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Catholic refuge and the printing press: Catholic exiles from England, France and the Low Countries in the ecclesiastical province of Cambrai

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 October 2019

Alexander Soetaert
Alexander Soetaert*
Affiliation:
Leibniz-Institut für Europäische Geschichte, Alte Universitätsstrasse 19, D-55116 Mainz, Germany. Email: [email protected]
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Extract

The Ecclesiastical Province of Cambrai may sound unfamiliar to modern readers. The bishopric of Cambrai dates to the sixth century but only became an archdiocese and, consequently, the centre of a church province in the sixteenth century. The elevation of the see resulted from the heavily contested reorganization of the diocesan map of the Low Countries by King Philip II in 1559. The new province included the medieval sees of Arras, Cambrai and Tournai, as well as the newly created bishoprics of Saint-Omer and Namur. Its borders were established to encompass the French-speaking Walloon provinces in the south of the Low Countries, territories that are now divided between France and Belgium.1 In the early modern period, this area was already a border and transit zone between France, the Low Countries, the Holy Roman Empire and the British Isles. The province’s history in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was deeply marked by recurrent and devastating warfare between the kings of Spain and France, eventually resulting in the transfer of significant territory to France.2 However, the Province of Cambrai was also the scene of frequent cross-border mobility, and a safe haven for Catholic exiles originating from the British Isles, France and other parts of the Low Countries.

Type
Research Article
Information
British Catholic History , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , October 2019 , pp. 532 - 561
Copyright
© Trustees of the Catholic Record Society 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press 

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Footnotes

*

The research for this article was conducted at the University of Leuven (KU Leuven) as part of a project funded by the KU Leuven Research Council entitled ‘The Making of Transregional Catholicism. Print Culture in the Archdiocese of Cambrai (1559—1659)’ (OT/2013/33). I would like to thank my supervisors Violet Soen and Johan Verberckmoes for their comments on earlier versions of this article.

References

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72 Buitendijk, Het calvinisme, 142–144.

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77 Ibid ., 98.

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86 Dorléans, Louis, Le banqvet et apresdinee dv conte d’Arete, ov il se traicte de la dissimvlation du Roy de Nauarre, & des moeurs de ses partisans (Arras: Jean Bourgeois, 1594). USTC 8703; Pallier, Recherches sur l’imprimerie à Paris, no. 864.Google Scholar

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88 Persels, Jeff, ‘Boucher et le premier Sermon de la simulée conversion (1594)’, in Hayes, Bruce and Scott, Paul, eds. Jean Boucher (1548–1646?): prêtre, prédicateur, polémiste, theme issue of Œuvres et critiques, 18 (2013): 71–81.Google Scholar

89 Lamentation et complaint qve faict la France a la noblesse nouuellement exposee par vn gentilhomme Françhois prisonnier en la Ville d’Arras se repentant dauoir [sic] suiuy la partie du prince de Bierne (Arras: Jean Bourgeois, 1595). USTC 20536.

90 Discovrs de la bataille, siege et prise des ville et chasteav de Dovrlens, emportez par assault le dernier iour de Iuillet 1595 (Douai: Jan Bogart, 1595) A1v: ‘Tu fus mal auisé, empesté Nauarrois / Lors que prestant l’oreille à l’hérétique engea[n]ce / Tu ramends la guerre au giron de la France, / N’y esta[n]t Roy qu’e[n] songe, & sans force & sans loix’. USTC 20508.

91 Poeme svr la bataille donnee av siege de Dovrlens (Arras: Robert Maudhuy, [1595]), vi: ‘Esueillez vous François, & qu’vn Roy hypocryte / Ne vous aveugle plus, Que la foy vous incite / A laisser le limon de ce lac Geneuois / Et reprendre la Ligue & le Chrestien pauois.’ USTC 20545.

92 Racaut, Luc, Hatred in Print: Catholic Propaganda and Protestant Identity During the French Wars of Religion (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), esp. ch. 3.Google Scholar

93 Notable exceptions here are Charles de Lorraine, Duke of Aumale (1555–1631) and former military commander of the League, and Jean Boucher. Boucher finally obtained a canonry in Tournai, where he published several books during the early decades of the seventeenth century. Bruce Hayes and Paul Scott, eds. Jean Boucher (1548–1646?): prêtre, prédicateur, polémiste, theme issue of Œuvres et critiques, 18 (2013).

94 Corens, Confessional Mobility, 30, 47.

95 Ibid ., 85: ‘the English mission was one common project which consisted of a broad spectrum of actions to sustain and strengthen the English Catholic community, including producing priests, publications and lay education’. Corens focuses on the period 1660–1720, and does not fully explore the organisation of English Catholic printing on the continent.

96 For an excellent overview of these controversies, see Milward, Peter, Religious Controversies of the Jacobean Age: A Survey of Printed Sources (London: The Scolar Press, 1978), esp. chs. 3–4.Google Scholar

97 Ibid ., esp. 89–109.

98 Ibid ., 137, 147–8, 178, 222.

99 Ibid ., 76–82, 145, 162–3, 174, 178, 206.

100 Walsham, ‘Dumb Preachers’, 264, 282.

101 Blom, The Post-Tridentine English Primer, 125–7, 130–1; Walsham, ‘Luis de Granada’s Mission’; Id., ‘Wholesome Milk and Strong Meat: Peter Canisius’s Catechisms and the Conversion of Protestant Britain’, British Catholic History 32 (2015): 293–314.

102 For a brief account of the circulation of devotional texts of continental origin among English Catholic readers, see: Walker, ‘Priests, Nuns, Presses and Prayers’, in Kaplan et al., eds. Catholic Communities in Protestant States, 148–52.

103 For a systematic overview of the primer editions and their contents until 1800, see: Blom, The Post-Tridentine English Primer, esp. chs. 1 and 2.

104 Blom, The Post-Tridentine English Primer, 131. These editions are the so-called manuals, another type of prayer books aimed at the laity.

105 Archives communales de Douai, BB 13, Régistre aux mémoires 1575–1605, fol. 205r–v: transcription of a letter from the English College dated 14 January 1593; Guilday, The English Catholic Refugees, 83–4.

106 Hicks, Leo, ‘The Foundation of the College of St Omers’, Archivum historicum Societatis Iesu 19 (1950): 146–80; Chadwick, St Omers to Stonyhurst: a History of Two Centuries (London: Burns and Oates, 1961), esp. ch. 1.Google Scholar

107 For a recent account, see: Bowden, Caroline and Kelly, James E., eds. The English Convents in Exile, 1600–1800: Communities, Culture, and Identity (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013).Google Scholar

108 Corens, Confessional Mobility, 5 also points to the particularly dense networks in this region.

109 Kingdon, Geneva and the Coming of the Wars of Religion, esp. ch. 4.

110 Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 31–9, 118–20.

111 Cited in Ibid ., 34.

112 Deschamps de Pas, Justin, ‘La ville de Saint-Omer et le port de Gravelines’, Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de la Morinie 35 (1931): 139–52. Its proximity to the coast also influenced the choice of Saint-Omer for the English Jesuit College in 1593: Hicks, ‘The Foundation of the College of St Omers’, 159. On the role of Calais and Dunkirk in shipping Catholic books into England, see: Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 36, 112, 120, 128–9.Google Scholar

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116 Cited in Allison, ‘John Heigham’, 231.

117 Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 128. On his relations there, see also: Allison, ‘John Heigham’, 236.

118 Allison, ‘John Heigham’, 231.

119 Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 129.

120 On Kellam, see: Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 123–31; Simoni, Anna E.C., ‘The Hidden Trade-Mark of Laurence Kellam, Printer at Douai’, Ons geestelijk erf 64 (1990): 130–43 and Alexander Soetaert and Heleen Wyffels, ‘Beyond the Douai-Reims Bible: The Changing Publishing Strategies of the Kellam family in Seventeenth-Century Douai’, The Library (forthcoming).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

121 Milward, Religious Controversies of the Jacobean Age, 137.

122 Walsh, Michael J., ‘The Publishing Policy of the English College Press at Saint-Omer, 1608–1759’, in Robbins, Keith, ed. Religion and Humanism: Papers Read at the Eighteenth Summer Meeting and the Nineteenth Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1981), 239–50Google Scholar; Newdigate, Charles A., ‘Notes on the Seventeenth-Century Printing Press of the English College at Saint Omer’, The Library 10 (1919): 179–90, 223–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The press is also discussed in Allison, Antony F., ‘An Early-Seventeenth Century Translator: Thomas Everard, S.J. A Study of the Bibliographical Evidence’, Biographical Studies 2 (1953): 188–215, and Id., ‘New Light on the Early History of the Breve Compendio. The Background to the English Translation of 1612’, Recusant History 4 (1957): 4–17, esp. 7 and 15.Google Scholar

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126 Chadwick, St Omers to Stonyhurst, 140.

127 Imhof, Dirk, ‘François Bellet en Jan I Moretus: een verhaal van vertrouwen en mistrouwen’, De Gulden Passer 88 (2010): 71–91, at 80, 84–8.Google Scholar

128 For a list of these complaints, see: Soetaert, ‘Katholieke literatuur’, 145–8.

129 Allison, ‘John Heigham’, 230–1.

130 On the edition of prayer books in Rouen in the 1630s, see: Blom, The Post-Tridentine English Primer, 63–4, 133.

131 Walsh, ‘The Publishing Policy’, 245.

132 Chadwick, St Omer to Stonyhurst, 145.

133 Clancy, Thomas H., ‘A Content Analysis of English Catholic Books, 1615–1714’, The Catholic Historical Review 86 (2000): 258–72, at 259; Id., English Catholic Books 1641–1700, A Bibliography (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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135 See n. 94 and 95.

136 Pettegree, Emden and the Dutch Revolt, esp. ch. 4.