Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T16:59:57.407Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pollination and Environmental Conservation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Peter G. Kevan
Peter G. Kevan
Affiliation:
Research Unit on Vector Pathology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Pollination interrelationships constitute vital, and often very precise, links in environmental productivity. The co-dependence of much of the native fauna and flora in these terms is cause for grave concern in the light of continuing environmental pollution. In New Brunswick, as an established case-history, wide-scale forest applications of the organophosphorus insecticide Fenitrothion have severely damaged the native pollinator fauna of lowbush blueberries, and. have apparently disrupted bird populations so that they have become unprecedented agricultural pests.

Unfortunately, little is known of the pollination interrelationships in natural or semi-natural environments. Very often the reproductive biology of the plants is incompletely known, and if pollen vectors are involved they, too, are unknown. This point is illustrated by assessing the state of knowledge of such showy plants as are emblematic in Canada (Table I).

Type
Main Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 2 , Issue 4 , Winter 1975 , pp. 293 - 298
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, L. D. & Atkins, E. L. (1968). Pesticide usage in relation to beekeeping. Annual Review of Entomology, 13, pp. 213–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benham, B. R. (1969). Insect visitors to Chamaenerion angustifolium and their behaviour in relation to pollination. Entomologist, 102, pp. 221–8.Google Scholar
Bohart, G. E. (1972). Management of wild bees for the pollination of crops. Annual Review of Entomology, 17, pp. 287–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulanger, L. W., Wood, G. W., Osgood, E. A. & Dirks, C. O. (1967). Native bees associated with Lowbush Blueberry in Maine and eastern Canada. Technical Bulletin, Maine Agricultural Station, Orono, Maine, and Canada Agriculture Research Station, Fredericton, New Brunswick, No. T26, 22 pp.Google Scholar
Brown, A. W. A. (1967). Genetics of insecticide resistance in insect vectors. Pp. 505–52 in Genetics of Insect Vectors of Disease (Ed. Wright, J. W. & Pal, R.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, London & New York: xix + 794 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Doull, K. M. (1969). The harmful effects of pesticides on pollinators. The Australasian Beekeeper, 71, 11, pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
Faegri, J. L. & Van Der Pijl, L. (1971). The Principles of Pollination Ecology (2nd edn). Pergamon Press, Oxford: xii + 291 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Free, J. B. (1970). Insect Pollination of Crops. Academic Press, London & New York: xi + 594 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Gabriel, W. J. (1967). Dichogamy in Acer saccharum. Botanical Gazette, 129, pp. 334–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabriel, W. J. (1968). Reproduction behaviour in Sugar Maple: self-compatibility, cross-compatibility, agamospermy, and agamocarpy. Sylvae Genetica, 16, pp. 149–92.Google Scholar
Gentile, A. G., Gallagher, K. J. & Santer, Z. (1971). Effect of some formulated insecticides on pollen germination in tomato and petunia. Journal of Economic Entomology, 64, pp. 916–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georghiou, G. P. (1972). The evolution of resistance to pesticides. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 3, pp. 133–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbs, G. A. (1967). Domestication of alfalfa leaf-cutting bees. Canada Department of Agriculture Publications, No. 1313, 19 pp.Google Scholar
Johansen, C. A. (1971). How to reduce poisoning of bees from pesticides. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, EM 3473, 6 pp.Google Scholar
Johansen, C. A. & Eves, J. (1967). Toxicity of insecticides to the Alkali Bee and the Alfalfa Leaf-cutting Bee. Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, Circular 475, 15 pp.Google Scholar
Kauffield, N. M., Levin, M. D., Roberts, W. C. & Moeller, F. E. (1970). Disposable pollination units, a revived concept of crop pollination. American Bee Journal, 110, pp. 88–9.Google Scholar
Kevan, P. G. (1972). Insect pollination of high arctic flowers. Journal of Ecology, 60, pp. 831–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kevan, P. G. (1974). Pollination, pesticides, and environmental quality. BioScience, 24, pp. 198–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kevan, P. G. (1975). Forest application of the insecticide Fenitrothion and its effects on wild bee pollinators (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) in southern New Brunswick, Canada. Biological Conservation, 7, pp. 301–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kevan, P. G. & Collins, M. (1974). Bees, blueberries, birds, and budworms. The Osprey (Newfoundland Natural History Society Newsletter), 5, pp. 54–62.Google Scholar
King, J. L. & Holloway, J. K. (1930). Tiphia popilliavora Rohwer, a parasite of the Japanese Beetle. U.S. Dept of Agriculture Circular, No. 145, 11 pp.Google Scholar
Knuth, P. (1906–09). Handbook of Flower Pollination (translated from German by Ainsworth-Davies, J. R.). Clarendon Press, Oxford: Vol. I, 382 pp.; Vol. II, 703 pp.; Vol. III, 644 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Laird, M. (1973). Towards integrated control of insect disease vectors. Environment and Change, 2, pp. 30–5.Google Scholar
Leius, K. (1967). Influence of wild flowers on parasitism of Tent Caterpillar and Codling Moth. Canadian Entomologist, 99, pp. 444–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockhart, C. L. (1967). Effect of fungicides on germination of Lowbush Blueberry pollen and number of seeds per berry. Canadian Plant Disease Survey, 47, pp. 72–3.Google Scholar
Marie-Victorin, Fr. (1964). Flore Laurentienne (Deuxième édition entièrement revue et mise à jour par Ernest Rouleau). Les Presses de I'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada: x + 927 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Martin, E. C. (1969). A mobile apiary for multiple pollination jobs. American Bee Journal, 109, pp. 132–3.Google Scholar
Martin, E. C. & Mcgregor, S. E. (1973). Changing trends in insect pollination of commercial crops. Annual Review of Entomology, 18, pp. 207–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffett, J. O., Morton, H. L. & Macdonald, R. H. (1972). Toxicity of some herbicidal sprays to Honey-bees. Journal of Economic Entomology, 65, pp. 32–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, P. W. (1972). Immediate and long-term effects of insecticide application on parasitoids in Jack Pine Stands in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 104, pp. 263–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proctor, M. & Yeo, P. (1973). The Pollination of Flowers. Collins (New Naturalist Series No. 54), London, England: 418 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Taber, S., Mills, J. & Coe, E. (1974). Colonies of honey-bees: survival in insecticide-treated Arizona cotton fields through colony management. Journal of Economic Entomology, 67, pp. 41–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorp, R. W., Erickson, E. H., Moeller, F. E., Levin, M. D., Stanger, W. & Briggs, D. L. (1974). Disposable pollination units tested for almond pollination in California. American Bee Journal, 114, pp. 58–60.Google Scholar
Varty, I. W. (1972). Environmental Side-effects of Large-scale Chemical Control Operations in Forest. General paper prepared for Commission III, Seventh World Forestry Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1972. (Mimeographed MS. Canadian Forestry Service, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, 23 pp.)Google Scholar