, 1928)Google Scholar; Yü-chai ts'un-kao [Collected works of Sheng Hsuanhuai] (51 vols., Shanghai, 1939); and Chang Chi-tzu chiu-lu [Collected works of Chang Chien] (30 vols., Shanghai, 1931).

38 Sun Yü-t'ang, comp., Chung-kuo chin-tai kung-yeh shih tzu-liao, ti i-chi, 1840–1895 nien [Source materials on the history of modern industry in China, first collection, 1840–1895] (2 vols., Peking, 1957); and Wang Ching-yū, comp … ti-erh-chi, 1895–1911 nien [… second collection, 1895–1911] (2 vols., Peking, 1957).

39 Ta-chin, Yang, Hsien-tai Chung-kfto shih-yeh chih [Modern Chinese industry] (2 vols., 2nd ed., Changsha, 1938).Google Scholar

40 Nung-kung-shang-pu t'ung-chi piao [Statistical tables of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce] (first issue, Peking, 1909; second issue, Peking, 1910).Google Scholar

41 Shih-yeh t'ung-chi [Industrial statistics] (Nanking, bimonthly, 1933-).

42 Kung-shang kung-pao [Gazette of the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Labor] (Nanking, monthly, 1928-); Kung-shang pan-yüeh-k'an [Semi-monthly economic journal] (Shanghai, 1929-); Shih-yeh kung-pao [Ministry of Industries gazette] (Nanking, weekly, 1931-); and Shih-yeh-pu yüeh-k'an [Monthly bulletin of die Ministry of Industry] (Nanking, 1936–37).

43 E.g., the collections cited in note 38 above include such scattered materials as are available on the workers in Chinese industry prior to 1914.

44 Wales, Nym, The Chinese Labor Movement (New York, 1945)Google Scholar; Monpeng, Wu, L'évolution des corporations ouvrières et commerciales dans la Chine contemporaine (Paris, 1930)Google Scholar; and Ta, Ch'en, Chung-kuo lao-kung wen-t'i [Labor Problems in China] (Shanghai, 1929)Google Scholar. See Paauw and Fairbank, 21–31, for additional Western language references.

45 See Fairbank and Paauw, 21–31.

46 E.g., Ch'üan-kao kung-jen sheng-huo chi kung-yeh sheng-ch'an tiao-ch'a t'ung-chi [Country-wide investigations and statistics on workers' living conditions and industrial production] (5 vols., Nanking, 1930).

47 Lao-kung yüeh-k'an [Labor monthly] (Nanking, 1932-).

48 Hsin-ch'eng, Chang, Chung-kuo hsien-tai chiao-t'ung shih [A history of modern communications in China] (Shanghai; 1931).Google Scholar

49 Kent, P. H., Railway Enterprise in China (London, 1907)Google Scholar; Kia-ngau, Chang, China's Struggle for Railway Autonomy (New York, 1943)Google Scholar; K'un-hua, Tseng, Chung-kuo t'ieh-lu shih [History of Chinese railways] (Peking, 1924)Google Scholar; Japan, Ministry of Railways, Shina no tetsudo [The railways of China] (rev. ed., Tokyo, 1923)Google Scholar; Kuang, Wang, Chung-ktio hang-yeh lun [The Chinese shipping business] (Nanking, 1934)Google Scholar; and Pin, Hsieh, Chung-kuo yu-tien hang-k'ung shih [A history of the post, telegraph and aviation in China] (Shanghai, 1928).Google Scholar

50 See Fairbank and Banno, 205–207. K. C. Liu of the Center for East Asian Studies, Harvard, has completed a monograph on Chinese and foreign steamship enterprise which should be published shortly. See his article “Steamship Enterprise in Nineteenth-Century China,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 18.4 (August 1959), 435–55.Google Scholar A study of the Ch'ing postal system by Miss Cheng Ying-huan has been submitted as a Raddiffe Ph.D. dissertation (1959). See also Shou-i, Pai, Chung-kuo chiao-t'ung shih [A history of communications in China] (Shanghai, 1937).Google Scholar

51 Chiao-t'ung shih [History of communications] (37 vols., Nanking, 1930 ff.); available in Columbia University Library. The contents of this collection are as follows: post office (4 vols.); aviation (1 vol.); shipping (6 vols.); railroads and motor roads (18 vols.); telegraph, telephone, and radio (3 vols.); general administration (5 vols.)

52 Hai-fang-tang [Maritime defense files] (9 vols., Taipei, 1958).

53 See Fairbank and Liu, 269–81. Additional railroad reports, not listed by Fairbank and Liu, are found in the Harvard-Yenching library.

54 See, however, the items cited in notes 10, 11, 40, 41, and 42. On overseas Chinese and their commercial activities, original materials are available, e.g., in Leiden, the Netherlands.

55 See note 29.

56 Great Britain, Foreign Office, Consular Trade Reports: Commercial Reports from Consuls (London, 1862–85)Google Scholar, Diplomatic and Consular Reports on Trade (London, 1886–1915).Google Scholar

57 Torizō, Kōsaka, Chūgoku kōeki kikō no kenkyō [A study of commercial mechanisms in China] (Waseda University, 1949)Google Scholar. See also Hsiao-t'ung, Wang, Chung-kuo shang-yeh shih [History of commerce in China] (Shanghai, 1936)Google Scholar, a general survey.

58 Naosaku, Uchida, “Chūgoku ni okeru shōgyō chitsujo no kiso gakō seido no saikentō” [Basis of the commercial order in China, a re-examinarion of the ya-hang system], Hitotsubashi ronsō, 22.2 (August 1949), 362–86.Google Scholar

59 Chao-yü, Yang, Chung-kuo tien-tang yeh [The pawnshop business in China] (Shanghai, 1932)Google Scholar; Kung-kan, Mi, Tien-tang lun [On the pawnshop] (Shanghai, 1936)Google Scholar; Yin-p'u, Yang, Chung-kuo chiao-i-so lun [On Chinese exchanges] (Shanghai, 1930)Google Scholar; Wei-k'ai, Sha, Chung kuo ti mai-pan chih [The compradore in China] (Shanghai, 1927)Google Scholar; Tadashi, Negishi, Baiben seido no kenkyū [A study of the compradore system] (Tokyo, 1948).Google Scholar

60 Morse, H. B., The Gilds of China (London, 1909)Google Scholar; Burgess, J. S., The Guilds of Peking (New York, 1928)Google Scholar; Noboru, Niida, Chugoku no shakfli to girudo [The society and gilds of China] (Tokyo, 1951)Google Scholar; idem, “The Industrial and Commercial Guilds of Peking,” Folklore Studies, 9 (1950), 179–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tadashi, Negishi, Chugoku no girudo [The gilds of China] (Tokyo, 1953)Google Scholar; idem, Shina girudo no kenkyū [A study of Chinese gilds] (Tokyo, 1932).Google Scholar

61 The latest and probably the most detailed history of Chinese money is Hsin-wei, P'eng, Chung-kuo huo-pi shih [History of Chinese money] (2nd. ed., Shanghai, 1958)Google Scholar. See also Yang, L. S., Money and Credit in China: A Short History (Cambridge, Mass., 1952)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Kahn, Eduard, The Currencies of China (Shanghai, 1927).Google Scholar

62 Frank King, H. H., “China's Monetary System, 1845–1895: Its Role in Economic Development,” ms. Ph.D. thesis, Oxford University, 1959.Google Scholar

63 Tadao, Miyashita, Chūgoku heisei no tokyshu kenkyū, kindai Chūgoku ginryō seido no kenkyū [A special study of the Chinese currency system: the silver tael system in modern China] (Tokyo, 1952).Google Scholar

64 Ch'en Tu, comp., Chung-kuo chin-tai pi-chih wen-t'i hui-pien [Collected essays on the problem of the modern Chinese monetary system] (3 vols., 1932).

65 Ch'i-t'ien, Ch'en, Shan-hsi p'iao-chuang k'ao-lüeh [A brief historical study of the Shansi banks] (Shanghai, 1937)Google Scholar; Chii-hsien, Wei, Shan-hsi p'iao-hao shih [A history of the Shansi banks] (Chungking, 1944)Google Scholar; for Yang, see note 61.

66 Tadao, Miyashita, Shina ginkō seido ron [A treatise on the Chinese banking system] (Tokyo, 1941)Google Scholar; Kiyoyuki, Tokunaga, Shina chūō ginkō ron [Central banking in China] (Tokyo, 1942)Google Scholar; Tamagna, Frank, Banking and Finance in China (New York, 1942)Google Scholar, the best survey in a Western language.

67 The thirtieth anniversary volume of this publication is a monumental history of the Chinese economy in the Republican era, containing essays on a wide variety of subjects, statistics, and laws and regulations: Ssu-huang, Chu, ed., Min-kuo ching-chi shih [Economic history of the Republic] (Shanghai, 1948).Google Scholar

68 Ch'ien-yeh yüeh-pao [The native bankers' monthly] (Shanghai, 1921-).Google Scholar

69 Chung-hang yüeh-k'an [Bank of China monthly review] (Shanghai, 1930-)Google Scholar; Chung-yang yin-hang yüeh-pao [Central Bank monthly] (Shanghai and Chungking, 1932-)Google Scholar. See Fairbank and Liu, 259–68, for additional references.

70 For the major Ch'ing documentary collections, see Fairbank, John K., Ch'ing Documents: An Introductory Syllabus (rev. ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1960).Google Scholar

71 The Harvard-Yenching Library does have a number of eighteenth and nineteenth-century local documents on the land system, taxation, and likin, as well as examples of the records of old-style business shops (pawnshops, money-exchange shops). I understand that similar items may be found in Japan, particularly at the Tōyō Bunka Kenkyūjo.

72 Nankai University, Department of History, ed., Ch'ing shih-lu ching-chi tzu-liao chi-yao [Economic materials in the Ch'ing shih-lu] (Peking, 1959).Google Scholar

73 The salt monopoly documents include, e.g., the many editions of provincial salt gazetteers (Yen-fa-chih). Ch'ung-ting Chiang-su-sheng hai-yün ch'üan-an, hsin-pien [Complete records of the sea transport of Kiangsu tribute rice] (revised version, new edition, ca. 1881) is an example of the available tribute grain documents. For the land tax see the various Fu-i ch'üan-shu [Provincial tax guides]. The Ministry of Finance regulations (Hu-pu sse-li) appeared in at least 15 editions between 1776 and 1874. The late Ch'ing provincial financial reports are entided Ts'ai-cheng shuo-ming-shu [Descriptions of financial administration] (many volumes, Peking, 1911, reprinted 1915); see also Liu Yu-yün, Kuang-hsü k'uai-chi piao [Fiscal tables of the Kuang-hsü period] (4 vols., 1901).

74 See also Chin-tsao, Liu, comp., Ch'ing-ch'ao hsü wen-hsien t'ung-k'ao [Continuation of the encyclopedia of historical records of the Ch'ing dynasty] (4 vols., Shanghai, 1936Google Scholar; author's post-face dated 1921); the collections of official papers cited in note 37; and Wang Ch'ing-yun, Shih-ch'ü yü-chi (ca. 1850, various editions).

75 Stanley, C. J., “Chinese Finance from 1852 to 1908,” Papers on China, 3 (1949), 1–23Google Scholar; Yü-hsin, P'eng, “Ch'ing-mo chung-yang yü ko-sheng ts'ai-cheng kuan-hsi” [Financial relations between central and local government in the Ch'ing dynasty], She-hui k'o-hsueh tsa-chih, 9.1 (June 1947), 83–110Google Scholar; Shigeshi, Katō, “Shinchō kōki no zaisei ni tsuite” [On the fiscal administration of the late Ch'ing period], Rekishi kyōiku, 14–2 (May 1939), 129–41Google Scholar; Yoshio, Matsui, “Shinchō keihi no kenkyū” [A study of the expenditures of the Ch'ing dynasty], Mantetsu chōsa geppō, 14.11 (November 1934), 1–39Google Scholar, 14.12 (December 1934), 29–61, 15.1 (January 1935) 41–82; Hirotada, Kitamura, “Shindai ni okeru sozei kaikaku (chitei heichō)” [Reform of taxation under the Ch'ing dynasty (combining the land- and poll-tax)], Shakai keizai shigaku, 15.3–4 (October 1949), 1–38Google Scholar; Yü-tung, Lo, “Kuang-hsü-ch'ao pu-chiu ts'ai-cheng chih fangts'e” [Governmental policies of meeting the financial crisis, 1875–1908], Chung-kuo chin-tut ching-chi-shih yen-chiu chi-k'an, 1.2 (May 1933), 189–270.Google Scholar

76 Tomi, Saeki, Shindai ensei no kenkyū [The salt administration under the Ch'ing dynasty] (Kyoto, 1956)Google Scholar; Yü-tung, Lo, Chung-kuo li-chin shih [History of likin in China] (2 vols., Shanghai, 1936)Google Scholar. See also Beal, Edwin George, Jr., The Origin of Likin, 18S3–1864 (Cambridge, Mass., 1958)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

77 Wright, Stanley F., Hart and the Chinese Customs (Belfast, 1950)Google Scholar, and China's Struggle for Tariff Autonomy, 1843–1938 (Shanghai, 1938).Google Scholar

78 Shih-i, Chia, Min-kuo ts'ai-cheng shih [A history of public finance under the Republic] (2 vols., Shanghai, 1917)Google Scholar, and Min-kuo hsü ts'ai-cheng shih [Supplement] (7 vols., Shanghai, 1932–34)Google Scholar; the nine volumes cover the period 1912–32.

79 Ts'ai-cheng yüeh-k'an [Finance monthly] (Peking, 1913–)Google Scholar; Ts'ai-cheng kung-pao [Finance gazette] (Nanking, 1927-). See Fairbank and Liu, 321–58, for additional Chinese references.

80 Ministry of Finance, National Government, Republic of China, Annual Reports for the 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd Fiscal Years (Nanking, 1930–36).

81 Ping-tsang, Chen, “Public Finance,” Chinese Yearbook 1935–1936 (Shanghai, 1935), 1163–1422Google Scholar; Recent Financial Developments in China (Nanking, 1937). Paauw and Fairbank, 37–44, give additional Western-language references. See also Paauw, Douglas S., “Chinese National Expenditure during the Nanking Period,” Far Eastern Quarterly, 12.1 (November 1952), 3–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “The Kuomintang and Economic Stagnation, 1928–1937,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 16.2 (February 1957), 213–20.Google Scholar

82 1913 nien-1952 nien Nan-k'ai chih-su tzu-liao hui-pien [Nankai index numbers, 1913–1952] (Peking, 1958). Note the following English-language publications of the Nankai Institute: Nankai Weekly Statistical Service (1928–33); Monthly Bulletin on Economic China (1934); Nankai Social and Economic Quarterly (1935-); and Nankai Index Numbers (annual).

83 Kang, Wu, ed., Chiu Chung-ktio t'ung-huo p'eng-chang shih-liao [Historical materials on inflation in old China] (Shanghai, 1958)Google Scholar; Shang-hai chieh-fang ch'ien-hou wu-chia tzu-liao hui-pien (1921 nien-1957 nien) [Materials on prices in Shanghai before and after liberation, 1921–1957). See also Kia-ngau, Chiang, The Inflationary Spiral: The Experience of China, 1939–1950 (New York, 1958).Google Scholar

84 Pao-san, Wu, Chung-kuo kuo-min so-te i-chiu-san-san nien [China's national income 1933] (2 vols., Shanghai, 1947)Google Scholar; Ta-chung, Liu, China's National Income, 1931–1936: An Exploratory Study (Washington, 1956)Google Scholar. See Journal of Political Economy, 54.6 (December 1946), 547–54, for an English summary of Wu's results. Alexander Eckstein has completed a study of Communist China's National Product in 1952 (in process of publication); Liu Ta-chung has prepared a national income study of 1933 and 1950–57 for the RAND Corporation; and see Hollister, W. W., China's Gross National Product and Social Accounts, 1950–1957 (Glencoe, Illinois, 1958).Google Scholar

85 Where dates are given in the above list, they refer to the holdings of the various Harvard libraries, which do not necessarily include the earliest or latest issues of these publications.

86 Choh-ming, Li, “China's International Trade Statistics,” Nankju Social and Economic Quarterly, 10 (1937), 1–31Google Scholar; Remer, C. F., The Foreign Trade of China (Shanghai, 1926)Google Scholar; Tuan-liu, Yang and Hou-p'ei, Hou, Liu-shih-wu-nien-lai Chung-kuo kuo-chi mao-i t'ung-chi, 1864–1928 [China's international trade statistics for the last sixty-five years, 1864–1928] (Shanghai, 1931)Google Scholar; Ho, Franklin L., An Index of the Physical Volume of Foreign Trade in China, 1868–1927 (Tientsin, 1929)Google Scholar; Yu-kwei, Cheng, Foreign Trade and Industrial Development of China (Washington, 1956)Google Scholar. See Fairbank and Liu, 358–65, for additional Chinese sources.

87 Morse, H. B., The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 1635–1834 (5 vols., London, 1926 and 1929)Google Scholar; idem, The Trade and Administration of the Chinese Empire (London, 1908)Google Scholar; Fairbank, John K. and Teng, S. Y., “On the Ch'ing Tributary System,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 6 (1941), 135–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar; T'ien-tse, Chang, Sino Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 (Leiden, 1934)Google Scholar; Pritchard, Earl H., Anglo-Chinese Relations during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Urbana, Ill., 1929)Google Scholar; idem, The Crucial Years of Anglo-Chinese Relations, 1750–1800 (Pullman, Wash., 1936)Google Scholar; Greenburg, Michael, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800–1842 (Cambridge, 1951)Google Scholar; Fairbank, John K., Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854 (2 vols., Cambridge, Mass., 1953).Google Scholar

88 Tōa Kenkyūjo, Rekkoku tai-Shi tōshi to Shina kokusai shūshi [Foreign investments in China and China's international receipts and payments] (1944); Shogaikoku no tai-Shi tōshi [Foreign investment in China] (3 vols., 1942–43). See Fairbank and Banno, 222–25, for additional Japanese references.

89 See, however, Coons, Arthur G., The Foreign Public Debt of China (Philadelphia, 1930)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kōsaku, Tamura, Shina gaisei shiron [History of China's foreign loans] (rev. ed., Tokyo, 1936)Google Scholar; and I-sheng, Hsu, “Chia-wu Chung-Jih chan-cheng ch'ien Ch'ing cheng-fu ti wai-chai” [Foreign debts of the Manchu government prior to the Sino-Japanese War in 1894], Ching-chi yen-chiu, 1956.5, 105–27Google Scholar; idem, “Ts'ung Chia-wu chan-cheng tao Hsin-hai ko-ming shih-ch'i Ch'ing cheng-fu ti wai-chai” [Foreign debts of the Manchu government from 1894 to 1911], ibid., 1957.4, 111–41, 1957–5, 134–55, 1957–6, 137–47.

90 The following thirty-nine projects to collect and compile source materials on the modern economic history of China were reported to be underway in the People's Republic of China in mid-1958. Individual research organs have assumed responsibility for each topic with 1961 as the target date for completion (see Ching-chi yen-chiu, 1958.5, pp. 89–90): Economic history of the Soviet areas and old liberated areas; financial history of the foregoing; modern banks and money shops; modern financial history; modern monetary history; foreign and domestic loans; public finance; public finance in the Soviet areas and old liberated areas; taxation; salt administration; workers' livelihood; labor movement; representative industrial and commercial firms and capitalist groups; foreign-owned industry; foreign trade, 1840–95; shipping industry, 1895–1948; railroads, 1862–1911; foreign loans, 1854–1948; Sino-English trade and the Opium War; development of Chinese industrial capitalism; national capitalists in Shanghai; compradore capitalists in Shanghai; foreign industry in Shanghai; representative firms and capitalist groups in South China; the same in North China; cement industry; Kailan mines; prices in Tientsin; overseas Chinese enterprises on the mainland; economy of the non-Chinese minority peoples; the maritime customs; price movements; railroads; communications; economic materials in the Ch'ing-shih-lu and Tting-hua-lu; shipping industry, 1840–95; food; agricultural development of Manchuria; South Manchurian Railroad.

* Readers desiring a list of the Chinese characters cited in this article should inquire directly to the author at the Department of History, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.