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Sensilla of haematophagous insects sensitive to vertebrate host-associated stimuli

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Susan B. McIver
Susan B. McIver
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Abstract

The morphology of the sensilla sensitive to vertebrate host-associated stimuli is diverse reflecting the numerous independent origins of haematophagy within the insects. Using electron microscopic techniques, the sensilla of mosquitoes and blackflies have been the most thoroughly studied, although numerous works have been conducted on other blood-feeders. Notably lacking are fine structure studies on blood-feeding maggots and ectoparasitic, adult Muscomorpha.

In comparing blood-feeders with other insects it becomes apparent that: (1) carbon dioxide plays a significantly greater role in location of food by haematophagous insects than by phytophagous and saprophagous species; (2) only in blood-feeders do the adenosine phosphate nucleotides, a single group of compounds, appear to be the phagostimulants for almost all species; and (3) feeding deterrents are unknown in haematophagous insects.

When the sensory complements of the various groups of blood-feeders are compared, three points emerge. First, reduction in numbers of olfactory chemosensilla that mediate odour cues used in long-distance, host-orientation occurs in male nematocerans and in females of completely autogenous species of mosquitoes and black flies. Second, there is a striking correlation between the number of labial chemo- and mechanosensilla and the feeding behaviour of the insect. Third, there is a possible positive correlation between the number of chemosensitive antennal neurones and the distance travelled by the insect to the host.

Résumé

La morphologie des sensilles associés à la recherche d'hôtes vertébrés est variée, ce qui reflète les diverses origines de l'hématophagie chez les insectes. Utilisant la microscopie électronique, les sensilles des moustiques et mouches noires ont été étudiés en détail, en parallèle, de nombreux autres travaux ont porté sur d'autres espèces hématophages. La description de l'ultrastructure des sensilles d'asticots hématophages et ectoparasites a jusqu'à présent été négligée.

En comparant les insectes hématophages avec les autres insectes non hématophages il devient apparent que; (1) le dioxide de carbone joue un rôle beaucoup plus important chez les hématophages que chez les phytophages et les détritivores, (2) les nucleotides adénosine phosphates agissent en tant que phagostimulants seulement chez les hématophages, ce chez presque toutes les espèces et (3) il n'y a aucun agent phago répresseur identifié a ce jour chez les hématophages.

Trois phénomènes émergent lorsqu'on compare les processus sensitifs de divers groupes d'insectes hématophages. Preièrement, la réduction du nombre des chemosensilles olfactifs qui captent les stimuli olfactifs sur de longues distances, l'orientation vers l'hôte se produit aussi bien chez les mâles et femelles d'espèces autogènes de mostiques et de mouches noires. Deuxièmement, il y a une corrélation évidente entre le nombre de chemo- et mécano-sensilles labiaux et le comportement alimentaire des insectes. Troisièmement, il y a la possibilité d'une corrélation positive entre le nombre de neuronnes chemosensitifs des antennes et la distance parcourue par l'insecte pour atteindre l'hôte.

Keywords

Haematophagous insectssensillafine structurebehaviourInsectes hématophagessensillesultrastructurecomportement
Type
Symposium V: Host-seeking Mechanisms of Arthropods of Medical and Veterinary Importance
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 8 , Issue 4-5-6: Recent Advances in Research on Tropical Entomology , December 1987 , pp. 627 - 635
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1987

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