Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T18:12:10.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Getting in synch: Unpacking the role of parent–child synchrony in the development of internalizing and externalizing behaviors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2021

Laura E. Quiñones-Camacho Open the ORCID record for Laura E. Quiñones-Camacho [Opens in a new window] ,
Caroline P. Hoyniak ,
Lauren S. Wakschlag  and
Susan B. Perlman
Laura E. Quiñones-Camacho*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Caroline P. Hoyniak
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Lauren S. Wakschlag
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Susan B. Perlman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Laura E. Quiñones-Camacho, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

While substantial research supports the role of parent–child interactions on the emergence of psychiatric symptoms, few studies have explored biological mechanisms for this association. The current study explored behavioral and neural parent–child synchronization during frustration and play as predictors of internalizing and externalizing behaviors across a span of 1.5 years. Parent–child dyads first came to the laboratory when the child was 4–5 years old and completed the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Biological Synchrony (DB-DOS: BioSync) task while functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data were recorded. Parents reported on their child's internalizing and externalizing behaviors using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) four times over 1.5 years. Latent growth curve (LGC) modeling was conducted to assess neural and behavioral synchrony as predictors of internalizing and externalizing trajectories. Consistent with previous investigations in this age range, on average, internalizing and externalizing behaviors decreased over the four time points. Parent–child neural synchrony during a period of play predicted rate of change in internalizing but not externalizing behaviors such that higher parent–child neural synchrony was associated with a more rapid decrease in internalizing behaviors. Our results suggest that a parent–child dyad's ability to coordinate neural activation during positive interactions might serve as a protective mechanism in the context of internalizing behaviors.

Keywords

externalizinginternalizingneural synchronyparent–child synchronyprefrontal cortex (PFC)
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 34 , Issue 5: Special Section: Leveraging Genetically Informative Study Designs to Understand the Development and Familial Transmission of Psychopathology , December 2022 , pp. 1901 - 1913
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1966). The classification of children's psychiatric symptoms: A factor-analytic study. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80, 1–37. doi:10.1037/h0093906CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Ratings of relations between DSM-IV diagnostic categories and items of the CBCL/6-18, TRF, and YSR (pp. 1–9). Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1275–1301. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.6.1275CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azhari, A., Leck, W. Q., Gabrieli, G., Bizzego, A., Rigo, P., Setoh, P., … Esposito, G. (2019). Parenting stress undermines mother-child brain-to-brain synchrony: A hyperscanning study. Scientific Reports, 9, 1–9. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47810-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beesdo, K., Bittner, A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H. U. (2007). Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 903–912. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.903CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 57, 289–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bub, K. L., McCartney, K., & Willett, J. B. (2007). Behavior problem trajectories and first-grade cognitive ability and achievement skills: A latent growth curve analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 653–670. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.653CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. B. (1995). Behavior problems in preschool children: A review of recent research. Journal of Child Psychology and Allied Disciplines, 36, 113–149. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01657.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, A. S., Wagmiller, R. J., Gray, S. A., McCarthy, K. J., Horwitz, S. M., & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2010). Prevalence of DSM-IV disorder in a representative, healthy birth cohort at school entry: Sociodemographic risks and social adaptation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 686–698. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.018Google Scholar
Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1998). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol.3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 779–862). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Condon, W. S., & Sander, L. W. (1974). Synchrony demonstrated between movements of the neonate and adult speech. Child Development, 45, 456–462. doi:10.2307/1127968CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2009). Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 764–772. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.85CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Wyatt, T. (2007). The socialization of emotional competence. In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 614–637). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, A. (2002). Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: Cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry. In Stuss, D. & Knight, R. (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 466–503). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dougherty, L. R., Leppert, K. A., Merwin, S. M., Smith, V. C., Bufferd, S. J., & Kushner, M. R. (2015). Advances and directions in preschool mental health research. Child Development Perspectives, 9, 14–19. doi:10.1111/cdep.12099CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanti, K. A., & Henrich, C. C. (2010). Trajectories of pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems from age 2 to age 12: Findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development study of early child care. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1159–1175. doi:10.1037/a0020659CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R. (2007a). Mother-infant synchrony and the development of moral orientation in childhood and adolescence: Direct and indirect mechanisms of developmental continuity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 582–597. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.582CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R. (2007b). Parent–infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 329–354. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01701.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R. (2007c). Parent–infant synchrony: Biological foundations and developmental outcomes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 340–345. doi:10.1111%2Fj.1467-8721.2007.00532.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, R. (2012). Parent-infant synchrony: A biobehavioral model of mutual influences in the formation of affiliative bonds. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 77, 42–51. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00660.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, R., Greenbaum, C. W., & Yirmiya, N. (1999). Mother–infant affect synchrony as an antecedent of the emergence of self-control. Developmental Psychology, 35, 223–231. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.223CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fishburn, F. A., Ludlum, R. S., Vaidya, C. J., & Medvedev, A. V. (2019). Temporal derivative distribution repair (TDDR): A motion correction method for fNIRS. Neuroimage, 184, 171–179. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.025CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleming, A. S., O'Day, D. H., & Kraemer, G. W. (1999). Neurobiology of mother–infant interactions: Experience and central nervous system plasticity across development and generations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 23, 673–685. doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00011-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, R. D., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2004). Early anxious/withdrawn behaviours predict later internalising disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 874–883. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00279.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Granic, I. (2000). The self-organization of parent– child relations: Beyond bidirectional models. In Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I. (Eds.), Emotion, development, and self-organization: Dynamic systems approaches to emotional development (pp. 267–297). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ham, J., & Tronick, E. (2009). Relational psychophysiology: Lessons from mother–infant physiology research on dyadically expanded states of consciousness. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 619–632. doi:10.1080/10503300802609672CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrist, A. W., & Waugh, R. M. (2002). Dyadic synchrony: Its structure and function in children's development. Developmental Review, 22, 555–592. doi:10.1016/S0273-2297(02)00500-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helm, J. L., Sbarra, D. A., & Ferrer, E. (2014). Coregulation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in adult romantic partners. Emotion, 14, 522–531. doi:10.1037/a0035960CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollenstein, T., Granic, I., Stoolmiller, M., & Snyder, J. (2004). Rigidity in parent–child interactions and the development of externalizing and internalizing behavior in early childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 595–607. doi:10.1023/b:jacp.0000047209.37650.41CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, C. J., Hoge, R., Collins, L., Woods, R., Toga, A. W., & Evans, A. C. (1998). Enhancement of MR images using registration for signal averaging. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 22, 324–333. doi:10.1097/00004728-199803000-00032CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoyniak, C. P., Quiñones-Camacho, L. E., Camacho, M. C., Chin, J. H., Williams, E. M., Wakschlag, L. S., & Perlman, S. B. (2021). Adversity is linked with decreased parent-child behavioral and neural synchrony. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 48, 100937. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100937CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424–453. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Im-Bolter, N., Anam, M., & Cohen, N. J. (2015). Mother–child synchrony and child problem behavior. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1876–1885. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9989-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffe, J., Beebe, B., Feldstein, S., Crown, C. L., Jasnow, M. D., Rochat, P., & Stern, D. N. (2001). Rhythms of dialogue in infancy: Coordinated timing in development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 66, vi–131.Google ScholarPubMed
Kaat, A. J., Blackwell, C. K., Estabrook, R., Burns, J. L., Petitclerc, A., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., … Wakschlag, L. S. (2018). Linking the child behavior checklist (CBCL) with the multidimensional assessment profile of disruptive behavior (MAP-DB): Advancing a dimensional spectrum approach to disruptive behavior. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 343–353. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1272-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahle, S., Miller, J. G., Lopez, M., & Hastings, P. D. (2016). Sympathetic recovery from anger is associated with emotion regulation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 142, 359–371. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.10.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalomiris, A. E., & Kiel, E. J. (2018). Mother–toddler cortisol synchrony moderates risk of early internalizing symptoms. Infancy, 23, 232–251. doi:10.1111/infa.12216CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keiley, M. K., Lofthouse, N., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2003). Differential risks of covarying and pure components in mother and teacher reports of externalizing and internalizing behavior across ages 5 to 14. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 267–283. doi:10.1023%2Fa%3A1023277413027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1993). The “Trier Social Stress Test”—A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28, 76–81. doi:10.1159/000119004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., Prisco, T. R., & Adams, E. E. (2008). Mother-child and father-child mutually responsive orientation in the first 2 years and children's outcomes at preschool age: Mechanisms of influence. Child Development, 79, 30–44. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01109.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kovacs, M., & Devlin, B. (1998). Internalizing disorders in childhood. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39, 47–63. doi:10.1017/S0021963097001765CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leclère, C., Viaux, S., Avril, M., Achard, C., Chetouani, M., Missonnier, S., & Cohen, D. (2014). Why synchrony matters during mother-child interactions: A systematic review. PLoS One, 9. doi:10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0113571CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leve, L. D., Kim, H. K., & Pears, K. C. (2005). Childhood temperament and family environment as predictors of internalizing and externalizing trajectories from ages 5 to 17. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 505–520. doi:10.1007%2Fs10802-005-6734-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lévesque, J., Joanette, Y., Mensour, B., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J. M., Bourgouin, P., & Beauregard, M. (2004). Neural basis of emotional self-regulation in childhood. Neuroscience, 129, 361–369. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.032CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsey, E. W., Cremeens, P. R., Colwell, M. J., & Caldera, Y. M. (2009). The structure of parent–child dyadic synchrony in toddlerhood and children's communication competence and self-control. Social Development, 18, 375–396. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00489.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luby, J. L., Gaffrey, M. S., Tillman, R., April, L. M., & Belden, A. C. (2014). Trajectories of preschool disorders to full DSM depression at school age and early adolescence: Continuity of preschool depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 768. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13091198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luby, J., Heffelfinger, A., Mrakotsky, C., Brown, K., Hessler, M., Wallis, J., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2003). The clinical picture of depression in preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 340–348. doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lunkenheimer, E., Hamby, C. M., Lobo, F. M., Cole, P. M., & Olson, S. L. (2020). The role of dynamic, dyadic parent–child processes in parental socialization of emotion. Developmental Psychology, 56, 566–577. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/dev0000808CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lunkenheimer, E. S., Olson, S. L., Hollenstein, T., Sameroff, A. J., & Winter, C. (2011). Dyadic flexibility and positive affect in parent–child coregulation and the development of child behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 577–591. doi:10.1017/S095457941100006XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lunkenheimer, E., Tiberio, S. S., Skoranski, A. M., Buss, K. A., & Cole, P. M. (2018). Parent-child coregulation of parasympathetic processes varies by social context and risk for psychopathology. Psychophysiology, 55, e12985. doi:10.1111/psyp.12985CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macrae, C. N., Duffy, O. K., Miles, L. K., & Lawrence, J. (2008). A case of hand waving: Action synchrony and person perception. Cognition, 109, 152–156. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McArdle, J. J., & Epstein, D. (1987). Latent growth curves within developmental structural equation models. Child Development, 58, 110–133. doi:10.2307/1130295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 155–172. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., … Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miles, L. K., Griffiths, J. L., Richardson, M. J., & Macrae, C. N. (2010). Too late to coordinate: Contextual influences on behavioral synchrony. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 52–60. doi:10.1002/ejsp.721Google Scholar
Miles, L. K., Nind, L. K., & Macrae, C. N. (2009). The rhythm of rapport: Interpersonal synchrony and social perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 585–589. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J. G., Vrtička, P., Cui, X., Shrestha, S., Hosseini, S. H., Baker, J. M., & Reiss, A. L. (2019). Inter-brain synchrony in mother-child dyads during cooperation: An fNIRS hyperscanning study. Neuropsychologia, 124, 117–124. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montague, P. R., Berns, G. S., Cohen, J. D., McClure, S. M., Pagnoni, G., Dhamala, M., … Apple, N. (2002). Hyperscanning: Simultaneous fMRI during linked social interactions. Neuroimage, 16, 1159–1164. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1150CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, G. A., Powers, C. J., Bass, A. J., Cohn, J. F., Propper, C. B., Allen, N. B., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2013). Dyadic interaction: Greater than the sum of its parts? Infancy, 18, 490–515. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00136.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, L., De Pascalis, L., Bozicevic, L., Hawkins, L., Sclafani, V., & Ferrari, F. (2016). The functional architecture of mother-infant communication, and the development of infant social expressiveness in the first two months. Scientific Reports, 6, 39019. doi:10.1038/srep39019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user's guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
Nguyen, T., Schleihauf, H., Kayhan, E., Matthes, D., Vrtička, P., & Hoehl, S. (2020a). The effects of interaction quality on neural synchrony during mother-child problem solving. Cortex, 124, 235–249. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.11.020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, T., Schleihauf, H., Kayhan, E., Matthes, D., Vrtička, P., & Hoehl, S. (2020b). Neural synchrony in mother-child conversation: Exploring the role of conversation patterns. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 16, 93–102. doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa079CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2002). Rethinking feelings: An FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 1215–1229. doi:10.1162/089892902760807212CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quiñones-Camacho, L. E., Fishburn, F. A., Belardi, K., Williams, D. L., Huppert, T. J., & Perlman, S. B. (2021). Dysfunction in interpersonal neural synchronization as a mechanism for social impairment in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research. doi:10.1002/aur.2513CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quiñones-Camacho, L. E., Fishburn, F. A., Camacho, M. C., Hlutkowsky, C. O., Huppert, T. J., Wakschlag, L. S., & Perlman, S. B. (2019b). Parent-child neural synchrony: A novel approach to elucidating dyadic correlates of preschool irritability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13165Google ScholarPubMed
Quiñones-Camacho, L. E., Fishburn, F. A., Camacho, M. C., Wakschlag, L. S., & Perlman, S. B. (2019a). Cognitive flexibility-related prefrontal activation in preschoolers: A biological approach to temperamental effortful control. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 38, 100651. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapee, R. M. (2012). Family factors in the development and management of anxiety disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15, 69–80. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0106-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redcay, E., & Schilbach, L. (2019). Using second-person neuroscience to elucidate the mechanisms of social interaction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 20, 495–505. doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0179-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reindl, V., Gerloff, C., Scharke, W., & Konrad, K. (2018). Brain-to-brain synchrony in parent-child dyads and the relationship with emotion regulation revealed by fNIRS-based hyperscanning. Neuroimage, 178, 493–502. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.060CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santosa, H., Aarabi, A., Perlman, S. B., & Huppert, T. (2017). Characterization and correction of the false-discovery rates in resting state connectivity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 22, 055002. doi:10.1117/1.JBO.22.5.055002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santosa, H., Zhai, X., Fishburn, F., & Huppert, T. (2018). The NIRS brain analyzIR toolbox. Algorithms, 11, 73. doi:10.3390/a11050073CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santucci, A. K., Silk, J. S., Shaw, D. S., Gentzler, A., Fox, N. A., & Kovacs, M. (2008). Vagal tone and temperament as predictors of emotion regulation strategies in young children. Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 205–216. doi:10.1002/dev.20283CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schappin, R., Wijnroks, L., Venema, M. U., & Jongmans, M. (2018). Exploring predictors of change in behavioral problems over a 1-year period in preterm born preschoolers. Infant Behavior and Development, 50, 98–106. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.12.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholtes, C. M., Lyons, E. R., & Skowron, E. A. (2020). Dyadic synchrony and repair processes are related to preschool children's risk exposure and self-control. Development and Psychopathology. doi:10.1017/s0954579420000358Google Scholar
Shevlyakov, G., & Smirnov, P. (2011). Robust estimation of the correlation coefficient: An attempt of survey. Austrian Journal of Statistics, 40, 147–156. doi:10.17713/ajs.v40i1&2.206Google Scholar
Smith, C. G., Jones, E. J., Charman, T., Clackson, K., Mirza, F., & Wass, S. (2019). Anxious parents show higher physiological synchrony with their infants. PsyArXiv. doi:10.31234/osf.io/m2rsgGoogle Scholar
Suveg, C., Braunstein West, K., Davis, M., Caughy, M., Smith, E. P., & Oshri, A. (2019). Symptoms and synchrony: Mother and child internalizing problems moderate respiratory sinus arrhythmia concordance in mother–preadolescent dyads. Developmental Psychology, 55, 366–376. doi:10.1037/dev0000648CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suveg, C., Shaffer, A., & Davis, M. (2016). Family stress moderates relations between physiological and behavioral synchrony and child self-regulation in mother–preschooler dyads. Developmental Psychobiology, 58, 83–97. doi:10.1002/dev.21358CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. A., & Meyer, S. (2007). The socialization of emotion regulation in the family. In Gross, J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 249–268). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Tronick, E. Z. (2007). The neurobehavioral and social-emotional development of infants and children. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar
Wakschlag, L., Hill, C., Carter, A. S., Danis, B., Egger, H. L., Keenan, K., … Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2008). Observational assessment of preschool disruptive behavior, part I: Reliability of the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule (DB-DOS). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 622–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakschlag, L. S., Roberts, M. Y., Flynn, R. M., Smith, J. D., Krogh-Jespersen, S., Kaat, A. J., … Davis, M. M. (2019). Future directions for early childhood prevention of mental disorders: A road map to mental health, earlier. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48, 539–554. doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1561296CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wheatley, T., Kang, O., Parkinson, C., & Looser, C. E. (2012). From mind perception to mental connection: Synchrony as a mechanism for social understanding. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 589–606. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00450.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woltering, S., Lishak, V., Elliott, B., Ferraro, L., & Granic, I. (2015). Dyadic attunement and physiological synchrony during mother-child interactions: An exploratory study in children with and without externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 624–633. doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9480-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, C. Y., & Lee, T. S. H. (2020). Impact of parent–child relationship and sex on trajectories of children internalizing symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 260, 167–173. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaniv, A. U., Salomon, R., Waidergoren, S., Shimon-Raz, O., Djalovski, A., & Feldman, R. (2021). Synchronous caregiving from birth to adulthood tunes humans’ social brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(14), e2012900118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2012900118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Quiñones-Camacho et al. supplementary material

Quiñones-Camacho et al. supplementary material

Download Quiñones-Camacho et al. supplementary material(File)
File 20.2 KB