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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 March 2016
A brief review is given of cosmological tests based on quasars, of source evolution and of the X-ray background. The cosmological tests are still inconclusive because of the limited material available and the possibility of serious selection effects. Quasars and other extra-galactic sources account for most or all of the background in the 1-10 kev range and very possibly also at higher X- and γ-ray energies.