Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T07:26:06.044Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Signs and countersigns

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

B. F. Skinner
B. F. Skinner
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 02138
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , September 1988 , pp. 466 - 467
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, C. D. & Dickinson, A. (1981) Instrumental responding following reinforcer devaluation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33B:109–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altar, A. & Carlisle, H. J. (1979) Intragastric drinking in the rat: Evidence for a role of oropharyngeal stimulation. Physiology and Behaviour 22:1221–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, M. C. & Shettleworth, S. J. (1977) Behavioral adaptation to fixed-interval and fixed-time food delivery in golden hamsters. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 25:33–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R. A. (1986) Cognitive explanations and cognitive ethology. In: Integrating scientific disciplines, ed. Bechtel, W.. Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Anselmi, D., Tomasello, M. & Acunzo, M. (1986) Young children's responses to neutral and specific contingent queries. Journal of Child Language 13:135–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayres, J. J. B., Haddad, C. & Albert, M. (1987) One-trial excitatory backward conditioning as assessed by conditioned suppression of licking in rats: Concurrent observations of lick suppression and defensive behaviors. Animal Learning and Behavior 15:212–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azrin, N. H., Hutchinson, R. R. & Hake, D. F. (1966) Extinction-induced aggression. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 9:191–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azrin, N. H., Hutchinson, R. R. & Sallery, R. D. (1964) Pain-aggression toward inanimate objects. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7:223–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bachrach, J. A. & Karen, R. L. (1969) Complex behavior chaining [Film/, University Park, Pa.: Psychological Cinema Register.Google Scholar
Badia, P., Coker, C. & Harsh, J. (1973) Choice of higher density signalled shock over lower density unsignalled shock. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 20:47–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badia, P., Culbertson, S. A. & Harsh, J. (1973) Choice of longer or stronger signalled shock over shorter or weaker unsignalled shock. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 19:25–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, G. W. (1977) Modal action patterns. In: How animals communicate, ed. Sebeok, T. A.. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Battison, R. & Jordon, I. K. (1976) Cross-cultural communication with foreign signers: Fact and fancy. Sign Language Studies 10:53–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, W. M. (1973) The correlation-based law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 20:137–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, D. F. & Brush, F. R. (1975) Rapid acquisition of discrete-trial lever-press avoidance: Effects of signal-shock interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 24:227–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berridge, K. C. & Grill, H. J. (1983) Alternating ingestive and aversive consummatory responses suggest a two-dimensional analysis of palatability in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 97:563–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bindra, D. (1978) How adaptive behavior is produced: A perceptual-motivational alternative to response-reinforcement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:41–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boakes, R. A., Poli, M., Lockwood, M. J. & Goodall, G. (1978) A study of misbehavior: Token reinforcement in the rat. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 29:115–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohannon, J. N. & Stanowicz, L. (in press) The issue of negative evidence: Adult responses to children's language errors. Developmental Psychology 24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1970) Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. Psychological Review 77:32–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1961) The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist 16:681–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1966) Animal behavior. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Brown, J. S. (1969) Factors affecting self-punitive locomotor behavior. In: Punishment and aversive behavior, ed. Campbell, B. A. & Church, R. M.. Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Brown, P. & Hanlon, C. (1970) Derivational complexity and order of acquisition in child speech. In: Cognition and the development of language, ed. Hayes, J. R.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Brown, P. & Jenkins, H. M. (1968) Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-peck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11:1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, R. (1973) A first language: The early stages. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bull, J. S. Ill, (1970) An interaction between appetitive Pavlovian CS's and instrumental avoidance learning. Learning and Motivation 1:18–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1988) Neural dynamics of planned arm movements. Psychological Review 95:1–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullowa, M. (1980). Before speech: The beginning of interpersonal communication. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Catania, A. C. (1963) Concurrent performances: Reinforcement interaction and response independence. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 6:253–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catania, A. C. (1984) Learning (2nd edn.). Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Catania, A. C. & Keller, K. J. (1981) Contingency, contiguity, correlation, and the concept of causation. In: Predictability, correlation, and contiguity. Advances in analysis of behaviour, vol. 2, ed. Harzem, P. & Zeiler, M. D.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Chance, M. R. A. & Mead, A. P. (1955) Competition between feeding and investigation in the rat. Behaviour 8:174–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chesler, P. (1969) Maternal influence on learning by observation in kittens. Science 166:901–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chomsky, N. (1959) Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal behavior. Language 35:26–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1966) Cartesian linguistics. Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1986) Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin and use. Praeger.Google Scholar
Church, R. M. (1964) Systematic effect of random error in the yoked control design. Psychological Bulletin 62:122–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Church, R. M. (1969) Response suppression. In: Punishment and aversive behavior, ed. Campbell, B. A. & Church, R. M.. Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Church, R. M. (in press) The yoked control design. In: Aversively motivated behavior, ed. Sjoden, P. & Archer, T.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Church, R. M. & Getty, D. J. (1972) Some consequences of the reaction of an aversive event. Psychological Bulletin 78:21–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Church, R. M. & Lerner, N. D. (1976) Does the headless roach learn to avoid? Physiological Psychology 4:439–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, P. S. & Looney, T. A. (1984) Induction by reinforcer schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 41:345–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E. & Heward, W. L. (1987) Applied behavior analysis. Merrill Publishing.Google Scholar
Corman, C. D. & Miles, R. C. (1966) Invariance of operant topography throughout changes in various motivational conditions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 62:60–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespi, L. P. (1942) Quantitative variation of incentive and performance in the white rat. American Journal of Psychology 55:467–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowther, J. G. (1967) The social relations of science (revised edition). Cresset Press.Google Scholar
D'Amato, M. R. & Schiff, D. (1964) Long-term discriminated avoidance learning in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 57:123–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darwin, C. (1859) On the origin of species (Facsimile, ed. 1964). Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
de Boysson-Bardies, B., Sagart, L. & Sacri, N. (1981) Phonetic analysis of late babbling: A case study of a French child. Journal of Child Language 8:511–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1980) The empirical exploration of intrinsic motivational processes. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 13, ed. Berkowitz, L.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Delius, J. D. (1983) Learning. In: Physiology of the pigeon, ed. Abs, M.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Demetras, M., Post, K. & Snow, C. (1986) Feedback to first language learners: The role of repetitions and clarification questions. Journal of Child Language 13:275–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennett, D. (1975) Why the law of effect will not go away. Journal of the Theory of Social Behavior 5:169–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denny, M. R. (1971) Relaxation theory and experiments. In: Aversive conditioning and learning, ed. Brush, F. R.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Diebschlag, E. (1941) Über den Lemvorgang bei der Haustaube. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 28:67–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinsmoor, J. A. (1958) Pulse duration and food deprivation in escape-from-shock training. Psychological Reports 4:531–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinsmoor, J. A. (1962) Variable interval escape from stimuli accompanied by shocks. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 5:41–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dinsmoor, J. A. (1968) Escape from shock as a conditioning technique. In: Miami Symposium on the Prediction of Behavior, 1967: Aversive stimulation, ed. Jones, M. R.. University of Miami Press.Google Scholar
Dinsmoor, J. A. & Campbell, S. L. (1956a) Escape-from-shock training following exposure to inescapable shock. Psychological Reports 2:43–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinsmoor, J. A. (1956b) Level of current and time between sessions as factors in “adaptation” to shock. Psychological Reports 2:441–44.Google Scholar
Dinsmoor, J. A. & Clayton, M. H. (1963) Chaining and secondary reinforcement based on escape from shock. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 6:75–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dinsmoor, J. A. & Clayton, M. H. (1966) A conditioned reinforcer maintained by temporal association with the termination of shock. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 9:547–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dinsmoor, J. A., Thiels, E., Lee, D. M., Pfister, J. & Dougan, J. D. (in press) Selective observing: Pigeons turn discrimination stimuli on and off by pecking separate keys. Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth International Congress of Psychology.Google Scholar
Domjan, M. (1983) Biological constraints on instrumental and classical conditioning 10 years later: Implications for general process theory. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 17, ed. Bower, G.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Domjan, M. & Burkhard, B. (1986) The principles of learning and behavior (2nd ed.). Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Domjan, M. & Galef, B. G. (1983) Biological constraints on instrumental and classical conditioning: Retrospect and prospect. Animal Learning and Behavior 11:151–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drumm, P., Gardner, B. T. & Gardner, R. A. (1986) Vocal and gestural responses of cross-fostered chimpanzees. American Journal of Psychology 99:1–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, R. & Fantino, E. (1982) Choice and the relative immediacy of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 38:321–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durlach, P. (1983) Effect of signalling intertrial unconditioned stimuli in autoshaping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 9:374–89.Google ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P. (1973) Cross-cultural studies of facial expression. In: Darwin and facial expression, ed. Ekman, P.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ellen, P. & Wilson, A. S. (1964) Two patterns of avoidance responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7:97–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, A. N. (1982) Instinct and motivation as explanations for complex behaviour. In: The physiological mechanisms of motivation, ed. Pfaff, D. W.. Springer.Google Scholar
Epstein, R., Kirshit, C. E., Lanza, R. P. & Rubin, L. C. (1984) ‘Insight’ in the pigeon: Antecedents and determinants of an intelligent performance. Nature (London) 308:61–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falk, J. L. (1971) The nature and determinants of adjunctive behavior. Physiology and Behavior 6:577–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fantino, E. (1969) Choice and rate of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:723–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fantino, E. (1985) Behavior analysis and behavioral ecology: A synergistic coupling. The Behavior Analyst 8:151–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fantino, E. & Abarca, A. (1985) Choice, optimal foraging, and the delayreduction hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:315–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fantino, E. & Logan, C. (1979) The experimental analysis of behavior: A biological perspective. W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Farrar, J. (1986) Recasts and the acquisition of grammatical morphemes. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Emory University.Google Scholar
Feingold, B. D. & Mahoney, M. J. (1975) Reinforcement effects on intrinsic interest: Undermining the overjustification hypothesis. Behavior Therapy 6:367–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenner, D. (1980) The role of contingencies and “principles of behavioral variation” in pigeons' pecking. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 34:1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferster, C. B. & Skinner, B. F. (1957) Schedules of reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fouts, R. S. & Fouts, D. H. (in press) Signs of conversation. In: Teaching sign language to chimpanzees, ed. Gardner, R. A., Gardner, B. T., & Cantfort, T. E. Van. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Fouts, R. S., Fouts, D. H. & Van Cantfort, T. E. (in press) The infant Loulis learns signs from cross-fostered chimpanzees. In: Teaching sign language to chimpanzees, ed. Gardner, R. A., Gardner, B. T. & Cantfort, T. E. Van. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Fouts, R. S., Hirsch, A. & Fouts, D. H. (1982) Cultural transmission of a human language in a chimpanzee mother/infant relationship. In: Psychological perspectives: Child nurturance series (vol. 3), ed. Fitzgerald, H. E., Mullins, J. A. & Page, P.. Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Galef, B. G. Jr, (1971) Social effects in the weaning of domestic rat pups. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 75:341–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camzu, E. & Schwartz, B. (1973) The maintenance of key pecking by stimulus-contingent and response-independent food presentation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 19:65–72.Google Scholar
Cardner, B. T. & Gardner, R. A. (1971) Two-way communication with an infant chimpanzee. In: Behavior of nonhuman primates (vol. 4), ed. Schrier, A. M. & Stollnitz, F.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cardner, B. T. & Gardner, R. A. (1974) Comparing the early utterances of child and chimpanzee. In: Minnesota symposia on child psychology (vol. 8), ed. Pick, A.. University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Gardner, B. T. & Gardner, R. A. (1975) Evidence for sentence constituents in the early utterances of child and chimpanzee. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 104:244–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, B. T. & Gardner, R. A. (1985) Signs of intelligence in cross-fostered chimpanzees. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B308:159–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Gardner, B. T. & Gardner, R. A. (in press) Cross-fostered chimpanzees II: Modulation of meaning. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Understanding Chimpanzees. Chicago Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Gardner, E. T. & Lewis, P. (1977) Parameters affecting the maintenance of negatively reinforced key pecking. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 28:117–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, R. A. & Gardner, B. T. (1969) Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science 165:664–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, R. A. & Gardner, B. T. (Producers and Directors; 1973) Teaching sign language to the chimpanzee Washoe [Film]. State College, Pa.: Psychological Cinema Register.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, R. A. & Gardner, B. T. (1978) Comparative psychology and language acquisition. Annals, of the New York Academy of Sciences 309:37–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, R. A. & Gardner, B. T. (1986) Discovering and understanding the meaning of primate signals. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 37:477–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gawley, D. J., Timberlake, W. & Lucas, G. A. (1986) Schedule-constraint of average drink-burst length and the regulation of wheel running and drinking in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 12:78–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Gawley, D. J., Timberlake, W. & Lucas, G. A. (1987) System-specific differences in behavior regulation: Over-running and under-drinking in molar non-depriving schedules. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 13:354–65.Google Scholar
Gibbon, J. & Balsam, P. (1981) Spreading association in time. In: Autoshaping and conditioning theory, ed. Locurto, C. M., Terrace, H. S. & Gibbon, J.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gibbon, J., Berryman, R. & Thompson, R. L. (1974) Contingency spaces and measures in classical and instrumental conditioning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:585–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, T. V. & Rumbaugh, D. M. (1974) Mastery of naming skills by a chimpanzee. Journal of Human Evolution 3:483–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, T. V. & Rumbaugh, D. M. (1977) Training strategy and tactics. In: Language learning by a chimpanzee, ed. Rumbaugh, D. M.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Glickman, S. E. & Schiff, B. B. (1967) A biological theory of reinforcement. Psychological Review 74:81–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goerz, E. & Baer, D. M. (1973) Social control of form diversity and the emergence of new forms in children's blockbuilding. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 6:209–17.Google Scholar
Gormezano, I. (1965) Yoked comparisons of classical and instrumental conditioning of the eyelid response; and an addendum on “voluntary responders.” In: Classical conditioning: A symposium, ed. Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1971) Development of species identification in birds. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1976) The roles of experience in the development of behavior and the nervous system. In: Neural and behavioral specificity, ed. Gottlieb, G.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gould, J. L. (1982) Ethology: The mechanisms and evolution of behavior. W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Gould, J. L. (1986) The biology of learning. Annual Review of Psychology 37:163–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grindley, G. C. (1932) The formation of a simple habit in guinea-pigs. British Journal of Psychology 23:127–47.Google Scholar
Grossen, N. E., Kostenek, D. J. & Bolles, R. C. (1969) Effects of appetitive discrimination stimuli on avoidance behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology 81:340–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guthrie, E. R. (1952) The psychology of learning (rev. edn.). Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Guthrie, E. R. & Horton, G. P. (1946) Cats in a puzzle box. Rinehart.Google Scholar
Gutman, A. & Maier, S. F. (1978) Operant and Pavlovian factors in crossresponse transfer of inhibitory stimulus control. Learning and Motivation 9:231–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, L. J. (1980) The effect of contingency upon the appetitive conditioning of free-operant behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 34:297–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, J. S., Russell, W. M. S., Hayes, C. & Kohsen, A. (1953) The mechanism of an instinctive control system: A hypothesis. Behaviour 6:85–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hediger, H. (1955) Studies of the psychology and behavior of captive animals in zoos and circuses. Butterworths.Google Scholar
Hergenhahn, B. R. (1982) An introduction to theories of learning (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Herrick, R. M. (1964) The successive differentiation of a lever displacement response. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7:211–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. (1977) The evolution of behaviourism. American Psychologist 32:593–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. & Hineline, P. N. (1966) Negative reinforcement as shock frequency reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 9:421–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. & Loveland, D. H. (1972) Food-avoidance in hungry pigeons, and other perplexities. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 18:369–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilgard, G. R. & Bower, G. H. (1975) Theories of learning (4th ed.). Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Hineline, P. N. (1977) Negative reinforcement and avoidance. In: Handbook of operant conditioning, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Hineline, P. N. (1981) The several roles of stimuli in negative reinforcement. In: Advances in analysis of behavior: Predictability, correlation, and contiguity, ed. Harzem, P. & Zeiler, M. D.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Hineline, P. N. & Harrison, J. F. (1978) Lever biting as an avoidance response. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 11:223–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsh-Pasek, K., Treiman, R. & Schneiderman, M. (1984) Brown and Hanlon revisited: Mother's sensitivity to grammatical forms. Journal of Child Language 11:81–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, P. C. (1984) Origins of behavior in Pavlovian conditioning. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 18, ed. Bower, G.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Holland, P. C. & Rescorla, R. A. (1975) The effect of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after Pavlovian appetitive training. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1:355–63.Google Scholar
Hollis, K. L. (1982). Pavlovian conditioning of signal-centered action patterns and autonomic behavior: A biological analysis of function. Advances in the Study of Behavior 12:1–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollis, K. L. (1984) The biological function of Pavlovian conditioning: The best defense is a good offense. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10:413–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Holman, G. (1968) Intragastric reinforcement effect. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 69:432–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, A. I. & Sumida, B. H. (1987) Learning rules, matching and frequency dependence. Journal of Theoretical Biology 126:289–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1943) Principles of behavior. Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Hulse, S. H., Egeth, H. & Deese, J. (1980) The psychology of learning. McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Hursh, S. R. (1980) Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 34:219–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurwitz, H. M. B. & Davis, H. (1983) The description and analysis of conditioned suppression: A critique of the conventional suppression ratio. Animal Learning and Behavior 11:383–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huston, J. & Agee, J. (1951) The African queen [Film]. London: Horizon Enterprises.Google Scholar
Iversen, I. H., Ragnarsdottir, G. A. & Randrup, K. I. (1987) Operant conditioning of autogrooming in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 42:171–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacob, T. C. & Fantino, E. (1988) Effects of reinforcement context on choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 49.Google ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, H. M., Barnes, R. A. & Barrera, F. J. (1981) Why autoshaping depends on trial spacing. In: Autoshaping and conditioning theory, ed. Locurto, C. M., Terrace, H. S. & Gibbon, J.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Jenkins, H. M. & Shattuck, D. (1981) Contingency in fear conditioning: A reexamination. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 17:15962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, G. D. (1963) Preference for bar pressing over ‘freeloading’ as afunction of number of rewarded presses. Journal of Experimental Psychology 65:451–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, T. D. (1981) Contrasting approaches to a theory of learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:125–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, I. K. & Battison, R. (1976) A referential communication experiment with foreign sign languages. Sign Language Studies 10:69–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, J. (1987) Perspectives on human infancy. In: Handbook of infant development (2nd. ed.), ed. Osofksy, J.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Kamil, A. C. (1983) Optimal foraging theory and the psychology of learning. American Zoology 23:291–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamil, A. C. & Roitblat, H. L. (1985) The ecology of foraging behavior: Implications for animal learning and memory. Annual Review of Psychology 36:141–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamin, L. J. (1969) Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning. In: Punishment of aversive behavior, ed. Campbell, B. A. & Church, R. M.. Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Keith-Lucas, T. & Guttman, N. (1975) Robust-single-trial delayed backward conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88:468–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, H. H. (1946) The influence of simultaneous hunger and thirst drives on the learning of two opposed spatial responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology 36:212–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimble, G. A. (1961) Hilgard and Marquis' conditioning and learning. Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Kuo, Z. Y. (1976) The dynamics of behavior development: An epigenetic view. Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Lamarre, J. & Holland, J. G. (1985) The functional independence of tacts and mands. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 43:5–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laudan, L. (1977) Progress and its problems. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lawhon, D. K. & Hafher, M. S. (1981) Tactile discriminatory ability and foraging strategies in kangaroo rats and pocket mice. Oecologia 50:303–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehrman, D. S. (1953) A critique of Konrad Lorenz's theory of instinctive behavior. Quarterly Review of Biology 28:337–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehrman, D. S. (1955) The physiological basis of parental feeding behavior in the ring dove. Behaviour 7:241–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehrman, D. S. (1970) Semantic and conceptual issues in the nature-nurture problem. In: Development and evolution of behavior, ed. Aronson, L. R., Tobach, E., Lehrman, D. S. & Rosenblatt, J. S.. Freeman.Google Scholar
Lepper, M. R., Greene, D. & Nisbett, R. E. (1973) Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A case of the ‘overjustification’ hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 28:129–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, F. & Fasnacht, G. (1974) Token rewards may lead to token learning. American Psychologist 29:816–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leyhausen, P. (1956) Verhaltensstudien an Katzen. Paul Parey.Google Scholar
Leyhausen, P. (1979) Cat behaviour: The predatory and social behaviour of domestic and wild cats. Garland STPM Press.Google Scholar
Lickliter, R. & Gottlieb, G. (1985) Social interaction with siblings is necessary for the visual imprinting of species-specific maternal preference in ducklings. Journal of Comparative Psychology 99:371–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lickliter, R. & Gottlieb, G. (in press) Social specificity: Interaction with own's species is necessary to foster species-specific maternal preference in ducklings. Developmental Psychobiology.Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (1984) The biology and evolution of language. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (1979) Taste aversion and the generality of laws of learning. Psychological Bulletin 86:276–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LoLordo, V. M. (1971) Facilitation of food reinforced responding by a signal for response-independent food. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 15:49–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorenz, K. (1965) Evolution and modification of behavior. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lovass-Nagy, C., Gardner, B. T. & Gardner, R. A. (1984) Conversational styles in children and chimpanzees. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Animal Behavior Society, Cheney, Wash.Google Scholar
Macfarlane, D. A. (1930) The role of kinesthesis in maze learning. University of California Publications in Psychology 4:277–305.Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1974) The psychology of animal learning. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1975) A theory of attention: Variation in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychological Review 82:276–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1983) Conditioning and associative learning. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maclean, P. D. (1986) Neurobehavioral significance of the mammal-like reptiles (Therapsids). In: The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles. Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Maier, S. F., Seligman, M. E. P. & Solomon, R. L. (1969) Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness. In: Punishment and aversive behavior, ed. Campbell, B. A. & Church, R. M.. Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Malone, J. C. Jr, (1978) Beyond the operant analysis of behavior. Behavior Analyst 9:584–91.Google Scholar
Marken, R. (1985) Selection of consequences: Adaptive behavior from random reinforcement. Psychological Reports 56:379–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marken, R. (in press) The nature of behavior: Control as fact and theory. Behavioral Science.Google Scholar
Masterson, F. A. & Crawford, M. (1982) The defence motivation system: A theory of avoidance behaviour. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:661–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, E. (1982) The growth of biological thought. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (1988) Imitation, objects, tools, and the rudiments of language in human ontogeny. Human Evolution 3:47–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, D. R., Cho, C. & Wesemann, A. (1960) On problems of conditioning discriminated lever-press avoidance responses. Psychological Review 67:224–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Midgley, M. (1986) Token reinforcement and misbehaviour in the rat. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Exeter.Google Scholar
Miller, S., Galanter, E. & Pribram, K. (1960) Plans and the structure of behavior. Holt.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, S. & Konorski, J. (1969) On a particular form of conditioned reflex. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:187–89. (Translated by B. F. Skinner of a paper originally published under the title “Sur une forme particulière des reflexes conditionnels” in Comptes Rendues des Séances de la Société Biologie. Société Polonaise de Biologie (1928) 99:1155.)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moerk, E. L. (1983) The mother of Eve – as a first language teacher. Ablex.Google Scholar
Mogenson, G. & Cioè, J. (1977) Central reinforcement: A bridge between brain function and behavior. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Moore, B. R. (1973) The role of directed Pavlovian reactions in simple instrumental learning in the pigeon. In: Constraints on learning, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Moore, B. R. & Stuttard, S. (1979) Dr. Guthrie and Felis domesticus, or, tripping over the cat. Science 205:1031–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, J. W. (1972) The role of directed Pavlovian reactions in simple instrumental learning in the pigeon. In: Constraints in learning, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, M. J. & Nicholas, D. J. (1979) Discrimination between reinforced action patterns in the rat. Learning and Motivation 10:1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, D. (1962) The biology of art. Knopf.Google Scholar
Morse, W. H. & Skinner, B. F. (1958) Some factors involved in the stimulus control of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 1:103–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mowrer, O. H. (1960) Learning theory and behavior. Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, K. (1987a) What's in a name? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 116:293–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, K. (1987b) Some observations from the perspective of the rare event cognitive comparison theory. In: Children's Language, vol. 6, ed. Nelson, K. E. & Kleeck, A. van. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Nevin, J. A., Smith, L. D. & Roberts, J. (1987) Does contingent reinforcement strengthen operant behavior? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 48:17–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Notterman, J. M. & Mintz, D. E. (1965) Dynamics of response. Wiley.Google Scholar
Odling-Smee, F. J. (1988) Niche constructing phenotypes. In: The role of behavior in evolution, ed. Plotkin, H. C.. MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
Oiler, D. K. & Eilers, R. E. (1982) Similarities of babbling of Spanish and English-learning babies. Journal of Child Language 9:565–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osbome, S. R. (1977) The free food (contrafreeloading) phenomenon: A review and analysis. Animal Learning and Behavior 5:221–35.Google Scholar
Osbome, S. R. (1978) A note on the acquisition of responding for food in the presence of free food. Animal Learning and Behavior 6:368–69.Google Scholar
O'Sullivan, C. & Yeager, C. (in press) Communicative context and linguistic competence. In: Teaching sign language to chimpanzees, ed. Gardner, R. A., Gardner, B. T. & Cantfort, T. E. Van. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1927/1960) Conditioned reflexes (translated by Anrep, G. V.). Dover Publications. (Original work published 1926.)Google Scholar
Pear, J. J., Moody, J. E. & Persinger, M. A. (1972) Lever attacking by rats during free-operant avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 18:517–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearce, J. M. & Hall, G. (1980) A model of Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. Psychological Review 87:532–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penner, S. G. (1987) Parental responses to grammatical and ungrammatical utterances. Child Development 58:376–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, G. A. & Sherrod, K. B. (1982) Relationship of maternal language to language development and language delay of children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 86:391–98.Google ScholarPubMed
Peterson, G. B., Ackil, J. E., Frommer, G. P. & Hearst, E. S. (1972) Conditioned approach and contact behavior toward signals for food or brain-stimulation reinforcement. Science 177:1009–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, N. (1960) Control of behavior by presentation of an imprinted stimulus. Science 132:1395–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinker, S. (1984) Language learnability and language development. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Plooij, F. (1984) The behavioral development of free-living chimpanzee babies and infants. Ablex.Google Scholar
Plotkin, H. C. & Odling-Smee, F. J. (1981r) Possible mechanisms for a multiple-level model of evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:57–65.Google Scholar
Powell, R. W. & Peck, S. (1969) Persistent shock-elicited responding engendered by a negative-reinforcement procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:1049–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powers, W. T. (1971) A feedback model of behavior: Analysis of a rat experiment. Behavioral Science 16:67–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1973) Behavior: The control of perception. Aldine.Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1978) Quantitative analysis of purposive systems: Some spade work at the foundations of scientific psychology. Psychological Review 87:417–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, C. C. (1939) The logic of modern psychology. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1962) Reversibility of the reinforcement relation. Science 136:255–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Premack, D. (1976) Intelligence in ape and man. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1983) The codes of man and beasts. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:125–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prior, K. W., Haag, R. & O'Reilly, J. (1969) The creative porpoise: Training for novel behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:653–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pullen, M. R. & Tumey, T. H. (1977) Response modes in simultaneous and successive visual discriminations. Animal Learning and Behavior 5:73–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Räer, H. (1949) Das Verhalten von gefangener Waldohreulen (Asio otus otus) und Waldkauze (Strix aluco aluco) zur Beute. Behaviour 2:1–95.Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1972) On the tautology of the matching law. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 15:249–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1976) Introduction to modern behaviourism. Freeman.Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. & Baum, W. M. (1972) Effect of alternative reinforcement: Does the source matter? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 18:231–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, R. L., French, A. & Pollard, J. S. (1969) Priming the pecking response in pigeons. Psychonomic Science 14:227–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiss, S. & Susshinsky, L. W. (1975) Overjustification, competing responses, and the acquisition of intrinsic interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31:1116–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1967) Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review 74:71–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1968) Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 66:1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1984) Signalling intertrial shocks attenuates their negative effect on conditioned suppression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22:225–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1987) A Pavlovian analysis of goal-directed behavior. American Psychologist 42:119–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. (1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In: Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Revusky, S. H. (1977) Learning as a general process with emphasis on data from feeding experiments. In: Food aversion learning, ed. Milgram, N. W., Krames, L. & Alloway, T. M.. Plenum.Google Scholar
Reynolds, G. S. (1961) Relativity of response rate and reinforcement frequency in a multiple schedule. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 4:179–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, J. P., Tomie, A. & Thomas, D. R. (1980) The effect of the controllability of auditory discriminative stimuli in the performance of go/no-go discriminations by pigeons. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:409–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1987) Introduction to comparative cognition. Freeman.Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L., Bever, T. G. & Terrace, H. S. (1984) Animal cognition. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T. (1975) The brain and reward. Pergamon.Google ScholarPubMed
Russell, C. & Russell, W. M. S. (1961) Human behaviour: A new approach. Andre Deutsch.Google Scholar
Russell, C. (1982) Cultural evolution. 1. Culture, culture transmission and culture change. Social Biology and Human Affairs 47:17–38.Google Scholar
Russell, W. M. S. (1954) Experimental studies of the reproductive behaviour of Xenopus laevis. 1. The control mechanisms for clasping and unclasping, and the specificity of hormone action. Behaviour 7:113–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, W. M. S. (1961) Evolutionary concepts in behavioural science. 3. The evolution of behaviour in the individual animal, and the principle of combinatorial selection. General Systems 6:51–92.Google Scholar
Russell, W. M. S. (1962) Evolutionary concepts in behavioural sciences. 4. The analogy between organic and individual behavioural evolution, and the evolution of intelligence. General Systems 7:157–93.Google Scholar
Russell, W. M. S. & Russell, C. (1985) aSticklebacks and ethology. Behaviour 93:184–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachs, J. (1977) Prelinguistic communication. In: Talking to children: Language input and acquisition, ed. Snow, C. E. & Ferguson, C. A.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sameroff, A. J. & Cavanaugh, P. J. (1979) Learning in infancy: A developmental perspective. In: Handbook of infant development, ed. Osofsky, J. D.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Sanders, R. J. (1985) Teaching apes to ape language: Explaining the imitative and nonimitative signing of a chimpanzee. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 99:197–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1984) Verbal behavior at a procedural level in the chimpanzee. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 41:223–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1986) Ape language: From conditioned response to symbol. Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1987) Communication, symbolic communication and language: Reply to Seidenberg and Petitto. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 116:288–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage-Rumbaugh, S., McDonald, K., Sevcik, R. A., Hopkins, W. D. & Rubert, E. (1986) Spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115:211–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. & Rumbaugh, D. M. (1978) Symbolization, language and chimpanzees: A theoretical reevaluation based on initial language acquisition processes in four young Pan troglodytes. Brain and Language 6:65–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Rumbaugh, D. M. & McDonald, K. (1985) Language learning in two species of apes. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews 9:653–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneirla, T. C. (1956) Interrelationships of the “innate” and “acquired” in instinctive behavior. In: L'lnstinct dans le comportement des animaux et de l'homme, ed. Grasse, P.-P.. Masson.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. (1974) On going back to nature: A review of Seligman & Hager's biological boundaries of learning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:183–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, B. (1978) Psychology of learning and behavior. W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. (1984) Psychology of learning and behavior (2nd edn.). W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. & Gamzu, E. (1977) Pavlovian control of operant behavior. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Scott, G. K. & Platt, J. R. (1985) Model of response-reinforcer contingency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 11:152–71.Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. & Pettito, L. A. (1987) Communication, symbolic communication, and language: Comment on Savage-Rumbaugh, McDonald, Sevcik & Rupert (1986). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 116:279–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. (1970) On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review 77:406–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sevenster, P. (1968) Motivation and learning in sticklebacks. In: The central nervous system and fish behaviour, ed. Ingle, D.. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sevenster, P. (1973) Incompatibility of response and reward. In: Constraints on learning, ed. Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sevenster, P. & Van Roosmalen, M. E. (1985) Cognition in sticklebacks: Some experiments on operant conditioning. Behaviour 93:170–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. (1972) Constraints on learning. Advances in the Study of Behavior 4:1–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. (1984) Learning and behavioral ecology. In: Behavioral ecology (2nd edn.), ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.. Sinauer.Google Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. & Juergensen, M. R. (1980) Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Brain stimulation reinforcement for seven action patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 6:352–75.Google ScholarPubMed
Shettleworth, S. J. & Krebs, J. R. (1982) How marsh tits find their hoards: The roles of site preference and spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 8:354–75.Google ScholarPubMed
Shimoff, E., Matthews, B. A. & Catania, A. C. (1986) Human operant performance: Sensitivity and pseudosensitivity to contingencies. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 46:149–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sidman, M. (1953) Two temporal parameters of the maintenance of avoidance behavior by the white rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 46:253–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sidman, M. (1958) Some notes on ‘bursts’ in free-operant avoidance experiments. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 1:167–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, S. (1969) Discrimination, overtraining, and shift behavior. In: Animal discrimination learning, ed. Gilbert, R. M. & Sutherland, N. S.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1959) A behavioral model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics 69:99–118.Google Scholar
Skarda, C. A. & Freeman, W. J. (1987) How brains make chaos in order to make sense of the world. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:161–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1938) The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1948) Superstition in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology 38:168–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review 57:193–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F.(1953) Science and human behavior. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behavior. Appleton Century.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1960) Pigeons in a pelican. American Psychologist 15:28–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1966) The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science 153:1205–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F.(1977) The evolution of behaviorism. American Psychologist 32:1006–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1981) Selection by consequences. Science 213:501–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F.(1983) Can the experimental analysis of behavior rescue psychology? Behavior Analyst 6:9–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1984a) The evolution of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 41:217–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1984b) Selection by consequences. In: Canonical papers of B. F. Skinner, ed. Catania, A. C. & Hamad, S.. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 71(4):477–510.Google Scholar
Smith, T. L. (1983) Skinner's environmentalism: The analogy with natural selection. Behaviorism 11(2):133–53.Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1973) On the notion of cause, with applications to behaviorism. Behaviorism 1:25–63.Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1983) Adaptive behavior and learning. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1988) Learning as inference. In: Evolution and learning, ed. Bolles, R. C. & Beecher, M. D.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. L. & Simmelhag, V. (1971) The “superstition” experiment: A reexamination of its implications for the principles of adaptive behavior. Psychological Review 78:3–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterritt, G. M. & Smith, M. P. (1965) Reinforcement effects of specific components of feeding in young leghom chicks. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59:171–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suomi, S. (in press) Primate separation models of affective disorders. In: Recent advances in the experimental analysis of behavior, ed. Madden, J.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1979) Nim. Knopf.Google Scholar
Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A., Sanders, R. J. & Bever, T. G. (1980) On the grammatical capacity of apes. In: Children's language (vol. 2), ed. Nelson, K. E.. Gardner Press.Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1911) Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1983) Rats' responses to a moving object related to food or water: A behavior-systems analysis. Animal Learning and Behavior 11:309–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1983a) The functional organization of appetitive behavior: Behavior systems and learning. In: Advances in analysis of behavior, vol. 3: Biological factors in learning, ed. Zeiler, M. D. & Harzem, P.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1984) Behavioral regulation and learned performance: Some misapprehensions and disagreements. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 41:355–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timberlake, W. (1986) Unpredicted food produces a mode of behavior that affects rats' subsequent reactions to a conditioned stimulus: A behavior-systems approach to ‘context blocking.’ Animal Learning and Behavior 14:276–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, W. & Grant, D. L. (1975) Autoshaping in rats to the presentation of another rat predicting food. Science 190:690–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, W. & Lucas, G. A. (1985) The basis of superstitious behavior: Response contingency, stimulus substitution, or appetitive behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 44:279–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timberlake, W. & Lucas, G. A. (in press) Behavior systems and learning: From misbehavior to general laws. In: Contemporary learning theories: Instrumental conditioning, theory and the impact of biological constraints on learning, ed. Klein, S. B. & Mowrer, R. R..Google Scholar
Timberlake, W., Wahl, G. & King, D. L. (1982) Stimulus and response contingencies in the misbehavior of rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 8:62–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Tinbergen, N. (1953) Social behaviour in animals. Wiley.Google Scholar
Tinklepaugh, O. L. (1928) An experimental study of representative factors in monkeys. Journal of Comparative Psychology 8:197–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toates, F. M. (1981) The control of ingestive behaviour by internal and external stimuli-a theoretical review. Appetite 2:35–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toates, F. M. (1986) Motivational systems. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Toates, F. M. (1987) The relevance of models of motivation and learning to animal welfare. In: Biology of stress in farm animals: An integrative approach, ed. Wiepkema, P. R. & Adrichem, P. W. M. Van. Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Toates, F. M. (in press) Motivation and emotion from a biological perspective. In: Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation, ed. Hamilton, V., Bower, G. H. & Frijda, N.. Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (in press) Cultural transmission in the tool use and communicatory signalling of young chimpanzees. In: Cognition and communication in animals: Developmental perspectives, ed. Parker, S. & Gibson, K..Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., Anselmi, D. & Farrar, J. (1985) Young children's coordination of gestural and linguistic reference. First Language 5:199–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M., Farrar, J. & Dines, J. (1983) Children's speech revisions for a familiar and an unfamiliar adult. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 27:359–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M., George, B., Kruger, A., Farrar, J. & Evans, A. (1985) The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 14:175–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomie, A. & Khouri, P. (1984) The effects of response-reinforcer contingency on time-allocation in the open field. Learning and Motivation 15:1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomie, A. & Loukas, E. (1983) Correlations between rats' spatial location and ICS administration affects rate of acquisition and asymptotic level of time allocation bias in the open-field. Learning and Motivation 14:449–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, R. (1985) Social evolution. Benjamin/Cummings.Google Scholar
Tugendhat, B. (1960) Feeding in conflict situations and following thwarting. Science 132:896–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, B. J. (1957) Psychological research. Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Van Cantfort, T. E., Gardner, B. T. & Gardner, R. A. (in press) Developmental trends in replies to Wh-questions by children and chimpanzees. In: Teaching sign language to chimpanzees, ed. Gardner, R. A., Gardner, B. T. & Cantfort, T. E. Van. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Van Cantfort, T. E. & Rimpau, J. B. (1982) Sign language studies with children and chimpanzees. Sign Language Studies 34:15–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, G. W. (1975) Review of REM sleep deprivation. Archives of General Psychiatry 32:749–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, A. R. (1981) SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In: Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms, ed. Spear, N. E. & Miller, R. R.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Wasserman, E. A. (1973) The effect of redundant contextual stimuli on autoshaping the pigeon's keypeck. Animal Learning and Behavior 1:198–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, E. A., Hunter, N. B., Gutowski, K. A. & Bader, S. A. (1975) Autoshaping chicks with heat reinforcement: The role of stimulusreinforcer and response-reinforcer relations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1:158–69.Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1914) Behavior: An introduction to comparative psychology. Holt.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weigl, P. D. & Hanson, E. V. (1980) Observational learning and the feeding behavior of the red squirrel: The ontogeny of optimization. Ecology 61:213–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welker, W. I. (1959) Genesis of exploratory and play behaviour in infant raccoons. Psychological Reports 5:764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, M. J. & King, A. P. (1987) Settling nature and nurture into an ontogenetic niche. Developmental Psychobiology 20:549–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehurst, G. J., Fischel, J. E., Lonigan, C. J., Valdez-Menchaca, M. C.DeBaryshe, B. D. & Caulfield, M. B. (in press). Verbal interaction in families of normal and expressive language delayed children. Developmental Psychology 24.Google Scholar
Whitehurst, G. J. & Valdez-Menchaca, M. C. (1988) What is the role of reinforcement in early language acquisition? Child Development 58:430–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, N. (1948) Cybernetics: Or control and communication in the animal and the machine. Wiley.Google Scholar
Williams, B. W. (1980) Reinforcement, behavior constraint, and the overjustification effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39:599–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. R. & Williams, H. (1969) Automaintenance in the pigeon: Sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:511–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J. A., Koegel, R. L. & Egel, A. L. (1981) Response-reinforcer relationships and improved learning in autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 14:53–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, A. A. & Sands, S. F. (1981) A model of detection and decision processes during matching to sample by pigeons: Performance with 88 different wavelengths in delayed and simultaneous matching tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 7:191–218.Google Scholar
Zeilur, M. (1968) Fixed and variable schedules of response-independent reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11:405–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zener, K. (1937) The significance of behavior accompanying conditioned salivary secretion for theories of the conditioned response. American Journal of Psychology 50:384–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar