Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T17:19:04.709Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Development and Evaluation of a Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Chronic Post-Stroke Insomnia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2018

Katie Herron ,
Lorna Farquharson ,
Abigail Wroe  and
Annette Sterr
Katie Herron*
Affiliation:
Pain Management Centre, National Hospital For Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, London, UK Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, UK
Lorna Farquharson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, UK
Abigail Wroe
Affiliation:
Clinical Health Psychology Service, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK
Annette Sterr
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
*
Correspondence to Katie Herron, Pain Management Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, London, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBTI) has been successfully applied to those with chronic illness. However, despite the high prevalence of post-stroke insomnia, the applicability of CBTI for this population has not been substantially researched or routinely used in clinical practice. Aims: The present study developed a ‘CBTI+’ protocol for those with post-stroke insomnia and tested its efficacy. The protocol also incorporated additional management strategies that considered the consequences of stroke. Method: A single-case experimental design was used with five community-dwelling individuals with post-stroke insomnia. Daily sleep diaries were collected over 11 weeks, including a 2-week baseline, 7-week intervention and 2-week follow-up. The Insomnia Severity Index, Dysfunctional Attitudes and Beliefs About Sleep Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale and Stroke Impact Scale were administered pre- and post-treatment, as well as at 2-week follow-up. Results: At post-treatment, three participants no longer met diagnostic criteria for insomnia and all participants showed improvements on two or more sleep parameters, including sleep duration and sleep onset latency. Three participants showed a reduction in daytime sleepiness, increased quality of life and reduction in unhelpful beliefs about sleep. Conclusions: This study provides initial evidence that CBTI+ is a feasible and acceptable intervention for post-stroke insomnia. Furthermore, it indicates that sleep difficulties in community-dwelling stroke populations are at least partly maintained by unhelpful beliefs and behaviours. The development and delivery of the CBTI+ protocol has important clinical implications for managing post-stroke insomnia and highlights directions for future research.

Keywords

strokeinsomniacognitive behavioural therapy
Type
Research Article
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 46 , Issue 6 , November 2018 , pp. 641 - 660
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA, USA.Google Scholar
Ancoli-Israel, S., Cole, R., Alessi, C., Chambers, M., Moorcroft, W. and Pollak, C. P. (2003). The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms. Sleep, 26, 342–392.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. and Horne, J. A. (2008). Do we really want more sleep? A population-based study evaluating the strength of desire for more sleep. Sleep Medicine, 9, 184–187.Google Scholar
Arba, F., Quinn, T., Hankey, G. J., Inzitari, D., Ali, M. and Lees, K. R. (2016). Determinants of post-stroke cognitive impairment: Analysis from VISTA. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 135, 603–607.Google Scholar
Bassetti, C. and Valko, P. (2006). Post-stroke hypersomnia. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 1, 139–155.Google Scholar
Bastien, C. H., Vallieres, A. and Morin, C. M. (2001). Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine, 2, 297–307.Google Scholar
Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., LeBlanc, M., Merette, C., Dauvilliers, Y. and Morin, C. (2007). Family history of insomnia in a population based sample. Sleep, 30, 1739–1745.Google Scholar
Berger, A. M., Kuhn, B. R., Farr, L. A., Lynch, J. C., Agrawal, S., Chamberlain, J. and Von Essen, S. G. (2009). Behavioral therapy intervention trial to improve sleep quality and cancer-related fatigue. Psycho-Oncology, 18, 634–646.Google Scholar
Bouchard, S., Bastien, C. and Morin, C. M. (2003). Self-efficacy and adherence to cognitive-behavioral treatment of insomnia. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 1, 187–199.Google Scholar
Briones, B., Adams, N., Strauss, M., Rosenberg, C., Whalen, C., Carskadon, M., Roebuck, T., Winters, M. and Redline, S. (1996). Relationship between sleepiness and general health status. Sleep, 19, 583–588.Google Scholar
Campos, T. F., Diogenes, F. P., Franca, F. R., Dantas, R. C. S., Araujo, J. F. and Menezes, A. A. L. (2005). The sleep-wake cycle in the last stage of cerebral vascular accident recovery. Biological Rhythm Research, 36, 109–113.Google Scholar
Carney, C. E. and Edinger, E. D. (2006). Identifying critical dysfunctional beliefs about sleep in primary insomnia. Sleep, 29, 440–453.Google Scholar
Carney, C. E. and Edinger, J. D. (2010). Cognitive Strategies for Managing Anxiety and Insomnia. Springer.Google Scholar
Castriotta, R. J. and Lai, J. M. (2001). Sleep disorders associated with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 1403–1406.Google Scholar
Chesson, A., Hartse, K., Anderson, W. M., Davila, D., Johnson, S., Littner, M., Wise, M. and Rafecas, J. (2000). Practice parameters for the evaluation of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep, 23, 237–241.Google Scholar
Conley, S. and Redeker, N. S. (2015). Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in the context of cardiovascular conditions. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 1, 157–165.Google Scholar
Currie, S. R., Wilson, K. G., Pontefract, A. J. and deLaplante, L. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of insomnia secondary to chronic pain. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 68, 407–416.Google Scholar
De La Rue-Evans, L., Nesbit, K. and Oka, R. K. (2013). Sleep hygiene program implementation in patients with traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Nursing, 38, 2–10.Google Scholar
Dopke, C. A., Lehner, R. K. and Wells, A. M. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for insomnia in individuals with serious mental illnesses: a preliminary evaluation. Psychiatriatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27, 235–242.Google Scholar
Duncan, P. W., Lai, S. M., Bode, R. K., Perera, S. and DeRosa, J. (2003). Stroke Impact Scale-16: a brief assessment of physical function. Neurology, 60, 291–296.Google Scholar
Duss, S. B., Seiler, A., Schmidt, M. H., Pace, M., Adamantidis, A., Muri, R. M. and Bassetti, C. L. (2017). The role of sleep in recovery following ischemic stroke: a review of human and animal data. Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms, 2, 94–105.Google Scholar
Eccleston, C., Morley, S. J. and Williams, A. C. de, C. (2013). Psychological approaches to chronic pain management: evidence and challenges. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 511, 59–63.Google Scholar
Edinger, J. D. and Means, M. K. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for primary insomnia. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 539–538.Google Scholar
Edinger, J. D. and Sampson, W. S. (2003). A primary care ‘friendly’ cognitive behavioral insomnia therapy. Sleep, 26, 177–182.Google Scholar
Edinger, J. D., Wohlgemuth, W. K., Krystal, A. D. and Rice, J. R. (2005). Behavioral insomnia therapy for fibromyalgia patients: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of International Medicine, 165, 2527–2535.Google Scholar
Espie, C. A. (2009). ‘Stepped Care’: a health technology solution for delivering cognitive behavioral therapy as a first line insomnia treatment. Sleep, 32, 1549–1558.Google Scholar
Espie, C. A., Brooks, D. N. and Lindsay, W. R. (1989). An evaluation of tailored psychological treatment of insomnia. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20, 143–153.Google Scholar
Espie, C. A., Fleming, L., Cassidy, J., Samuel, L., Taylor, L. M., White, C. A. et al. (2008). Randomized controlled clinical effectiveness trial of cognitive behavior therapy compared with treatment as usual for persistent insomnia in patients with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 4651–4658.Google Scholar
Evans, C. (1998). Reliable change criterion calculator. Available at: http://www.psyctc.org/stats/rcsc1.htm (accessed January 2012).Google Scholar
Folstein, M. and Folstein, S. (1975). Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.Google Scholar
Fictenberg, N. L., Putnam, S. H., Mann, N. R., Zafonte, R. D. and Millard, A. E. (2001). Insomnia screening in post-acute traumatic brain injury: utility and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation/Association of Academic Physiatrists, 80, 339–345.Google Scholar
Flowers, H. L., Skoretz, S. A., Silver, F. L., Rochon, E., Fang, J., Flamand-Roze, C. and Martino, R. (2016). Post-stroke aphasia frequency, recovery, and outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 97, 2188–2201.Google Scholar
Glozier, N. Moullaali, T. J., Sivertsen, B., Kim, D., Mead, G., Jan, S., Li, Q. and Hackett, M. L. (2017). The course and impact of post-stroke insomnia in stroke survivors aged 18 to 65 years: results from the Psychosocial Outcomes In StrokE (POISE) Study. Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra, 7, 9–20.Google Scholar
Harrison, R. A. and Field, T. S. (2015). Post-stroke pain: identification, assessment and therapy. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 39, 190–201.Google Scholar
Harvey, A. G. (2002). A cognitive model of insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 869.Google Scholar
Hermann, D. M., Siccoli, M. M., Brugger, P., Watcher, K., Mathis, J., Achermann, P. and Bassetti, C. L. (2008). Evolution of neurological, neuropsychological and sleep-wake disturbances after paramedian thalamic stroke. Stroke, 39, 62–68.Google Scholar
Hermann, D. M. and Bassetti, C. L. (2016). Role of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep-wake disturbances for stroke and stroke recovery. Neurology, 87, 1407–1416.Google Scholar
Hohagen, F., Rink, K., Kappler, C., Schramm, E., Riemann, D., Weyerer, S. and Berger, M. (1993). Prevalence and treatment of insomnia in general practice. A longitudinal study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 242, 329–336.Google Scholar
Hossain, J. L., Ahmad, P., Reinish, L. W., Kayumov, L., Hossain, N. K. and Sharpiro, C. M. (2005). Subjective fatigue and subjective sleepiness: two independent consequences of sleep disorders? Journal of Sleep Research, 14, 245–253.Google Scholar
Hyyppä, M. T. and Kronholm, E. (1995). Poor sleep among rehabilitation patients. International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 1, 1573–1537.Google Scholar
Jacobson, N. S. W. C., Follette, W.C. and Revenstorf, D. (1984). Psychotherapy outcome research: methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance. Behavior Therapy, 15, 336–352.Google Scholar
Jacobson, N. S. and Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting Clininical Psychology, 59, 12–19.Google Scholar
Janz, N. K. and Becker, M. H. (1984). The Health Belief Model: a decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11, 1–47.Google Scholar
Joa, K. L., Kim, W. H., Park, C. H., Kim, E. S., Lee, S. J., Ko, S. H. and Jung, H. Y. (2017). The effect of sleep disturbance on the functional recovery of rehabilitation inpatients following mild and moderate stroke. American Journal of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 96, 734–740.Google Scholar
Johns, M. W. (1991). A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep, 14, 540–545.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. A., Rash, J. A., Campbell, T. S., Savard, J., Gehrman, P. R., Perlis, M., Carlson, L. E. and Garland, S. N. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in cancer survivors. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 27, 20–28.Google Scholar
Jones, F. (2006). Strategies to enhance chronic disease self-management: how can we apply this to stroke? Disability and Rehabilitation, 28, 841–847.Google Scholar
Kaplan, G., Vasterling, J. and Priyanka, C. (2010). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and their comorbid conditions: role in pathogenesis and treatment. Behavioural Pharmacology, 21, 427–437.Google Scholar
Kneebone, I. I. (2016). A framework to support cognitive behavior therapy for emotional disorder after stroke. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 23, 99–109.Google Scholar
Krupp, L. B., LaRocca, N. G., Muir-Nash, J. and Steinberg, A. D. (1989). The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Archives of Neurology, 46, 1121–1123.Google Scholar
Kushida, C. A., Chang, A., Gadkary, C., Guilleminault, C., Carrillo, O. and Dement, W. C. (2001). Comparison of actigraphic, polysomnographic, and subjective assessment of sleep parameters in sleep-disordered patients. Sleep Medicine, 2, 389–396.Google Scholar
Kyle, S. D., Morgan, K., Spiegelhalder, K. and Espie, C. A. (2011). No pain, no gain: an exploratory within-subjects mixed-methods evaluation of the patient experience of sleep restriction therapy (SRT) for insomnia. Sleep Medicine, 12, 735–747.Google Scholar
Lacks, P. (1987). Behavioral Treatment for Persistent Insomnia. Pergamon Press, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Lautenbacher, S., Kundermann, B. and Krieg, J.-C. (2006). Sleep deprivation and pain perception. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10, 357.Google Scholar
Leppävuori, A., Pohjasvaara, T., Vataja, R., Kaste, M. and Erkinjuntti, T. (2002). Insomnia in ischemic stroke patients. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 14, 90–97.Google Scholar
Lichstein, K. L., Means, M. K., Noe, S. L. and Aguillard, R. N. (1997). Fatigue and sleep disorders. Behaviour and Research Therapy, 35, 733–740.Google Scholar
Lichstein, K. L., Stone, K. C., Donaldson, J., Nau, S. D., Soeffing, J. P., Murray, D. et al. (2006). Actigraphy validation with insomnia. Sleep, 29, 232–239.Google Scholar
Lichstein, K. L., Taylor, D. J., Bush, A. J., Reidel, B. W. and Durrence, H. H. (2004). Epidemiology of Sleep Age, Gender and Ethnicity. Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Li Pi Shan, R. S. and Ashworth, N. L. (2004). Comparison of lorazepam and zopiclone for insomnia in patients with stroke and brain injury: a randomized, crossover, double-blinded trial. American Journal of Physical Medical Rehabilitation, 83, 421–427.Google Scholar
Lu, W., Krellman, J. W. and Dijkers, M. P. (2016). Can Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia also treat fatigue, pain, and mood symptoms in individuals with traumatic brain injury? – A multiple case report. NeuroRehabilitation, 38, 59–69.Google Scholar
Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Rooke, S. E., Bhullar, N. and Schutte, N. S. (2008). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 736–745.Google Scholar
Manber, R., Carney, C., Edinger, J., Epstein, D., Friedman, L., Haynes, P.L., Karlin, B. E., Pigeon, W., Siebern, A. T. and Trockel, M. (2012). Dissemination of CBTI to the non-sleep specialist: protocol development and training issues. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 8, 209–218.Google Scholar
Manber, R., Edinget, J. D., Gress, J. L., San Pedro-Salcedo, M. G., Kuo, Tracy F. and Kalista, M. A. (2008). Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia enhances depression outcome in patients with comorbid major depressive disorder and insomnia. Sleep, 31, 489–485.Google Scholar
Mathiowetz, V., Matuska, K. M. and Murphy, M. E. (2001). Efficacy of an energy conservation course for persons with multiple sclerosis. Archives and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 449–456.Google Scholar
McGeough, E., Pollock, A., Smith, L. N., Dennis, M., Sharpe, M., Lewis, S. and Mead, G. E. (2009). Interventions for post-stroke fatigue. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD007030.Google Scholar
Means, M. K., Edinger, J. D., Glenn, D. M. and Fins, A. I. (2003). Accuracy of sleep perceptions among insomnia sufferers and normal sleepers. Sleep Medicine, 4, 285–296.Google Scholar
Mental Health Task Force (2016). Implementing the five year forward view for mental health: a report from the independent Mental Health Taskforce to the NHS in England Mental Health Network. NHS Confederation, issue 288.Google Scholar
Mitchell, M. D., Gehrman, P., Perlis, M. and Umscheid, C. A. (2012). Comparatitve effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review. BMC Family Practice, 25, 13–40.Google Scholar
Morin, C. M., Colecchi, C., Stone, J., Sood, R. and Brink, D. (1999). Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 991–999.Google Scholar
Morin, C. M. and Espie, C. A. (2003). Insomnia: A Clinical Guide to Assessment and Treatment. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Morin, C. M., Bastien, C., Guay, B., Radouco-Thomas, M., Leblanc, J. and Vallieres, A. (2004). Randomized clinical trial of supervised tapering and cognitive behavior therapy to facilitate benzodiazepine discontinuation in older adults with chronic insomnia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 332–342.Google Scholar
Morin, C. M., Bootzin, R. R., Buysse, D. J., Edinger, J. D., Espie, C. A. and Lichstein, K. L. (2006). Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: update of the recent evidence (1998–2004). Sleep, 29, 1398–1414.Google Scholar
Morin, C. M., Vallieres, A. and Ivers, H. (2007). Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep (DBAS): validation of a brief version (DBAS-16). Sleep, 30, 1547–1554.Google Scholar
Morin, C. M., Vallieres, A., Guay, B., Ivers, H., Savard, J., Merette, C., Bastien, C. and Baillargeon, L. (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persistent insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of American Medical Association, 301, 2005–2015.Google Scholar
Nair, W., Lehmann, J., Williams, J. M. and Weiss, B. (1993). Traumatic brain injury: an emerging therapeutic indication. Drug News and Perspectives, 6, 600–603.Google Scholar
Neilson, W., Jensen, M. P., Karsdrop, P. A. and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2013). Activity pacing in chronic pain: concepts, evidence and future directions. Clinical Journal of Pain, 29, 461–468.Google Scholar
Nguyen, S., McKay, A., Wong, D., Rajaratnam, S. M., Spitz, G., Williams, G. and Ponsford, J. L. (2017a). Cognitive behavior therapy to treat sleep disturbance and fatigue following traumatic brain injury: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 98, 1508–1517.Google Scholar
Nguyen, S., Wong, D., McKay, A., Rajaratnam, S. M., Spitz, G., Williams, G., Mansfield, D and Ponsford, J. L. (2017b). Cognitive behavioural therapy for post-stroke fatigue and sleep disturbance: a pilot randomised controlled trial with blind assessment. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19, 1–16.Google Scholar
O'Neill, D. (2010). Reliable change and clinical significance, (2010). In Brown, J. M. and Cample, E. (eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Ostwald, S. K., Godwin, K. M., Cron, S. G., Kelley, C. P., Hersch, G. and Davis, S. (2014). Home-based psychoeducational and mailed information programs for stroke-caregiving dyads post-discharge: a randomized trial. Disability Rehabilitation, 36, 55–62.Google Scholar
Ouellet, M. C. and Morin, C. M. (2004). Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia associated with traumatic brain injury: a single-case study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 8, 1298–1302.Google Scholar
Ouellet, M. C. and Morin, C. M. (2007). Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia associated with traumatic brain injury: a single-case experimental design. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 88, 1581–1592.Google Scholar
Ouellet, M. C. and Morin, C. M. (2015). Sleep-walk disturbance after traumatic brain injury. Lancet Neurology, 14, 746–757.Google Scholar
Perfect, M. M. and Elkins, G. R. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotic relaxation to treat sleep problems in an adolescent with diabetes. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 1205–1215.Google Scholar
Perlis, M. L., Giles, D. E., Mendelson, W. B., Bootzin, R. R. and Wyatt, J. K. (1997). Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. Journal of Sleep Research, 6, 179–188.Google Scholar
Perlis, M. L., Jungquist, C., Smith, M. T. and Posner, D. (2005). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia: A Session-by-Session Guide. Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., New York, USA.Google Scholar
Perlis, M. L. and Smith, M. T. (2008). How can we make CBT-I and other BSM services widely available? Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 4, 11–13.Google Scholar
Qaseem, A., Kansagara, D., Forciea, M. A., Cooke, M. and Denberg, T. D. (2016). Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a clinical practice guidelines from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine, 165, 125–133.Google Scholar
Rassafiani, M. and Sahaf, R. (2010). Single case experimental design: an overview. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 17, 285–289.Google Scholar
Reid, K. J., Martinovich, Z., Finkel, S., Statsinger, J., Golden, R., Harter, K. and Zee, P. C. (2006). Sleep: a marker of physical and mental health in the elderly. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 860–866.Google Scholar
Sanford, S. D., Lichstein, K. L., Durrence, H. H., Riedel, B. W., Taylor, D. J. and Bush, A. J. (2006). The influence of age, gender, ethnicity, and insomnia on Epworth sleepiness scores: a normative US population. Sleep Medicine, 7, 319–326.Google Scholar
Schepers, V. P., Visser-Meily, A. M., Ketelaar, M. and Lindeman, E. (2006). Post-stroke fatigue: course and its relation to personal and stroke-related factors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87, 184–188.Google Scholar
Schuiling, W. J., Rinkel, G. J., Walchenbach, R. and de Weerd, A. W. (2005). Disorders of sleep and wake in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke, 36, 578–582.Google Scholar
Siebern, A. T. and Manber, R. (2011). New developments in cognitive behavioral therapy as the first-line treatment of insomnia. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 4, 21–28.Google Scholar
Smith, M. T., Huang, M. I. and Manber, R. (2005). Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic insomnia occurring within the context of medical and psychiatric disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 559–592.Google Scholar
Smith, S., Lang, C. P., Sullivan, K. A. and Warren, J. (2004). A preliminary investigation of the effectiveness of a sleep apnea education program. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56, 245–249.Google Scholar
Stepanski, E. J. and Wyatt, J. K. (2003). Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Medical Reviews, 7, 215–225.Google Scholar
Sterr, A., Herron, K., Dijk, D.-J. and Ellis, J. (2008). Time to wake-up: sleep problems and daytime sleepiness in long-term stroke survivors. Brain Injury, 22, 575–579.Google Scholar
Strine, T. W. and Chapman, D. P. (2005). Associations of frequent sleep insufficiency with health-related quality of life and health behaviours. Sleep Medicine, 6, 23–27.Google Scholar
Tang, N. K. Y., Lereya, S. T., Boulton, H., Miller, M., Wolke, D. and Cappuccio, F. P. (2015). Systematic review and meta-analysis of patient-reported outcomes in randomnized controlled trials. Sleep, 38, 1751–1764.Google Scholar
Tate, R. L. et al. (2016). The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 4, 1–9.Google Scholar
Trauer, J. M., Qian, M. Y., Rajaratnam, S. M. and Cunnington, D. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 163, 191–204.Google Scholar
Troxel, W. M., Germain, A. and Buysse, D. J. (2012). Clinical management of insomnia with Brief Behavioral Treatment (BBTI). Behavioural Sleep Medicine, 10, 266–279.Google Scholar
Trudel, T. M., Tryon, W. W. and Purdum, C. M. (1998). Awareness of disability and long-term outcome after traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 43, 267–281.Google Scholar
Valko, P. O., Bassetti, C. L., Bloch, K. E., Held, U. and Baumann, C. R. (2008). Validation of the fatigue severity scale in a Swiss cohort. Sleep, 31, 1601–1607.Google Scholar
Vincent, N., Lewycky, S. and Finnegan, H. (2008). Barriers to engagement in sleep restriction and stimulus control in chronic insomnia. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 76, 820–828.Google Scholar
Vitiello, M. V., McCurry, S. M. and Rybarczyk, B. D. (2013). The future of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: what important research remains to be done? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 1013–1021.Google Scholar
Wade, A. G. (2011). The societal costs of insomnia. Neuropsychiatry Disease and Treatment, 7, 1–18.Google Scholar
Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A. and Gelder, M. (1995). The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy, 26, 153–161.Google Scholar
Wessendorf, T. E., Teschler, H., Wang, Y. M., Konietzko, N. and Thilmann, A. F. (2000). Sleep-disordered breathing among patients with first-ever stroke. Journal of Neurology, 247, 41–47.Google Scholar
White, P. D. et al. (on behalf of the PACE trial management group) (2011). Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial. The Lancet, 377, 823–836.Google Scholar
Widar, M., Ek, A.-C. and Ahlstrom, G. (2004). Coping with long-term pain after a stroke. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 27, 215–225.Google Scholar
Williams, A. C., Eccleston, C. and Morley, S. (2012). Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 14, 11.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. L. (2000). Single Case Experimental Design. In Breakwell, G. M., Hammond, S. and Fife-Shaw, C. (eds). Sage Publications, London, UK.Google Scholar
Worthington, A. D. and Melia, Y. (2006). Rehabilitation is compromised by arousal and sleep disorders: results of a survey of rehabilitation centres. Brain Injury, 20, 327–332.Google Scholar
Wroe, A. L., Rennie, E. W., Gibbons, S., Hassy, A. and Chapman, J. E. (2015). IAPT and long term medical conditions: what can we offer? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43, 412–425.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Herron et al. supplementary material

Herron et al. supplementary material 1

Download Herron et al. supplementary material(File)
File 16.6 KB
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.