Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T10:42:45.592Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of inherited structural highs on the structure and kinematics of the South Dezful Embayment, SW Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2022

Aref Shamszadeh ,
Khalil Sarkarinejad Open the ORCID record for Khalil Sarkarinejad [Opens in a new window] ,
Oriol Ferrer ,
Soumyajit Mukherjee  and
Mohammad Seraj
Aref Shamszadeh
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
Khalil Sarkarinejad*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
Oriol Ferrer
Affiliation:
Institut de Recerca Geomodels, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, Barcelona08028, Spain
Soumyajit Mukherjee
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra400 076, India
Mohammad Seraj
Affiliation:
National Iranian South Oil Company (NISOC), Ahwaz 61735-1313, Iran
*
Author for correspondence: Khalil Sarkarinejad, Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Understanding the structural evolution of the South Dezful Embayment (SDE) in the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt (ZFTB) is significant for hydrocarbon exploration and production. The structural evolution of this area has been controlled by the reactivation of basement structures related to the oblique convergence along the ZFTB. In this work, we study the effect of the pre-contractional interaction between the basement step and overlaid salt layer superimposed by the Zagros shortening on the structural style and evolution of the sedimentary basin in the SDE. We use multidisciplinary approaches involving surface and subsurface data and analogue models. Disharmonic folds with small wavelength formed over the Kharg-Mish Palaeo-high (KMPH) where the sedimentary cover is thinner. On the other hand, faulted detachment folds with large wavelengths developed in the adjacent depocenters. Furthermore, the KMPH affected the geometry and kinematics of the frontal part of the Zagros Belt, which is characterized by the Mountain Front Flexure (MFF) topographic step. Long-lasting active deformation of the sedimentary cover over the frontal ramp of the KMPH developed the South Izeh Promontory (SIP). Localized contraction in the SIP was accommodated temporally by trishear fault-propagation folding and resulted in > 5 km elevation difference between this promontory and two adjacent local basins. Supporting scaled analogue models show that structural evolution, folding and along-strike variations in fold style of the SDE have been controlled by thickness variations of the sedimentary cover and the geometry of the inherited pre-salt structure. Based on the results of this study, the effect of inherited structural highs on the structure and kinematics of the SDE provide important insights for hydrocarbon entrapment, migration and exploration.

Keywords

Kharg-Mish Palaeo-highfold styleDezful EmbaymentZagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 159 , Issue 10 , October 2022 , pp. 1744 - 1766
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdullahie Fard, I, Braathen, A, Mokhtari, M and Alavi, SA (2006) Interaction of the Zagros fold–thrust belt and the Arabian-type, deep-seated folds in the Abadan Plain and the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Petroleum Geoscience 12, 347–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdullahie Fard, I, Sepehr, M and Sherkati, S (2011) Neogene salt in SW Iran and its interaction with Zagros folding. Geological Magazine 148, 854–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmadhadi, F, Lacombe, O and Daniel, JM (2007) Early reactivation of basement faults in Central Zagros (SW Iran): evidence from pre-folding fracture populations in Asmari Formation and lower Tertiary paleogeography. In Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins: From Fold Kinematics to Hydrocarbon Systems (eds Lacombe, O, Roure, F, Lavé, J and Vergés, J), pp. 205–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Husseini, MI (2000) Origin of the Arabian plate structures: Amar collision and Najd rift. GeoArabia 5, 527–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alavi, M (1994) Tectonics of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: new data and interpretations. Tectonophysics 229, 211–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alavi, M (2004) Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its pro-foreland evolution. American Journal of Science 304, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alavi, M (2007) Structures of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran. American Journal of Science 307, 1064–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, MB and Talebian, M (2011) Structural variation along the Zagros and the nature of the Dezful Embayment. Geological Magazine 148, 911–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alsharhan, AS (1989) Petroleum geology of the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Petroleum Geology 12, 253–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asgari, G, Ghaemi, F, Soleimany, B, Rahimi, B and Maleki, M (2019) Determine folding mechanism of Lali structure, northern Dezful, Zagros, Iran. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 113–25.Google Scholar
Asl, ME, Faghih, A, Mukherjee, S and Soleimany, B (2019) Style and timing of salt movement in the Persian Gulf basin, offshore Iran: insights from halokinetic sequences adjacent to the Tonb-e-Bozorg salt diapir. Journal of Structural Geology 122, 116–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahroudi, A and Koyi, HA (2003) Effect of spatial distribution of Hormuz salt on deformation style in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt: an analogue modelling approach. Journal of the Geological Society 160, 719–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahroudi, A and Talbot, CJ (2003) The configuration of the basement beneath the Zagros Basin. Journal of Petroleum Geology 26, 257–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berberian, M (1995) Master “blind” thrust faults hidden under the Zagros folds: active basement tectonics and surface tectonics surface morphotectonics. Tectonophysics 241, 193–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berberian, M and King, GCP (1981) Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 18, 210–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonini, M, Sokoutis, D, Mulugeta, G and Katrivanos, E (2000) Modelling hanging wall accommodation above rigid thrust ramps. Journal of Structural Geology 22, 1165–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordenave, ML and Hegre, JA (2005) The influence of tectonics on the entrapment of oil in the Dezful Embayment, Zagros Foldbelt, Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology 28, 339–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordenave, ML and Hegre, JA (2010) The current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems. In Tectonic and Stratigraphic Evolution of Zagros and Makran during the Mesozoic–Cenozoic (eds Leturmy, P and Robin, C), pp. 291–353. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 330.Google Scholar
Borderie, S, Vendeville, BC, Graveleau, F, Witt, C, Dubois, P, Baby, P and Calderon, Y (2019) Analogue modeling of large-transport thrust faults in evaporites-floored basins: example of the Chazuta Thrust in the Huallaga Basin, Peru. Journal of Structural Geology 123, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burberry, CM and Swiatlowski, JL (2016) Evolution of a fold-thrust belt deforming a unit with pre-existing linear asperities: insights from analog models. Journal of Structural Geology 87, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caër, T, Souloumiac, P, Maillot, B, Leturmy, P and Nussbaum, C (2018) Propagation of a fold-and-thrust belt over a basement graben. Journal of Structural Geology 115, 121–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calignano, E, Sokoutis, D, Willingshofer, E, Brun, JP, Gueydan, F and Cloetingh, S (2017) Oblique contractional reactivation of inherited heterogeneities: cause for arcuate orogens. Tectonics 36, 542–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callot, JP, Trocmé, V, Letouzey, J, Albouy, E, Jahani, S and Sherkati, S (2012) Pre-existing salt structures and the folding of the Zagros mountains. In Salt Tectonics, Sediments and Prospectivity (eds Alsop, GI, Archer, SG, Hartley, AJ, Grant, NT and Hodgkinson, R), pp. 545–61. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 363.Google Scholar
Carruba, S, Perotti, CR, Buonaguro, R, Calabrò, R, Carpi, R and Naini, M (2006) The structural pattern of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt in the Dezful Embayment (SW Iran). Geological Society of America Special Papers 414, 11.Google Scholar
Casciello, E, Vergés, J, Saura, E, Casini, G, Fernández, N, Blanc, E and Hunt, DW (2009) Fold patterns and multilayer rheology of the Lurestan Province, Zagros simply folded belt (Iran). Journal of the Geological Society of London 166(5), 947 –59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colman-Sadd, SP (1978) Fold development in Zagros simply folded belt, Southwest Iran. AAPG Bulletin 62, 984–1003.Google Scholar
Cotton, JT and Koyi, HA (2000) Modelling of thrust fronts above ductile and frictional detachments: application to structures in the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112, 351–63.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, DM and Engelder, T (1985) The role of salt in fold-and-thrust belts. Tectonophysics 119, 67–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell’Ertole, D and Schellart, WP (2013) The development of sheath folds in viscously stratified materials in simple shear conditions: an analogue approach. Journal of Structural Geology 56, 129–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derikvand, B, Alavi, SA, Abdullahie Fard, I and Hajialibeigi, H (2018) Folding style of the Dezful Embayment of Zagros Belt: signatures of detachment horizons, deep-rooted faulting, and syn-deformation deposition. Marine and Petroleum Geology 91, 501–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dooley, TP and Hudec, MR (2020) Extension and inversion of salt-bearing rift systems. Solid Earth 11, 1187–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dooley, T, McClay, K R, Hempton, M and Smit, D (2005) Salt tectonics above complex basement extensional fault systems: results from analogue modelling. In Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives – Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference (eds Doré, AG and Vining, BA), pp. 1631–48. Geological Society of London, Petroleum Geology Conference Series no. 6.Google Scholar
Duffy, OB, Dooley, TP, Hudec, MR, Jackson, MP, Fernandez, N, Jackson, CA and Soto, JI (2018) Structural evolution of salt-influenced fold-and-thrust belts: a synthesis and new insights from basins containing isolated salt diapirs. Journal of Structural Geology 114, 206–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgell, HS (1991) Proterozoic salt basins of the Persian Gulf area and their role in hydrocarbon generation. Precambrian Research 54, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgell, HS (1992) Basement tectonics of Saudi Arabia as related to oil field structures. In Basement Tectonics 9. Proceedings of the International Conferences on Basement Tectonics, vol. 3 (eds MJ Rickard, HJ Harrington and PR Williams), pp. 169–93. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Edgell, HS (1996) Salt tectonism in the Persian Gulf basin. In Salt Tectonics (eds GI Alsop, DJ Blundell and I Davison), pp. 129–51. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 100.Google Scholar
Espurt, N, Wattellier, F, Philip, J, Hippolyte, JC, Bellier, O and Bestani, L (2019) Mesozoic halokinesis and basement inheritance in the eastern Provence fold-thrust belt, SE France. Tectonophysics 766, 60–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falcon, NL (1974) Southern Iran: Zagros mountains. In Mesozoic–Cenozoic Orogenic Belts: Data for Orogenic Studies (ed. AM Spencer), pp. 199–211. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 4.Google Scholar
Faqira, M, Rademakers, M and Afifi, AM (2009) New insights into the Hercynian Orogeny, and their implications for the Paleozoic Hydrocarbon System in the Arabian plate. GeoArabia 14, 199–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farahzadi, E, Alavi, SA, Sherkati, S and Ghassemi, MR (2019) Variation of subsidence in the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran: influence of reactivated basement structures. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 12, 616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farzipour-Saein, A and Koyi, H (2016) Intermediate décollement activation in response to the basal friction variation and its effect on folding style in the Zagros fold-thrust belt, an analogue modelling approach. Tectonophysics 68, 56–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farzipour-Saein, A, Nilfouroushan, F and Koyi, H (2013) The effect of basement step/topography on the geometry of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt (SW Iran): an analog modelling approach. International Journal of Earth Sciences 102, 2117–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farzipour-Saein, A, Yassaghi, A, Sherkati, S and Koyi, H (2009) Basin evolution of the Lurestan region in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt, Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology 32, 5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrer, O, Jackson, MP, Roca, E and Rubinat, M (2012) Evolution of salt structures during extension and inversion of the Offshore Parentis Basin (Eastern Bay of Biscay). In Salt Tectonics, Sediments and Prospectivity (eds GI Alsop, SG Archer, AJ Hartley, NT Grant and R Hodgkinson), pp. 361–80. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 363.Google Scholar
Ferrer, O, Roca, E and Vendeville, BC (2014) The role of salt layers in the hangingwall deformation of kinked-planar extensional faults: insights from 3D analogue models and comparison with the Parentis Basin. Tectonophysics 636, 338–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godin, L, Roche, RS, Waffle, L and Harris, LB (2019) Influence of inherited Indian basement faults on the evolution of the Himalayan orogen. In Crustal Architecture and Evolution of the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet Orogen (eds R Sharma, IM Villa and S Kumar), pp. 251–76. Geological Society Special Publication no. 481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granado, P, Ferrer, O, Muñoz, JA, Thöny, W and Strauss, P (2017) Basin inversion in tectonic wedges: insights from analogue modelling and the Alpine-Carpathian fold-and-thrust belt. Tectonophysics 703, 50–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassaan, M, Faleide, JI, Gabrielsen, RH, Tsikalas, F and Grimstad, S (2021) Interplay between base-salt relief, progradational sediment loading and salt tectonics in the Nordkapp Basin, Barents Sea–Part II. Basin Research 33(6), 3256–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hessami, K, Koyi, HA and Talbot, CJ (2001a) The significance of strike-slip faulting in the basement of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. Journal of Petroleum Geology 24, 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hessami, K, Koyi, HA, Talbot, CJ, Tabasi, H and Shabanian, E (2001b) Progressive unconformities within an evolving foreland fold–thrust belt, Zagros mountains. Journal of the Geological Society 158, 969–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hessami, K, Nilforoushan, F and Talbot, CJ (2006) Active deformation within the Zagros Mountains deduced from GPS measurements. Journal of the Geological Society 163, 143–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heydarzadeh, K, Ruh, JB, Vergés, J, Hajialibeigi, H and Gharabeigli, G (2020) Evolution of a structural basin: numerical modelling applied to the Dehdasht Basin, Central Zagros, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 187, 104088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinsch, R and Bretis, B (2015) A semi-balanced section in the northwestern Zagros region: constraining the structural architecture of the Mountain Front Flexure in the Kirkuk Embayment, Iraq. GeoArabia 20, 41–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homke, S, Vergés, J, Garcés, M, Emami, H and Karpuz, R (2004) Magnetostratigraphy of Miocene–Pliocene Zagros foreland deposits in the front of the Push-e Kush arc (Lurestan Province, Iran). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 225, 397–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbert, MK (1937) Theory of scale models as applied to the study of geologic structures. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 48, 1459–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husseini, MI (1988) The Arabian infracambrian extensional system. Tectonophysics 148, 93–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husseini, MI (1989) Tectonic and deposition model of late Precambrian-Cambrian Arabian and adjoining plates. AAPG Bulletin 73, 1117–31.Google Scholar
Jahani, S, Hassanpour, J, Mohammadi-Firouz, S, Letouzey, J, de Lamotte, DF, Alavi, SA and Soleimany, B (2017) Salt tectonics and tear faulting in the central part of the Zagros Fold-thrust Belt, Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology 86, 426–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jassim, SZ and Goff, JC (eds) (2006) Geology of Iraq. Prague: DOLIN. sro, distributed by Geological Society of London.Google Scholar
Karasözen, E, Nissen, E, Bergman, EA and Ghods, A (2019) Seismotectonics of the Zagros (Iran) from orogen-wide, calibrated earthquake relocations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 124, 9109–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, PE (1979) The emergent Hormuz salt plugs of southern Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology 2, 117–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kergaravat, C, Ribes, C, Callot, JP and Ringenbach, JC (2017) Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of salt-controlled minibasins in a fold-and-thrust belt, the Oligo-Miocene central Sivas Basin. Journal of Structural Geology 102, 75–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konert, G, Afifi, AM, Al-Hajri, SA, de Groot, K, Al Naim, AA and Droste, HJ (1999) Paleozoic stratigraphy and hydrocarbon habitat of the Arabian plate. AAPG Bulletin 83, 1320–36.Google Scholar
Koop, WJ and Stoneley, R (1982) Subsidence history of the Middle East Zagros basin, Permian to recent. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series A 305, 149168.Google Scholar
Koyi, H, Jenyon, MK and Petersen, K (1993) The effect of basement faulting on diapirism. Journal of Petroleum Geology 16, 285–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koyi, HA and Maillot, B (2007) Tectonic thickening of hanging-wall units over a ramp. Journal of Structural Geology 29, 924–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koyi, HA and Vendeville, BC (2003) The effect of décollement dip on geometry and kinematics of model accretionary wedges. Journal of Structural Geology 25, 1445–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacombe, O and Bellahsen, N (2016) Thick-skinned tectonics and basement-involved fold–thrust belts: insights from selected Cenozoic orogens. Geological Magazine 153, 763–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Letouzey, J, Colletta, B, Vially, RA and Chermette, JC (1995) Evolution of salt-related structures in compressional settings. In Salt Tectonics: A Global Prospective (eds Jackson, MPA, Roberts, DG and Snelson, S), pp. 41–60. Tulsa: AAPG, Memoir no. 65.Google Scholar
Letouzey, J and Sherkati, S (2004) Salt movement, tectonic events, and structural style in the central Zagros fold-and-thrust belt (Iran). In Salt-Sediment Interactions and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity, 24th Annual Research Conference, Gulf Coast Section, SEPM Foundation, pp. 444–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQuarrie, N (2004) Crustal scale geometry of the Zagros fold-thrust belt, Iran. Journal of Structural Geology 26, 519–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQuillan, H (1985) Fracture-controlled production from the Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation in Gachsaran and Bibi Hakimeh fields, southwest Iran. In Carbonate Petroleum Reservoirs (eds Roehl, PO and Choquette, PW), pp. 511–23. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQuillan, H (1991) The role of basement tectonics in the control of sedimentary facies, structural patterns, and salt plug emplacements in the Zagros fold belt of southwest Iran. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 5, 453–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Misra, AA and Mukherjee, S (2015) Tectonic Inheritance in Continental Rifts and Passive Margins. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Misra, AA and Mukherjee, S (2018) Atlas of Structural Geological Interpretation from Seismic Images. New York: Wiley Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moghadam, HS, Stern, RJ, Chiaradia, M and Rahgoshay, M (2013) Geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Late Cretaceous Gogher–Baft ophiolite, central Iran. Lithos 168, 33–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohammadrezaei, H, Alavi, SA, Cardozo, N and Ghassemi, MR (2020) Deciphering the relationship between basement faulting and two-phase folding in the Hendijan anticline, northwest Persian Gulf, Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology 122, 104626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molinaro, M., Guezou, JC, Leturmy, P, Eshraghi, SA and de Lamotte, DF (2004) The origin of changes in structural style across the Bandar Abbas syntaxis, SE Zagros (Iran). Marine and Petroleum Geology 21, 735–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motamedi, H, Sherkati, S and Sepehr, M (2012) Structural style variation and its impact on hydrocarbon traps in central Fars, southern Zagros folded belt, Iran. Journal of Structural Geology 37, 124–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motiei, H (1994) Stratigraphy of Zagros. Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran (in Farsi).Google Scholar
Motiei, H (1995) Petroleum Geology of Zagros. Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran (in Farsi).Google Scholar
Mouthereau, F, Lacombe, O and Meyer, B (2006) The Zagros folded belt (Fars, Iran): constraints from topography and critical wedge modelling. Geophysical Journal International 165, 336–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouthereau, F, Lacombe, O and Vergés, J (2012) Building the Zagros collisional orogen: timing, strain distribution and the dynamics of Arabia/Eurasia plate convergence. Tectonophysics 532, 27–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, S (2011) Estimating the viscosity of rock bodies: a comparison between the Hormuz-and the Namakdan Salt Domes in the Persian Gulf, and the Tso Morari Gneiss Dome in the Himalaya. Indian Journal Geophysical Union 15, 161–70.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, S (2014) Review of flanking structures in meso- and micro-scales. Geological Magazine 151, 957–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, S, Koyi, HA and Talbot, CJ (2012) Implications of channel flow analogue models in extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Shear Zone with special reference to the out-of-sequence thrusting. International Journal of Earth Sciences 101, 253–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, S, Talbot, CJ and Koyi, HA (2010) Viscosity estimates of salt in the Hormuz and Namakdan salt diapirs, Persian Gulf. Geological Magazine 147, 497–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, P (1977) Basement structure as suggested by aeromagnetic surveys in southwest Iran. Proceedings of the Second Geological Symposium of Iran. Tehran: Iranian Geological Institute.Google Scholar
Najafi, M, Yassaghi, A, Bahroudi, A, Vergés, J and Sherkati, S (2014) Impact of the late Triassic Dashtak intermediate detachment horizon on anticline geometry in the Central Frontal Fars, SE Zagros fold belt, Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology 54, 23–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Najafi, M, Vergés, J, Etemad-Saeed, N and Karimnejad, HR (2018) Folding, thrusting and diapirism: competing mechanisms for shaping the structure of the north Dezful Embayment, Zagros, Iran. Basin Research 30, 1200–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noori, H, Mehrabi, H, Rahimpour-Bonab, H and Faghih, A (2019) Tectono-sedimentary controls on Lower Cretaceous carbonate platforms of the central Zagros, Iran: an example of rift-basin carbonate systems. Marine and Petroleum Geology 110, 91–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, CAE (1950) Tectonic problems of the oil field belt of southwest Iran. In Proceedings of the 18th International Geological Congress, Great Britain, 6, pp. 45–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Orang, K and Gharabeigli, G (2020) Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Helleh Paleo-high (NW Persian Gulf): insights from 2D and 3D restoration methods. Marine and Petroleum Geology 119, 104443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perotti, CR, Carruba, S, Rinaldi, M, Bertozzi, G, Feltre, L and Rahimi, M (2011) The Qatar–South Fars arch development (Arabian Platform, Persian Gulf): insights from seismic interpretation and analogue modelling. In New Frontiers in Tectonic Research: at the Midst of Plate Convergence (ed. U Schattner), pp. 325–52. InTechOpen, doi:10.5772/20299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirouz, M, Avouac, JP, Hassanzadeh, J, Kirschvink, JL and Bahroudi, A (2017) Early Neogene foreland of the Zagros, implications for the initial closure of the Neo-Tethys and kinematics of crustal shortening. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 477, 168–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pla, O, Roca, E, Xie, H, Izquierdo-Llavall, E, Muñoz, JA, Rowan, MG and Huang, S (2019) Influence of syntectonic sedimentation and décollement rheology on the geometry and evolution of orogenic wedges: analog modelling of the Kuqa fold-and-Thrust Belt (NW China). Tectonics 38, 2727–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Razavi Pash, R, Davoodi, Z, Mukherjee, S, Dehsarvi, LH and Ghasemi-Rozveh, T (2021a) Interpretation of aeromagnetic data to detect the deep-seated basement faults in fold-thrust belts: NW part of the petroliferous Fars province, Zagros belt, Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology 133, 105292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Razavi Pash, R, Sarkarinejad, K, Sherkati, S and Motamedi, H (2021b) Analogue model of the Bala Rud Fault, Zagros: an oblique basement ramp in a fold-and-thrust belt. International Journal of Earth Sciences 110(5–6), doi: 10.1007/s00531-021-01987-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reber, J, Vidal, CS, McLafferty, S and Mukherjee, S (2021) Relationship between channel flow initiation and crustal viscosity in convergent settings: an analog modelling approach. International Journal of Earth Sciences 110, 2057–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riahi, ZT, Sarkarinejad, K, Faghih, A, Soleimany, B and Payrovian, GR (2021) Impact of inversion tectonics on the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon traps in the NW Persian Gulf and the southern Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology 134, 105364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roma, M, Ferrer, O, Roca, E, Pla, O, Escosa, FO and Butillé, M (2018) Formation and inversion of salt-detached ramp-syncline basins. Results from analog modelling and application to the Columbrets Basin (Western Mediterranean). Tectonophysics 745, 214–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkarinejad, K and Azizi, A (2008) Slip partitioning and inclined dextral transpression along the Zagros Thrust System, Iran. Journal of Structural Geology 30, 116–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkarinejad, K and Goftari, F (2019) Thick-skinned and thin-skinned tectonics of the Zagros orogen, Iran: constraints from structural, microstructural and kinematics analyses. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 170, 249–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schori, M, Zwaan, F, Schreurs, G and Mosar, J (2021) Pre-existing basement faults controlling deformation in the Jura Mountains fold-and-thrust belt: insights from analogue models. Tectonophysics 814, 228980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepehr, M and Cosgrove, JW (2004) Structural framework of the Zagros fold–thrust belt, Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology 21, 829–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepehr, M, Cosgrove, JW and Moieni, M (2006) The impact of cover rock rheology on the style of folding in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. Tectonophysics 427, 265–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Setudehnia, A (1978) The Mesozoic sequence in south-west Iran and adjacent areas. Journal of Petroleum Geology 1, 3–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherkati, S and Letouzey, J (2004) Variation of structural style and basin evolution in the central Zagros (Izeh zone and Dezful Embayment), Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology 21, 535–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherkati, S, Letouzey, J and Frizon de Lamotte, D (2006) Central Zagros fold-thrust belt (Iran): new insights from seismic data, field observation, and sandbox modelling. Tectonics 25, TC4007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snidero, M, Muñoz, JA, Carrera, N, Butillé, M, Mencos, J, Motamedi, H and Sàbat, F (2019) Temporal evolution of the Darmadan salt diapir, eastern Fars region, Iran. Tectonophysics 766, 115–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soleimany, B, Poblet, J, Bulnes, M and Sàbat, F (2011) Fold amplification history unraveled from growth strata: the Dorood anticline, NW Persian Gulf. Journal of the Geological Society 168, 219–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stampfli, GM and Borel, GD (2002) A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 196, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, SA (2018) Hormuz salt distribution and influence on structural style in NE Saudi Arabia. Petroleum Geoscience 24, 143–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, SA, Muslem, AS and Wibisono, G (2018) Triassic fault reactivation in eastern Saudi Arabia: implications for shear and fluid systems on the southern margin of Neotethys. Journal of the Geological Society 175, 619–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stöcklin, J (1968) Salt deposits of the Middle East. In Saline Deposits (eds Mattox, RB and Holser, WT), pp. 157–81. Boulder: Geological Society of America, Special Paper no. 88.Google Scholar
Storti, F and McClay, K (1995) Influence of syntectonic sedimentation on thrust wedges in analogue models. Geology 23, 999–1002.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szabo, F and Kheradpir, A (1978) Permian and Triassic stratigraphy, Zagros basin, south-west Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology 1, 57–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talbot, CJ and Alavi, M (1996) The past of a future syntaxis across the Zagros. In Salt Tectonics, (eds Alsop, GL, Blundell, DL and Davison, I), pp. 89–109. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 100.Google Scholar
Tavakoli-Shirazi, S, Frizon de Lamotte, D, Wrobel-Daveau, JC and Ringenbach, JC (2013) Pre-Permian uplift and diffuse extensional deformation in the High Zagros Belt (Iran): integration in the geodynamic evolution of the Arabian plate. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, 2329–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tavani, S, Camanni, G, Nappo, M, Snidero, M, Ascione, A, Valente, E and Mazzoli, S (2020) The Mountain Front Flexure in the Lurestan region of the Zagros belt: crustal architecture and role of structural inheritances. Journal of Structural Geology 135, 104022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ter Borgh, MM, Oldenhuis, R, Biermann, C, Smit, JHW and Sokoutis, D (2011) The effects of basement ramps on the deformation of the Prebetics (Spain): a combined field and analogue modelling study. Tectonophysics 502, 62–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tong, H, Koyi, H, Huang, S and Zhao, H (2014) The effect of multiple pre-existing weaknesses on the formation and evolution of faults in extended sandbox models. Tectonophysics 626, 197–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vatandoust, M, Faghih, A, Burberry, CM and Shafiei, G (2020) Structural style and kinematic analysis of folding in the southern Dezful Embayment oilfields, SW Iran. Journal of Structural Geology 134, 103989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vendeville, BC, Ge, H and Jackson, MPA (1995) Scale models of salt tectonics during basement-involved extension. Petroleum Geoscience 1, 179–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vergés, J, Saura, E, Casciello, E, Fernandez, M, Villaseñor, A, Jimenez-Munt, I and García-Castellanos, D (2011) Crustal-scale cross-sections across the NW Zagros belt: implications for the Arabian margin reconstruction. Geological Magazine 148, 739–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warsitzka, M, Kley, J and Kukowski, N (2015) Analogue experiments of salt flow and pillow growth due to basement faulting and differential loading. Solid Earth 6, 9–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weijermars, R (1986) Flow behaviour and physical chemistry of bouncing putties and related polymers in view of tectonic laboratory applications. Tectonophysics 124, 325–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Withjack, MO and Callaway, S (2000) Active normal faulting beneath a salt layer: an experimental study of deformation patterns in the cover sequence. AAPG Bulletin 84, 627–51.Google Scholar
Zarifi, Z, Nilfouroushan, F and Raeesi, M (2014) Crustal stress map of Iran: insight from seismic and geodetic computations. Pure and Applied Geophysics 171, 1219–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zebari, M, Grützner, C, Navabpour, P and Ustaszewski, K (2019) Relative timing of uplift along the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure (Kurdistan Region of Iraq): Constrained by geomorphic indices and landscape evolution modelling. Solid Earth 10, 663–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar