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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 April 2016
Heavy ions rapidly sink out of the base of a white,, dwarf convective zone, and a balance is set up between accreting interstellar material and this sedimentation flux. The heavy element abundances are lower than they would be in the absence of convection. The accretion process is responsible for any gross departures from the cosmic abundance ratios among the heavy ions. A chemically pure white dwarf must have mass greater than 0.2 M⊙. The DB stars have masses lower than 0.4 M⊙.