Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T03:37:50.534Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Strong AI and the problem of “second-order” algorithms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Gerd Gigerenzer
Gerd Gigerenzer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Universität Konstanz, West Germany, Electronic mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 13 , Issue 4 , December 1990 , pp. 663 - 664
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agree, P. (1988) The dynamic structure of everyday life, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Technical Report 1085, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [FJV]Google Scholar
Albus, James S. (1981) Brains, behavior, and robotics. BYTE Books. [RE]Google Scholar
Allport, D. A. (1980) Attention and performance. In: Cognitive psychology: New directions, ed. Claxton, G.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [KES]Google Scholar
Anscombe, G. E. M. (1981). Metaphysics and the philosophy of mind. Basil Blackwell. [KKN]Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. M. & Malcom, N. (1984) Consciousness & causality. Basil Blackwell. [KES]Google Scholar
Amhart, L. (in press). Aristotle, chimpanzees, and other political animals. Social Science Information.Google Scholar
Aspect, A. & Grangier, P. (1986) Experiments on Einstein-Poddsky-Rosen-type correlations with pairs of visible photons. In: Quantum concepts in space and time, ed. Penrose, R. & Isham, C. J.. Oxford University Press. [rRP]Google Scholar
Baerends, G. P. & Kruijt, J. P. (1973) Stimulus selection. In: Constraints on Learning, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. Academic Press. [DH]Google Scholar
Barrow, J. O. & Tieler, F. J. (1986) The anthropic cosmological principle. Oxford University Press. [MSM]Google Scholar
Bell, John L. (1986) A new approach to quantum logic. British Journal of the Philosophy of Science 37:83–99. [RE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, J. S. (1987) Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics. Cambridge University Press. [aRP]Google Scholar
Benacerraf, P. (1967) God, the Devil, and Godel. The Monist 51(1):9–32. [JH, AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berliner, JH. (1988) New hitech computer chess success. AI Magazine 9(2):133. [TS]Google Scholar
Bishop, E. (1967) Foundations of constructive analysis. McGraw-Hill. [BM]Google Scholar
Blum, L., Shub, M. & Smale, S. (1989) On a theory of computation and complexity over the real numbers: NP completeness, recursive functions and universal machines. Bulletin of the American Mathematics Society 21:1–46. [aRP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohm, D. (1980) Wholeness and the implicate order. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [DH]Google Scholar
Brooks, R. (1986a) A robust layered control system for a mobile robot, IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, RA-2, April, 14–23. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1986b) Achieving artificial intelligence through building robots, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Memo 899. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [FJV]Google Scholar
Caines, P., Greiner, R. & Wang, S. (1989) Classical and logic-based dynamic observers for finite automata. Technical Report, McGill University, May 12. Draft copy. [RE]Google Scholar
Cariani, P. (1989) On the design of devices with emergent semantic functions', unpublished Ph.D. thesis. State University of New York at Binghamton. [DW]Google Scholar
Casti, J. L. (1989) Alternate realities: Mathematical models of nature and man. Wiley. [DLG]Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. M. (1957) Perceiving. Cornell University Press. [KKN]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1986) Knowledge of language. Praeger. [TR]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1979) Scientific realism and the plasticity of mind. Cambridge University Press. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) Matter and consciousness, 2nd ed.MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. & Churchland, P. S. (1990) Could a machine think? Scientific American 262(1):32–7. [KES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Churchland, P. S. (1983) Consciousness: The transmutation of a concept. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64:80–95. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified science of the mind/brain. MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Cutting, J. E. (1986) Perception with an eye to motion. MIT Press. [KKN]Google Scholar
Davis, M. (1977) A relativity principle in quantum mechanics. International Journal of Theoretical Physics 16:867–74. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, M., Matijasevic, Y. & Robinson, J. (1976) Hilbert's tenth problem: Diophantine equations; positive aspects of a negative solution. Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics 28:323–78. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, P. J. & Hersh, R. (1982) The mathematical experience. Harvester Press. [rRP]Google Scholar
(1986) The blind watchmaker. Longman Scientific and Technical. [DH]Google Scholar
Deecke, L., Grozinger, B. & Komhuber, H. H. (1976) Voluntary finger movements in man: Cerebral potentials and theory. Biological Cybernetics 23:99–119. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delbrueck, M. (1986) Mind from matter? Blackwell Scientific Publications. [DH ]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1965) What numbers could not be. Philosophical Review 74:47–73. [AR]Google Scholar
(1969) Content and consciousness. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [KES]Google Scholar
(1978a) The abilities of men and machines. In: Brainstorms. MIT Press. [AR]Google Scholar
(1978b). Brainstorms. MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
(1987) The international stance. MIT Press. [DP, KES]Google Scholar
(1988) When philosophers encounter artificial intelligence. Daedalus 117:284–95. [KES]Google Scholar
(1989) Murmurs in the cathedral. Times Literary Supplement, The London Times, Sept. 29-Oct. 5. [DCD, DH]Google Scholar
Deutsch, D. (1985) Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A400:97–117. [arRP, RL]Google Scholar
Dewitt, B. S. (1973) The many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Princeton University Press. [aRP, DM]Google Scholar
Dewitt, B. S. & Graham, R. D. (eds.) (1973) The many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Princeton University Press. [aRP, DM ]Google Scholar
Dirac, P. A. M. (1938) Classical theory of radiating electrons. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A167:148. [aRP]Google Scholar
Dreyfus, H. (1979) What computers can't do. Harper & Row. [FJV]Google Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1986) Do mental events cause neural events analogously to the probability fields of quantum mechanics? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B227:411–28. [DH, JCE]Google Scholar
(1990) A unitary hypothesis of mind-brain interaction in the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the Royal society of London B. [JCE]Google Scholar
Einstein, A., Podolsky, P. & Rosen, N. (1935) Can quantum-mechanical descriptions of physical reality be considered complete? Physics Review 47:777–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elgot-Drapkin, J. (1988) Step-logic: Reasoning situated in time. Ph.D. dissertation, Computer Science Department, University of Maryland. [DP]Google Scholar
Epstein, R., Kirshnit, C. E., Lanza, R. P. & Rubin, L. C. (1984) “Insight” in the pigeon: Antecedents and determinants of an intelligent performance. Nature 308:61–62. [DH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everett, H. (1957) “Relative state” formulation of quantum mechanics. Review of Modern Physics 29:454–62. [aRP, BM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1981) How direct is visual perception? Some reflections on Gibson's “ecological approach.” Cognition 9:139–96. [KKN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fodor, J. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fontana, W. & Schuster, P. (1987) A computer model of evolutionary optimization. Biophysical Chemistry 26:123–47. [DH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geroch, R. & Hartle, J. B. (1986) Computability and Physical Theories. Foundations of Physics 16:533–50. [AM-R]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghirardi, G. C, Rimini, A. & Weber, T. (1986) Unified dynamics for microscopic and macroscopic systems. Physical Review D34:470. [aRP]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin. [KKN, DLG, FJV]Google Scholar
Gibson, W. (1984) Neuromancer. Gollancz. [CM]Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. & Murray, D. J. (1987) Cognition as intuitive statistics. Erlbaum. [GG]Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G., Swijtink, Z., Porter, T., Daston, L., Beatty, J. & Kruger, L. (1989) The empire of chance. How probability changed science and everyday life. Cambridge University Press. [GG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginsberg, M. (1987) Readings in non-monotonic reasoning. Morgan Kaufmann. [DP]Google Scholar
Godel, K. (1964) What is Cantor's continuum problem? In: Philosophy of mathematics, ed. Benacerraf, P. & Putnam, H.. Prentice-Hall. [KKN]Google Scholar
(1986/1990) Kurt Godel, collected works, vol. I (orig. pub. 1929–1936) & vol. II (orig. pub. 1938–1974), ed. Feferman, S., Dawson, J. W. Jr., Kleene, S. C., Moore, G. H., Solovay, R. M., van Heijenoort, J.. Oxford University Press. [rRP]Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. S. (1989) Genetic algorithms. Addison-Wesley. [DH]Google Scholar
Halmos, P. (1974) Measure theory. Springer. [CG]Google Scholar
Hamad, S. (1989) Minds, machines, and Searle. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical AI 1(1):5–25. [TS]Google Scholar
(1990) The symbol grounding problem. Physica D 42:335–46. [DW, TS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harth, E. (1982) Windows on the mind. Harvester Press. [BL]Google Scholar
Haugeland, J. (1985) Artificial intelligence: The very idea. MIT Press. [DM]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1954) The problem of consciousness and introspection. In: Brain mechanisms and consciousness, ed. Delafresnaye, J. F.. Blackwell. [aRP]Google Scholar
Hilbert, D. & Ackermann, W. (1928) GrundziXge der Theoretischen Logik. Springer. [MD]Google Scholar
Hillis, D. (1988) Intelligence as an emergent behavior, or, The songs of Eden. Daedalus 117(1): 175–90. [DW]Google Scholar
Hinman, P. (1978) Recursion-theoretic hierarchies. Springer. [CG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, A. P. (1983) Alan Turing: The enigma. Simon and Schuster. [rRP]Google Scholar
Hofstadter, D. R. (1979) Godel, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid. Basic Books. [RWK]Google Scholar
(1985) Metamagical themas. Basic Books. [KES]Google Scholar
Holland, J. (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press. [DH]Google Scholar
Hopfield, J. J. (1982) Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79:2554–58. [RWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, F. (1982) Epiphenomenal qualia. Philosophical Quarterly. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) Mental models. Cambridge University Press. [AG]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A. (1982) Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press. [RWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, K. (1990) Characterizations of inductive inference on arbitrary sets of sequences. Laboratory for Computational Linguistics, Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University. [CG]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. (1987) The cognitive unconscious. Science 237:1445–52. [KES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleene, S. C. (1950) Introduction to metamethametics. Van Nostrand. [AM-R]Google Scholar
Lakatos, I. (1976) Proofs and refutations: The logic of mathematical discovery. Cambridge University Press. [BM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1976) Proofs and refutations. Cambridge University Press. [CM]Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1969) Lucas against mechanism. Philosophy 44:231–33. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1979) Lucas against mechanism II. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 9:373–76. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990) What experience teaches. In: Mind and cognition: A reader, ed. Lycan, W.. Cambridge University Press. [JB]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1965) Cortical activation in conscious and unconscious experience. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 9:77–86. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1980) Mental phenomena and behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:434. [BL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1982) Brain stimulation in the study of neuronal functions for conscious sensory experiences. Human Neurobiology 1:235–42. [BL]Google Scholar
(1985) Unconscious cerebral intiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:529–66. [BL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987) Consciousness: Conscious subjective experience. In: Encyclopedia of neuroscience, vol. I, ed. Adelman, G.. Birkhauser. [BL]Google Scholar
(1989) Conscious subjective experience vs. unconscious mental functions: A theory of the cerebral processes involved. In: Models of brain function, ed. Cotterill, R. M. J.. Cambridge University Press. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B., Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W. Jr. & Pearl, D. K. (1983) Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activities (readiness-potential); the unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain 106:623–42. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B., Wright, E. W. Jr., Feinstein, B. & Pearl, D. K. (1979) Subjective referral of the timing of a conscious sensory experience. A functional role for the somatosensory specific projection system in man. Brain 102:193–224. [rRP, BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B., Wright, E. W. Jr., & Gleason, C. A. (1982) Readiness potentials preceding unrestricted “spontanious” vs. pre-planned voluntary acts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 54:322–35. [BL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, J. R. (1961) Minds, machines and Godel. Philosophy 36:112–27. [arRP, JB, RWK, DJC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, W. (1986) The disappearance of introspection. MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Mace, W. M. (1977) James J. Gibson's strategy for perceiving: Ask not what's inside your head, but what your head's inside of. In: Perceiving, acting, and knowing, ed. Shaw, R. and Bransford, J.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [DLG]Google Scholar
MacLennan, B. J. (1987) Technology-independent design of neurocomputers: The universal field computer. Proceedings of the IEEE First Annual International Conference on Neural Networks 111:39–49. [BM]Google Scholar
Margenau, H. (1984) The miracle of existence. Ox Bow Press. [DH]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1977) Artificial intelligence - a personal view. Artificial Intelligence 9:37–48. [DH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, R. (ed.) (1984) Recent essays on truth and the liar paradox. Oxford University Press. [JH]Google Scholar
Maturana, H. & Varela, F. (1987) The tree of knowledge: The biological roots of human understanding. New Science Library. [FJV]Google Scholar
McAlister, L. L. (1976) The philosophy of Brentano. Duckworth. [KKN]Google Scholar
McCammon, J. A. & Harvey, S. C. (1987) Dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids. Cambridge University Press. [DH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, J. (1979) Ascribing mental qualities to machines. In: Philosophical perspectives in artificial intelligence, ed. Ringle, M.. Humanities Press. [DP]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
McGinn, C. (1987) Could a machine be conscious. In: Mindwaves, ed. Blakemore, C. & Greenfield, S.. Blackwells. [DH]Google Scholar
Mitchell, M. & Hofstadter, D. R. (in press) The emergence of understanding in a computer model of concepts and analogy-making. Physica D. [DJC]Google Scholar
Minsky, M. (1986) Society of mind. Simon and Schuster. [DW, DM, KES]Google Scholar
Monod, J. (1972) Chance and necessity. Random Paperback Knopf. [DH]Google Scholar
Moravec, H. (1988) Mind children: The future of robot and human intelligence. Harvard University Press. [rRP, FJV]Google Scholar
Mortensen, C. (1989) Mental images. In: Computers, brains, and minds, ed. Slezack, P. & Albury, W., Kluwer. [CM]Google Scholar
Mott, N. F. (1983) The wave mechanics of a-ray tracks. In: Quantum theory and measurement, ed. Wheeler, J. A. & Zurek, W. H.. Princeton University Press A126:79–84 (orig. pub. 1929, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London). [rRP]Google Scholar
Nagel, E. & Newman, J. R. (1958) Godel's proof. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. [rRP]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1979) Mortal questions. Cambridge University Press. [DH]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1980) Physical symbol systems. Cognitive Science 4:135–83. [EE]Google Scholar
(1982) The knowledge level. Artificial Intelligence 18:87–127. [RE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, A. & Simon, H. A. (1976) Computer science as empirical enquiry: Symbols and search. Communications of the ACM 19:113–26. [rRP. BM, TS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbett, L. & Ross, L. (1980) Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Prentice-Hall. [KES]Google Scholar
Nisbett, L. & Wilson, T. (1977) Telling more than we know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231–59. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearle, P. (1989) Combining stochastic dynamical state-vector reduction with spontaneous localization. Physical Review A39:2277–89. [aRP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrose, R. (1989) The emperor's new mind: Concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrose, R. (1989) Difficulties with inflationary cosmology, Proceedings of the 14th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, ed. Fenves, E.. New York Academy of Science. [rRP]Google Scholar
(1990) Matter over mind. The New York Review of Books, Feb. 1, 37(1):3–5. [FJV]Google Scholar
Perlis, D. (1987) How can a program mean? Proceedings, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Milan. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. [DP]Google Scholar
(1989) Some brief essays on mind. Technical Report 302, Computer Science Department, University of Rochester. [DP]Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. & Ecdes, J. C. (1977) The self and its brain. Springer Verlag. [JCE ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1989). Foundations of cognitive science. MIT Press. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pour-El, M. B. and Richards, I. (1981) The wave equation with computable initial data such that its unique solution is not computable. Advances in Mathematics 39:215–239. [aRP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, H. (1960) Minds and machines. In: Dimensions of mind, ed. Hook, S.. New York University Press. [CM]Google Scholar
(1988) Representation and reality. MIT Press. [KKN]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1980) The “causal power” of machines. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:442–44. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1984) Computation and cognition. MIT Press. [RE]Google Scholar
Rayner, K. & Pollatsek, A. (1989) The psychology of reading. Prentice-Hall. [KES]Google ScholarPubMed
Robinson, A. (1966) Non-standard analysis. North-Holland. [BM]Google Scholar
Rogers, H. (1968) Theory of recursive functions and effective computability. McGraw-Hill. [CG]Google Scholar
Rollman, G. B. & Nachmias, J. (1972) Simultaneous detection and recognition of chromatic flashes. Perception & Psychophysics 12:309–14. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorty, R. (1979) Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Rosen, R. (1978) Fundamentals of measurement and the representation of natural systems. North Holland. [DW]Google Scholar
(1987) On the scope of syntactics in mathematics and science: The machine metaphor. In: Real brains, artificial minds, ed. Casti, J. & Karlqvist, A.. North Holland. [DW]Google Scholar
Rucker, R. (1984) Infinity and the mind: The science and philosophy of the infinite. Paladin Books/Granada Publishing Ltd. [rRP]Google Scholar
Ryle, G. (1949) The concept of mind. Barnes & Noble. [KES]Google Scholar
Saltzman, E. (1979) Levels of sensorimotor representation. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 20:91–163. [RE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schank, R. & Abelson, R. (1977) Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. Erlbaum. [JKT]Google Scholar
Schrödinger, E. (1935) Die gegenwärtige situation in der Quantenmechanik, Naturwissenschaftenp 23:807–12, 823–28, 844–49. [aRP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:417–50. [aRP, DP, DM, RW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983) Intentionality. Cambridge University Press. [KKN]Google Scholar
(1984) Minds, brains and science. Harvard University Press. [GG, FJV]Google Scholar
(1990) Is the brain's mind a computer program? Scientific American 262:26–31. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. & McClelland, J. L. (1989) A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review 96:523–68. [KES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sejnowski, T. J. & Rosenberg, C. R. (1988) Learning and representation in connectionist models. In: Perspectives in memory, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Shankar, N. (1986) Proof checking metamathematics. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin. [RW]Google Scholar
Sherrington, C. S. (1940) Man on his nature. Cambridge University Press. [JCE]Google Scholar
Simon, H. (1973) The organization of complex systems. In: Hierarchy theory, ed. Pattee, H. H.. George Braziller. [RE]Google Scholar
(1981) Sciences of the artificial MIT Press. [DW]Google Scholar
Smith, P. & Jones, O. R. (1986) The philosophy of mind. Cambridge University Press. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smolensky, P. (1988) On the proper treatment of connectionism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:1–23. [DJC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Springer, S. & Deutsch, G. (1985) Left brain, right brain. W. H. Freeman. [KES]Google Scholar
Stanfill, C. & Waltz, D. (1986) Toward memory-based reasoning. Communications of the ACM 29(12): 1213–28. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (1986) How to think straight about psychology. Scott, Foresman. [KES]Google Scholar
(1989) Implicit philosophies of mind: The dualism scale and its relationships with religiosity and belief in extrasensory perception. Journal of Psychology 123:5–23. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Detterman, D. K. (1986) What is intelligence? Ablex. [KES]Google Scholar
Stich, S. (1983) From folk psychology to cognitive science. MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Sumida, B. H., Houston, A. L, McNamara, J. M. & Hamilton, W. D. (in press) Genetic algorithms and evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology. [DH]Google Scholar
Tranel, D. & Damasio, A. (1985) Knowledge without awareness: An autonomic index of facial recognition by prospagnosics. Science 228:1453–54. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsotsos, J. K. (in press) Analyzing vision at the complexity level. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13(3). [JKT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waltz, D. (1988) The prospects for truly intelligent systems. Daedalus 117(1):191–212. [DW]Google Scholar
Whiteman, M. (1967). Philosophy of space and time. Allen & Unwin. [DH]Google Scholar
Wigner, E. P. (1961) Remarks on the mind-body problem. In: The scientist speculates, ed. Good, I. J.. Heinemann. [aRP]Google Scholar
Wilkes, K. V. (1984) Is consciousness important? British Journal of Philosophy of Science 35:223–43. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) Real people: Personal identity without thought experiments. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Winograd, T. & Flores, F. (1987) Understanding computers and cognition. Addison-Wesley. [FJV]Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1967) Remarks on the foundations of mathematics. Blackwell. [AG]Google Scholar
Wolf, F. A. (1989) On the quantum physical theory of subjective antedating. Journal of Theoretical Biology 136:13–19. [DH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yolton, J. W. (1984) Perceptual acquaintance from Descartes to Reid. University of Minnesota Press. [KKN]Google Scholar
Zohar, D. (1990) The quantum self. Bloomsbury. [DH]Google Scholar