The relationship between anxiety, depression and hopelessness among nonclinical sample

Abstract

Introduction

This research aims at examining the relationship between anxiety, depression, and hopelessness among nonclinical Kuwaiti sample using Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression, and hopelessness inventories.

Objectives

highlighting the relationship between anxiety, depression, and hopelessness among nonclinical sample of females and males and the common factor/s.

Methods

The participants were 616 (308 females & 308 males), Kuwait University students. The two genders were matched in age (18.15 ± 0.36 & 18.18 ± 0.38, t = 0.94, P > .05) and BMI (24.12 ± 3.27 & 23.50 ± 4.85, t = 0.54, P > 0.5). The Arabic versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and demographic surveys were administered to participants during classes. All participants read and signed a consent form before participating. The correlation matrices, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability analysis are used in this study.

Results

Internal consistency of scores were satisfactory for the BAI, BDI-II, & BHS inventories respectively (Cronbach's alpha (M) = 0.88, 0.75, 0.74 & (F) = 0.89, 0.84, 0.88). A correlation of (r = 0.53) between the BAI and BDI-II and (r = 0.43) with BHS. Meanwhile a correlation of (r = 0.58) between BDI-II & BHS. A principal-axis factor analysis with oblique rotation suggested one factor accounting for 67.73% of the common variance.

Conclusion

The results indicate that there is a strong relationship between anxiety, depression and hopelessness. This highlights the important of examining common factors between anxiety, depression and hopelessness among nonclinical sample.

Disclosure of interest

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.