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Law of Belligerent Occupation: Israeli Practice and Judicial Decisions Affecting the West Bank

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2016

Yaron Butovsky
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Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international , Volume 21 , 1984 , pp. 217 - 234
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Copyright © The Canadian Council on International Law / Conseil Canadien de Droit International, representing the Board of Editors, Canadian Yearbook of International Law / Comité de Rédaction, Annuaire Canadien de Droit International 1984

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References

1 Lauterpacht, H., “The Problem of the Revision of the Law of War,” 29 Brit. Y.B. Int’l L. 360, at 382 (1952).Google Scholar

2 Annexed to the Hague Convention of 1907 is a set of regulations in which the operative rules are found; the Convention and the Regulations are cited from Friedman, L. (ed.), I The Law of War: A Documentary History 308 (New York, 1972).Google Scholar

3 75 UNTS 287 (1949).

4 Geneva Convention, ibid., Art. 47; Stone, J., Legal Controls of International Conflict 720 (London, 1954).Google Scholar

5 In Israel it is designated Judea and Samaria.

6 For an historical survey of the legal status of the West Bank, see generally Gerson, A., Israel, the West Bank and International Law 41–109 (London, 1978),Google Scholar and Blum, Y. Z., “The Missing Reversioner: Reflections on the Status of Judea and Samaria,” in II The Arab-Israeli Conflict 287 (Moore, J. N., ed., Princeton, 1974).Google Scholar

7 Ayub v. Minister of Defence, excerpted in 9 Israel, Y. B. on Human Rights 337 (1979).Google Scholar

8 Shamgar, M., “The Observance of International Law in the Administered Territories,” 1 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 262, 266 (1971);Google Scholar and see Military Prosecutor v. Sheinboim (1974), excerpted in 7 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 253 (1977).

9 Shamgar, ibid., 271.

10 Drori, M., “The Legal System in Judea and Samaria,” 8 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 144, 156–59 (1978).Google Scholar

11 (1972), excerpted in 5 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 384 (1975).

12 Samara and Ne’imat v. Commander of the Judea and Samaria Region, excerpted in 11 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 362 (1981).

13 Dangler v. Hollinger Gold Mines (1915), 34 O.L.R. 78 (H.C.), and Bassi v. Sullivan (1914), 32 O.L.R. 14 (H.C.).

14 Zittman v. McGrath (1951), 341 U.S. 446, 71 S. Ct. 832.

15 (1950), 339 U.S. 763, 70 S. Ct. 936.

16 Shamgar, supra note 8, at 273, and Drori, supra note 10, at 156.

17 Shamgar, supra note 8, at 272–73. The author was then Attorney General of Israel.

18 Sabu v. Military Governor of Jaffa, [1949] Annual Digest 464.

19 V. v. O. (Italy in Corfu Case), [1947] Annual Digest 264 (Court of First Instance of Corfu).

20 Overland’s Case, [1943–45] Annual Digest 446 (District Court of Aker).

21 L. v. N. (Bulgarian Occupation of Greece), [1947] Annual Digest 242.

22 Muhammad Amin al-Ja’bari v. Ahman al-Awiwi (1968), 42 Int’l L. Rep. 484.

23 (1972), 52 Int’l L. Rep. 512.

24 Excerpted in 5 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 381 (1975).

25 Excerpted in 11 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 354 (1981).

26 The King v. Maung Hmin, [1946] Annual Digest 334 (H.C.), and Maung Hli Maung v. Ko Maung Maung, [1946] Annual Digest 344 (H.G.).

27 The King v. Maung Hmin, supra note 26, at 337.

28 This problem is addressed by Kuttner, T. S., “Israel and the West Bank: Aspects of the Law of Belligerent Occupation,” 7 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 166, 194–96 (1977).Google Scholar

29 Public Prosecutor v. X. (1940), 11 Annual Digest 285 (Supplementary Volume).

30 See the collection of cases in 11 Annual Digest 287-88 (Supplementary Volume).

31 Supra note 22.

32 See supra 226.

33 Military Prosecutor v. Raid Salman el Hassan el Hatib (1968), 47 Int’l L. Rep. 487 ; Military Prosecutor v. Jayi, excerpted in 7 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 259 (1977).

34 (1968), 47 Int’l L. Rep. 490.

35 Litani, Y., “Leadership in the West Bank and Gaza,” 14 Jerusalem Quarterly 99 (1980)Google Scholar; Susser, , “Jordanian Influence in the West Bank,” 8 Jerusalem Quarterly 53 (1978).Google Scholar

36 Gerson, op. cit. supra note 6, at 139.

37 Privat v. Bertaux (1941), 11 Annual Digest 284 (Supplementary Volume).

38 Kemeny v. Yugoslav State, [1927–28] Annual Digest 549, 550.

39 Burger v. Ente Naz. Tre Venezia (1952), 19 Int’l L. Rep. 614.

40 Oppenheim, L., II International Law 445 (Lauterpacht, H. ed., 7th ed., London, 1952).Google Scholar

41 See Singer, J., “The Establishment of a Civil Administration in the Areas Administered by Israel,” 12 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 259 (1982).Google Scholar

42 In re Rauter, [1949] Annual Digest 526 (Holland, Special Court of Cassation).

43 Section 6(b) of the Order concerning the Establishment of a Civil Administration (Judea and Samaria) (Order No. 947), 1981. This Order is found as an annex to the article by Singer, supra note 41.

44 Judicial hesitance to examine decisions of the executive on matters of state security and national defence is manifest in most countries with an independent judiciary, including Canada and the United States: see, for example, Gagnon and Vallières v. The Queen (1971), 14 C.R.N.S. 321 (Que. C.A.) where the court held that the opinion of the Governor in Council that an apprehended insurrection existed was conclusive, and Hirabayashi v. U.S. (1943), 320 U.S. 81, 63 S. Gt. 1375 and Korematsu v. U.S. (1944), 323 U.S. 214, 65 S. Ct. 193, dealing with restrictions placed on Japanese-Americans during World War II.

45 Scotti v. Garbagnati and Marconi, [1948] Annual Digest 604 (Italian Court of Cassation) ; Schwarzenberger, G., “The Protection of Private Property in the Law of Belligerent Occupation,” 1 Indian J. Int’l L. 193, 197 (1960).Google Scholar

46 Goldenberg v. Germany, [1927–28] Annual Digest 542, 545.

47 Scotti v. Garbagnati and Marconi, supra note 45.

48 Ayub v. Minister of Defence, supra note 7, and Sheikh Suleiman Abu Hilu v. State of Israel, supra note 11.

49 Supra note 7.

50 Von Glahn, G., The Occupation of Enemy Territory 186 (Minneapolis, 1957).Google Scholar

51 The Court drew this quote from Von Glahn, ibid.

52 Al-Salam Salame v. Minister of Defence, excerpted in 10 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 330 (1980).

53 Excerpted in 9 Israel Y.B. on Human Rights 345 (1979); for a discussion of the case and its aftermath, see Lustick, I., “Israel and the West Bank after Elon Moreh,” 35 The Middle East Journal 557 (1981).Google Scholar

54 Schwarzenberger, G., III International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals 245 (London, 1968).Google Scholar

55 This 1981 case is briefly mentioned in Lustick, supra note 53, at 576.