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The Household of Cardinal Langham

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 February 2009

Margaret Harvey
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Extract

Simon Langham, archbishop of Canterbury and former abbot of Westminster, was made cardinal priest of St Sixtus by Urban v on 22 September 1368. Resigning Canterbury, he joined the pope in Italy, formally entering on his duties at Montefiascone on 24 May 1369. He returned with the pope to Avignon in late 1370. In early 1371 he was employed by Pope Gregory XI as a legate in France, England and the Low Countries but by April 1373 was rejoining the curia. After that he lived continuously in Avignon until his death on 22 July 1376, though little is known about his activities. At the curia like all cardinals he maintained a household. The aim of this study is to discuss who were its members, to consider their recruitment and careers and to ask a few questions about Langham's patronage.

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Articles
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The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 47 , Issue 1 , January 1996 , pp. 18 - 44
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

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References

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24 Buckingham's Register (Lincoln, Lincolnshire Archives Office, Register XII), fo. 148r–v.

25 Reg. Av. 179, fo. 185r.

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31 See above n. 4.

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36 Reg. Av. 171, fo. 149v; LC Urbain V, 27495.

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46 LC Urbain V, 21032, 21033.

47 Whittesley, Register, fo. 6v.

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49 Reg. Av. 176, fos 29v–30r; LC Grégoire XI, 5398.

50 For France see Durham, Dean and Chapter Muniments, Misc. Ch. 5378; Whittesley, Register, fo. 50v. For England with Langham in Jan. 1373 at Rochester see WAM 9223*. For reference to registrar see Pantin, , Canterbury College, iv. 185Google Scholar.

51 Reg. Av. 199, fos 260v–61; Widmore, , An history, 185Google Scholar; WAM 9225* fo. 3v.

52 , Le Neve, Welsh sees, 30Google Scholar; Lunt, , Accounts, 406Google Scholar.

53 Reg. Av. 176, fos 29v–30r. LC Grégoire XI, 5398. He is called canon of Llandaff in Reg. Av. 196, fo. 220.

54 For Paxton's death on 6 Nov. 1370 see Hayez, A. M., ‘Les Anglais présent à Avignon sous le pontificat d'Urbain V’, La France anglaise au moyen âge, Paris 1988, 585–6Google Scholar. His tomb slab still exists in a private house in Avignon, photo ibid. 587. I thank the owner, M. Jean Jauffret, for allowing me to see it. For distribution of goods see Lunt, , Account, 384Google Scholar.

55 BRUC 445; Reg. Av. 176, fos 29v–30r; LC Grégoire XI, 5398; Lunt, , Accounts, 486Google Scholar.

56 Hennesey, G., Novum repertorium ecclesiasticum parochiale Londinense, London 1898, 177Google Scholar. For St John see CPR 1370–74, 29.

57 Lunt, , Accounts, 468Google Scholar; Le Neve, , Salisbury, 24Google Scholar; Reg. Av. 199, fos 260v–1r.

58 Ibid. 196, fo. 220r; 199, fos 260v–1r.

59 Dykmans, , Cérémonial, 133, 454–5Google Scholar; Mollat, , ‘Contribution’, 51Google Scholar.

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61 Reg. Av. 194, fos 336v–7r; 199, fos 300v–1r; Tihon, , Grégoire XI, ii. no. 2838, and also no. 2200Google Scholar.

62 Reg. Av. 200, fo. 341r–v.

63 See nn. 61, 62 above; Buckingham's Register, Lincoln, XII, fos 147v, 148r–v, 149v–50r, 309v–10r; CPR 1370–74, 464–5; Despenser Register, Norwich, Norfolk and Norwich Record Office Reg/3/6, fos 22, 28v; CPR 1370–74, 337; CPR 1374–7,117.

64 WAM 9225*, fo. 3v.

65 Dykmans, , Cérémonial, 134, 459Google Scholar; Mollat, , ‘Contribution’, 52Google Scholar.

66 Reg. Av. 178, fo. 332r–v; Tihon, , Grégoire XI, i. no. 160Google Scholar; LC Grégoire XI, 4149.

67 See below p. 30.

68 Widmore, , An history, 186Google Scholar.

69 Dykmans, , Cérémonial, 133, 455–6Google Scholar; Mollat, , ‘Contribution’, 52Google Scholar.

70 Widmore, , An history, 186Google Scholar.

71 Dykmans, , Cérémonial, 134, 457–8Google Scholar; Mollat, , ‘Contribution’, 51Google Scholar.

72 Dykmans, , Cérémonial, 133, 453–4Google Scholar; Mollat, , ‘Contribution’, 53Google Scholar.

73 Widmore, , An history, 186Google Scholar.

74 Reg. Av. 181, fos 291v–2r; LC Grégoire XI, 6505.

75 Reg. Av. 199, fos 299v–300r.

76 See n. 75.

77 Dykmans, , Cérémonial, 133, 454Google Scholar; Mollat, , ‘Contribution’, 53, 54Google Scholar.

78 Widmore, , An history, 186Google Scholar. For a John of St Martin, domicellus and sartor in Avignon in 1374 see Hayez, , ‘Les Anglais’, 569Google Scholar.

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80 Bullarium Trajectense, ed. Brom, G., Utrecht 1892, i. nos 1935–43H, 27 Jan. 1371. He was then MA.Google Scholar

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83 Widmore, , An history, 185–6Google Scholar; Dykmans, , Cérémonial, 134, 458Google Scholar; Mollat, , ‘Contribution’, 54Google Scholar.

84 Widmore, , An history, 186Google Scholar.

85 Reg. Av. 200, fo. 417r–v. See letter of 9 May 1375 transcribed by Robinson, ‘Simon Langham’, 358–9. In WAM 9232 R. Merton in Avignon asks the abbot of Westminster to help Bokenhull to obtain Deerhurst. There was a rival, cf. WAM 9233, Bokenhull to the abbot, 6 Nov. 1376 and below.

86 Widmore, , An history, 186, 189Google Scholar.

87 Dykmans, , Cérémonial, 132–3, 452–3Google Scholar; Mollat, , ‘Contribution’, 55Google Scholar.

88 Dykmans, , Cérémonial, 133, 454Google Scholar; Tomassello, A., Music and ritual at papal Avignon, 1309–1403, Ann Arbor 1983, ch. iii. For Capel see n. 89.Google Scholar

89 For Capel see Reg. Av. 179, fos 345v–6r; Tihon, , Grégoire XI, i. no. 144 and 84n.Google Scholar; Tomassello, , Music and ritual, 237Google Scholar, with refs, but only to the printed sources.

90 Reg. Av. 178, fo. 106r–v; Tihon, , Grégoire XI, i. no. 157Google Scholar.

91 Dr John Nadas pointed out to me the meaning of these musical terms.

92 See below nn. 155–63. Cited as a musician flos Oxonie in the text of the motet Sub Arturo plebs: Wathey, A., ‘The peace of 1360–69 and Anglo-French musical relations’, Early Music History ix (1989), 129–74, esp. pp. 52–3Google Scholar. At pp. 170–1 is a (faulty) transcript of Reg. Av. 171, fo. 302r–v. I owe this reference to Dr John Nadas.

93 Widmore, , An history, 186Google Scholar.

94 Ibid.

95 Ibid.

96 Dykmans, , Cérémonial, 134, 457Google Scholar.

97 For Orgarswick see Langham, , Registrum, 303Google Scholar; for almoner see Reg. Av. 200, fo. 239r–v.

98 Dykmans, Cérémonial, 131–2, 446Google Scholar; Jugie, , ‘Les familiae’, 53 (noting error in Mollat here)Google Scholar; Mollat, , ‘Contribution’, 80Google Scholar.

99 Durham, Dean and Chapter Muniments, Misc. Ch. 5378; Whittesley, Register Canterbury, fo. 50V.

100 Reg. Av. 185, fo. 491r–v; Widmore, , An history, 184, 185Google Scholar.

101 BRUO iii. 1733.

102 CPP 521.

103 Reg. Av. 169, fos 441, 456v; LC Urbain V, 24520, 24521; Hayez, , ‘Les Anglais’, 580 n. 71Google Scholar; Whittesley, Register, Canterbury, fo. 6r, 6v.

104 Lydford, J., John Lydford's Book, ed. Owen, D. M. (Devonshire and Cornwall Record Society xix, 1974), 35Google Scholar.

105 Reg. Av. 171, fo. 155v; LC Urbain V, 27509; Reg. Av. 179, fos 119–20. For Leighton see Le Neve, , Lincoln, 84Google Scholar.

106 See above n. 27. He is not mentioned in the Durham muniment referred to in n. 99.

107 Reg. Av. 185, fo. 491r–v; Le Neve, , Salisbury, 46Google Scholar.

108 Wykeham's Register, ed. Kirby, T. F. (Hampshire Record Society, 1896, 1899), ii. 243Google Scholar; Arundel, Register Ely, Cambridge University Library, Ely diocesan records, G/1/2, fo. 19v.

109 BRUO iii. 1733, has mss refs.

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113 For Croxton see nn. 48, 49 above.

114 Widmore, , An history, 184, 186Google Scholar.

115 See above p. 26.

116 For Easton see n. 30 above. For Morice see nn. 61, 62 above.

117 See above n. 105.

118 Reg. Av. 169, fo. 279r–v; LC Urbain V, 25058. For the University of Avignon see CPP 544, on the roll of university in 1378.

119 Churchill, I.J., Canterbury administration, London 1933, i. 22Google Scholar; Langham, Registrum, index.

120 Widmore, , An history, 184Google Scholar; WAM 9223*.

121 Reg. Av. 169, fos 278v–9r; LC Urbain V, 25060.

122 Reg. Av. 169, fo. 328; LC Urbain V, 23412.

123 Langham, , Registrum, 1, and also 101, 308.Google Scholar

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125 He paid some annates on Ivychurch. Lunt, , Accounts, 402, 412. St David's is not in Le Neve.Google Scholar

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127 Not in Le Neve.

128 Reg. Av. 177, fo. 89r–v; LC Grégoire XI, 7662; Le Neve, , Coventry, 21Google Scholar.

129 Whittesley, Register, fos 85, 88v–9r, shows other holders of Slimbridge in 1371; Wakefield, , A calendar of the register of Henry Wakefield, bishop of Worcester, 1375–95, ed. Marret, W. P. (Worcestershire Historical Society ns vii, 1972), no. 44, p. 7Google Scholar; no. 106, p. 13, for 1376 .

130 Reg. Av. 202, fos 311v–12r, saying he had died: ‘dudum curialis existens postquam nos prefatam curiam de civitate Avinion' ad urbem transtulimus dum curiam sequeretur eandem prope civitatem Nicien'.’ The date is 2 May 1377.

131 See above n. 21.

132 Decision 632.

133 Le Neve, , Coventry, 21Google Scholar; Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 794, fos 179v, 182r–v.

134 See above n. 130.

135 Diplomatic Correspondence of Richard II, ed. Perroy, E. (Camden 3rd ser. xlviii, 1933), no. 41Google Scholar.

136 See above n. 130.

137 Reg. Av. 170, fo. 331r–v, 7 Sept. 1369; LC Urbain V, 23413.

138 Langham, , Registrum, 117, 134, 205Google Scholar.

139 See below p. 35.

140 Reg. Av. 180, fos 163v–4v; LC Grégoire XI, 5190; For Gisi see Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiasliques, ed. Baudrillart, A. and others, Paris 1912–Google Scholar, ii/i. col. 107. Very few names of priors are known.

141 Reg. Av. 200, fos 133v–4r.

142 Ibid. 196, fo. 136v; 201, fos 384v–6r; Lunt, , Accounts, 505Google Scholar.

143 Buckingham's Register, Lincoln, X, fos 318v, 321r; Register XII, fo. 173.

144 WAM 9234, 9235.

145 Bulls per Thomam de Fenton clericum vestrum nobis transmissas, WAM 9234, cf. Robinson, , ‘Simon Langham’, 362–3Google Scholar; WAM 9235, cf. Robinson, ‘Simon Langham’, 362Google Scholar.

146 Reg. Av. 200, fos 106v–7r.

147 Widmore, , An history, 191Google Scholar; WAM 9223*.

148 WAM 9256 B, D. Roger Paunten of Glaston, in the same category (Reg. Av. 200 fo. 11r–v), was also in Rome in July 1379: Venerabile Collegio Inglese, Rome, Archives, membrane 98.

149 Reg. Av. 169, fos 277v–8r; LC Urbain V, 25059, which omits the vital dudum.

150 Reg. Av. 181, fos 344v–5r; LC Grégoire XI, 7261.

151 Langham, , Registrum, 205Google Scholar.

152 Reg. Av. 174, fo. 105v; LC Grégoire XI, 9277.

153 BRUO i. 380–1; Lunt, , Accounts, 469Google Scholar.

154 Churchill, , Canterbury administration, i. 444–5, ii. 189Google Scholar.

155 Reg. Av. 171, fo. 302r–v; LC Urbain V, 27776, but not complete; printed by Wathey, ‘The peace’, document 7, but transcript is unreliable; Hayez, ‘Anglais’, 577 n. 52.

156 A full account of the affair from the English end is contained in Storey, R. L., ‘Papal provisions to English monasteries’, Nottingham Medieval Studies xxxv (1991), 77–91, esp. pp. 81–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See VCH Oxfordshire, ii. 98–9Google Scholar. The complaints of 1363 are in The cartulary of the monastery of St Frideswide, ed. Wigram, S. R. (Oxford Historical Society xxviii, 1895; xxxi, 1896)Google Scholar, ii. 372, and Dugdale, W., Monasticon Anglicanum, London 1817–30, ii. 150–1Google Scholar.

157 For Whittingham see Donaldson, R., ‘Patronage and the Church: a study in the social structure of the secular clergy in the diocese of Durham (1311–1540)’, unpubl. PhD diss. Edinburgh 1955, ii. 296Google Scholar.

158 Lunt, , Accounts, 306Google Scholar.

159 VCH Oxfordshire, ii. 98Google Scholar.

160 BL, MS Add. 24062, fo. 189v. This has not hitherto been noticed in this case.

161 CPP, 509.

162 Cartulary of St Frideswide, ii. 373–4.

163 Dugdale, , Monasticon, ii. 150–1Google Scholar. See also n. 92 above.

164 Reg. Av. 199, fos 299v–300r.

165 BRUO iii. 1818; CCR 1369–74, 331.

166 Whittesley, Register, fo. 49r.

167 Wykeham's Register, ii. 150–1, with Hugh Arlam, see above.

168 Reg. Av. 190, fos 194v–5r. See above for Southam.

169 Reg. Av. 181, fos 122v–3r; Tihon, , Grégoire XI, i, no. 60Google Scholar; LC Grègoire XI, 6457.

170 Reg. Av. 188, fos 482v–3r; Tihon, , Grégoire XI, i, no. 2303Google Scholar.

171 See above.

172 Reg. Av. 170, fo. 331r–v; LC Urbain V, 23413; Lunt, , Accounts, 160Google Scholar.

173 BRUC 65. For his ordinatio n see Sudbury, , Registrum Simonis de Sudburia, diocesis Londoniensis, 1362–75, ed. Fowler, R. C. (Canterbury and York Society xxxiv, xxxviii, 1927, 1938), ii. 81, 84Google Scholar.

174 Reg. Av. 172, fos 81v–2r; LC Urbain V, 25623. He held Moreton Parva by papal provision: Le Neve, , Hereford, 36Google Scholar, cf. CCR 1377–81, 26–7; CPR 1370–74, 187, but only in 1372. It was contested as reserved under Richard II, who resisted. See also Reg. Stretton, , The registers or act books of the bishops of Coventry and Lichfield, Book 4, ed. Wilson, R. A. (William Salt Archaeological Society ns x/2, 1907), 84–5Google Scholar.

175 CPR 1370–74, 159.

176 Reg. Av. 172, fo. 106r–v; LC Urbain V, 25892.

177 Reg. Av. 202, fos 290v–1r. No evidence in Le Neve, Wells.

178 See above n. 48.

179 See above n. 66.

180 See above n. 105.

181 See above nn. 149, 150

182 See above nn. 126, 128.

183 See above n. 25.

184 BRUC, 7.

185 CPR 1370–74, 52; Reg. Av. 199,fos 260v–1r.

186 Reg. Av. 174, fos 94v–5r; I74v–5r; LC Grégoire XI, 9160, 9164.

187 For Croxton see Reg. Av. 199, fos 260v–1r; for Morice see ibid, fos 300v–1r.

188 WAM 9223*. He appears acting for Langham in some of his benefices, for example exchanging the church of Wearmouth for Somersham: Buckingham's Register, Lincoln, X. fo. 302r. He was active in Canterbury diocese under Whittesley: Whittesley's Register, fo. 3r. He is not the only proctor. In 1372 Richard de Chestrefield is proctor general for Langham as dean of Lincoln: Stretton, , Register, 89Google Scholar. In 1369 Walter de Baketon, canon of Chichester, is proctor to take possession of the prebend of Wistow: J. Thoresby, Register, York, Borthwick Institute, Register 11, fo. 67v.

189 See above p. 23, 30, 31.

190 See above p. 28.

191 See above p. 35.

192 See above p. 24, 25, 28, 35. For Naas see LC Urbain V, 15403.

193 His appointment came first from Urban v on 17 Mar. 1370, cf. Lunt, W. E., Financial relations of the papacy with England, 1327–1534, Cambridge, Mass. 1962, 662, but only in early 1371 was it clear that the legation would happen: CPL iv. 92.Google Scholar

194 Storey, ‘Papal provisions’, 81.

195 See above n. 155, for Reg. Av.; Reg. Av. 171, fo. 406r–v; LC Urbain V, 27776, Dodeford is called Bac. in Decr. Neither of these is in Storey.

196 Buckingham's Register, Lincoln, XII. fo. 113r: The bishop has heard by 28 Dec. 1372 that he has won his case.

197 Storey, ‘Papal provisions’, 81 n. 30.

198 Ibid. 81–2.

199 See above n. 122.

200 See above n. 85.

201 Reg. Av. 176, fo. 18r–v; LC Grégoire XI, 5396, which is, however, inaccurate; Le Neve, , Coventry, 45Google Scholar.

202 Reg. Av. 176, fos 19r–v; LC Grégoire XI, 5397, but, again, inaccurate.

203 See above nn. 55, 57.

204 Reg. Av. 176, fos 37v–8r.

205 See above n. 76.

206 See above n. 107.

207 Reg. Av. 199, fo. 362. For Barton see ibid. 200, fo. 240r.

208 See above n. 30.

209 Reg. Av. 171, fo. 149v; LC Urbain V, 27495; Reg. Av. 171, fo. 155v; LC Urbain V, 27509.

210 Reg. Av. 169, fo. 120r–v; LC Urbain V, 24855.

211 Reg. Av. 199, fos 299v–300r.

212 Ibid. 172, fos 141v–2r; LC Urbain V, 25808.

213 See above n. 195.

214 See Reg. Av. 172, fos 88v–9r, for the archdeaconry of Connor; LC Urbain V, 25679.

215 See above pp. 24, 25, 31, 33.

216 VCH, Gloucestershire, ii. 103–5, esP. P. 104Google Scholar; Wakefield, , Register, no. 3, p. 1Google Scholar; no. 11, p. 2.

217 Le Neve, , Coventry, 45Google Scholar. Ibstoke had never held Longdon.

218 He exchanged it: Buckingham's Register, Lincoln, X. fo. 265r.

219 See above nn. 55, 56, 57.

220 Le Neve, , Lincoln, 58Google Scholar. There was a court case.

221 Arundel, Register, Ely (EDR G/1/2), fo. 14v: ‘vac. in curia per mortem magistri Roberti de Sustede ultimi rectoris eiusdem qui in curia Romana diem suum clausit extremum. Collata est per dominum nostrum papam cuidam de familiaribus domini cardinalis Cantuariensis adhuc in curia existenti de cuius nomine seu cognomine adhuc non possumus informare nec procuratorium dimisit in partibus de quo constat. Sed dictus rector citatus est et monitus peremptorie’.

222 Lunt, , Accounts, 500, 530Google Scholar.

223 Despenser's Register, Norwich, fo. 41r: someone else admitted to Palling, Dec. 1375.

224 CPR 1396–9, 262, void by his death.

225 Reg. Av. 194, fos 336v–7r; Tihon, , Gregoire XI, ii. 2838Google Scholar.

226 Despenser's Register, Norwich, fo. 22r.

227 CPR 1370–74, 337.

228 Ibid. 393.

229 Despenser's Register, Norwich, fo. 28v.

230 Reg. Av. 199, fos 300v–1r.

231 Buckingham's Register, Lincoln, XII. fos 147v–8r.

232 Ibid, fos 149v–50r.

233 Ibid.

234 Ibid. fo. 150r.

235 CPR 1374–7, 464–5.

236 Hayez, ‘Les Anglais’, passim.