Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T11:27:00.529Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Genes, specificity, and the lexical/functional distinction in language acquisition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Karin Stromswold
Karin Stromswold
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903. [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Contrary to Müller's claims, and in support of modular theories, genetic factors play a substantial and significant role in language. The finding that some children with specific language impairment (SLI) have nonlinguistic impairments may reflect improper diagnosis of SLI or impairments that are secondary to linguistic impairments. Thus, such findings do not argue against the modularity thesis. The lexical/functional distinction appears to be innate and specifically linguistic and could be instantiated in either symbolic or connectionist systems.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , December 1996 , pp. 648 - 649
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abeles, M. (1991) Corticonics. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abeles, M. & Gerstein, G. L. (1988) Detecting spatiotemporal firing patterns among simultaneously recorded single neurons. Journal ofNeurophysiology 60:909–24. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aitken, P. G. & Wilson, W. A. (1979) Discriminative vocal conditioning in Rhesus monkeys: Evidence for volitional control? Brain and Language 8:227–40. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akshoomoff, N. A., Courchesne, E., Press, G. A. & Iragui, V. (1992) Contribution of the cerebellum to neuropsychological functioning: Evidence from a case of cerebellar degenerative disorder. Neuropsychologia 30:315–28. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, G. E., Delong, M. R. & Strick, P. L. (1986) Parallel organization of segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neumscience 9:357–81. [PL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, M., Naeser, M. & Palumbo, C. (1990) Broca's area aphasics: Aphasia after lesions including the frontal operculum. Neurology 40:353–62. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allott, R. (1989) The motor theory of language origin. Book Guild. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Altman, G. (1987) Modularity and interaction in sentence processing. In: Modularity in knowledge representation and natural-language understanding, ed. Garfield, J.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Alvarez-Buylla, A., Ling, C. Y. & Yu, W. S. (1994) Contribution of neurons born during embryonic, juvenile, and adult life to the brain of adult canaries: Regional specificity and delayed birth of neurons in the song-control nuclei. Journal of Comparative Neurology 347:233–48. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV). [rRAM]Google Scholar
Anisfeld, M., Hoberman, M. & Rosenberg, E. (1994) Early lexical development in relation to syntactic development. Unpublished manuscript. [SAG]Google Scholar
Annett, M. (1985) Left, right, hand and brain: The right shift theory. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Aram, D. M. & Eisele, J. A. (1994) Intellectual stability in children with unilateral brain lesions. Neuropsychologia 32:85–95. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, S. E., Hyman, B. T., Flory, J., Damasio, A. R. & Van Hoesen, G. (1991) The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cerebral Cortex 1:103–16. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Artola, A., Bröcher, S. & Singer, W. (1990) Different voltage-dependent thresholds for inducing long-term depression and long-term potentiation in slices of rat visual cortex. Nature 347:69–72. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Artola, A. & Singer, W. (1987) Long-term potentiation and NMDA receptors in rat visual cortex. Nature 330:649–52. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashe, J., Kim, S.-G., Tagaris, G., Ugurbil, K. & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1995) Activation of the motor cortex in monozygotic twins determined by functional MRI at 4 TESLA. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 21:557. [BJ]Google Scholar
Aydelott, J. & Blumstein, S. E. (1995) On the nature of lexical processing in Broca's aphasia: Effects of subphonetic acoustic differences on lexical access. Brain and Language 51:156–58. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Bach-y-Rita, P. (1990) Brain plasticity as a basis for recovery of function in humans. Neuropsychologia 28:547–54. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, H. B. (1972) Single units and sensation: A neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology. Perception 1:371–94. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M. & Frith, U. (1985) Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition 21:37–46. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S. & Ring, H. (1993) A model of the mindreading system: Neuropsychological and neurobiological perspectives. In: Children's early understanding of mind: Origins and development, ed. Lewis, C. & Mitchell, P.. Erlbaum. [SAG]Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H. & Cohen, D., eds. (1993) Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism. Oxford University Press. [NS]Google Scholar
Barsalou, L. W. (1987) The instability of graded structure: Implications for the nature of concepts. In: Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization, ed. Neisser, U.. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]]Google Scholar
Basso, A., Della Sala, S. & Farabola, M. (1987) Aphasia arising from purely deep lesions. Cortex 23:29–44. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, E. (1994) Modularity, domain specificity, and the development of language. Discussions in Neuroscience 10:136–49. [SAG]Google Scholar
Bates, E., Benigni, L., Bretherton, I., Camaioni, L. & Volterra, V. (1979) The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy. Academic Press. [SAG]Google Scholar
Bates, E. & Camevale, G. F. (1993) New directions in research on language development. Developmental Review 13:436–70. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, E., Dale, P. & Thal, D. (1995a) Individual differences and their implications for theories of language development. In: Handbook of child language, ed. Fletcher, P. & MacWhinney, B.. Blackwell. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bates, E., Marchman, V., Harris, C., Wulfeck, B. & Kritchevsky, M. (1995b) Production of complex syntax in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Language and Cognitive Processes 10:487ff. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, E. & MacWhinney, (1990) Welcome to functionalism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:727–28. [PTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, E. & Thal, D. (1991) Associations and dissociations in early language development. In: Research on child language disorders, ed. Miller, J.. Pro-Ed. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bates, E., Thal, D. & Janowsky, J. (1991) Early language development and its neural correlates. In: Handbook of neuropsychology: Vol. 6. Child neurology, ed. Rapin, I. & Segalowitz, S.. Elsevier. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bates, E., Thal, D. & Marchman, V. (1991c) Symbols and syntax: A Darwinian approach to language development. In: Biological and behavioral determinants of language development, ed. Krasnegor, N., Rumbaugh, D., Studdert-Kennedy, M. & Schiefelbusch, R.. Erlbaum. [aRAM, PTS]Google Scholar
Bates, E., Thal, D., Trauner, D., Fenson, J., Aram, D., Eisele, J. & Nass, R. (in press) From first words to grammar in children with focal brain injury. Developmental Neuropsychology [special issue]. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bates, E. & Wulfeck, B. (1989) Comparative aphasiology: A cross-linguistic approach to language breakdown. Aphasiology 3:111–42. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, E., Wulfeck, B. & MacWhinney, B. (1991b) Crosslinguistic research in aphasia: An overview. Brain and Language (special issue on crosslinguistic aphasia) 41:123–48. [arRAM, YC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bateson, P. P. G. (1990) Is imprinting such a special case? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 329:125–31. [SFW]Google Scholar
Bay, E. (1975) Ontogeny of stable speech areas in the human brain. In: Foundations of language development, vol. 2, ed. Lenneberg, E. H. & Lcnnoberg, E.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bayles, K. (1984) Language and dementia. In: Language disorders in titlults, ed. Holland, A.. College-Hill. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bear, M. F. & Molenka, R. C. (1994) Synoptic plasticity: LTP and LTD. Current Opinion in Ncurobiology 41:389–99. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellugi, U., Bihrle, A. & Corina, D. (1991) Linguistic and spatial development: Dissociations between cognitive domains. In: Biological and behavioral determinants of language development, ed. Krasnegor, N., Rumbaugh, D., Studdert-Kennedy, M. & Schiefelbusch, R.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bellugi, U., Bihrle, A., Neville, H., Jernigan, T. & Doherty, S. (1992) Language, cognition, and brain organization in a neurodevelopmental disorder. In: Developmental beliavioral neurosdence, ed. Gunnar, M. & Nelson, C.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bellugi, U., Poizner, H. & Klima, E. S. (1989) Language, modality and the brain. Trends in Neurosciences 12:380–8. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellugi, U., Sabo, H. & Vaid, J. (1988) Spatial deficits in children with Williams syndrome. In: Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development, ed. Stiles-Davis, J., Kritchevshy, M. & Bellugi, U.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bellugi, U., Wang, P. & Jernigan, T. L. (1994) Williams syndrome: An unusual neuropsychological profile. In: Atypical cognitive deficits in developmental disonlers, ed. Broman, S. H. & Grafman, J.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Benno, R. H. (1990) Development of the nervous system: Genetics, epigenetics, and phylogenetics. In: Developmental behavior genetics: Neural, biometrical, and evolutionary approaches, ed. Hahn, M. E., Hewitt, J. K., Henderson, N. D. & Benno, R. H.. Oxford University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Benton, A. & Joynt, R. (1960) Early descriptions of aphasia. Archives of Neurology 3:205–21. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beretta, A., Hurford, C., Patterson, J. & Pinango, M. (in press) Passive in Spanish speaking agrammatics. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. [YG]Google Scholar
Berndt, R., Caramazza, A. & Zurif, E. (1983) Language functions: Syntax and semantics. In: Language funcions and brain organization, ed. Segalowitz, S.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Berndt, R., Salasoo, A., Mitchum, C. & Blumstein, S. (1988) The role of intonation cues in aphasic patients' performance of the grammaticality judgment task. Brain and Language 36:65–97. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertoncini, J., Morais, J., Bijeljac-Babic, R., McAdams, S., Peretz, I. & Mehler, J. (1989) Dichotic perception and lateraliry in neonates. Brain ami Language 37:591–605. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhatnager, S., Andy, O., Korabic, E., Tikofsky, R., Saxena, V., Hellman, R., Collier, D. & Krohn, L. (1989) The effect of thalamic stimulation in processing of verbal stimuli in dichotic listening tasks: A case study. Brain and Language 36:236–51. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bickerton, D. (1988) Creole languages and the bioprogram. In: Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, vol. 2., ed. Newmeyer, F.. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bickerton, D. (1990) Language and species. University of Chicago Press. [aRAM, PTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickerton, D. (1992) Syntactic development: The brain just does it. Unpublished manuscript. University of Hawaii. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Bickerton, D. (1995) Language and human beliavior. University of Washington Press. [DB, rRAM]Google Scholar
Bishop, D. V. M. (1983) Linguistic impairment after left hemidecortication for infantile hemiplegia? A reappraisal. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 35A:199–207. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, D. V. M. (1992) The underlying nature of specific language impairment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 33:366. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bishop, D. V. M., North, T. & Donlan, C. (1995) Genetic basis of specific language impairment: Evidence from a twin study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 37:56–71. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Björklund, A. (1991) Neural transplantation—an experimental tool with clinical possibilities. Trends in Neuroscience 14:319–22. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackwell, A. & Bates, E. (1995) Inducing agrammatic profiles in normals: Evidence for the selective vulnerability of morphology under cognitive resource limitation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7:228–57. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumstein, S. E. (1987) Speech perception and modularity: Evidence from aphasia. In: Motor and sensory processes of language, ed. Keller, E. & Gopnik, M.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Blumstein, S. E. (1988) Linguistic deficits in aphasia. In: Language, communication, and the brain, ed. Plum, F.. Raven. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bonner, J. T. (1988) The evolution of complexity. Princeton University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bookheimer, S. Y., Cohen, M. S., Dobkin, B. & Mazziotta, J. C. (1995) Functional MRI during motor activation following stroke. Human Brain Mapping 1(suppl.):429. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bowerman, M. (1994) From universal to language-specific in early grammatical development. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 346:37–45. [CS]Google ScholarPubMed
Bradford, H. F. (1987) Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. In: The Oxford companion to the mind, ed. Gregory, R.. Oxford University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bradley, D. C. (1978) Computational distinction of vocabulary type. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [FP]Google Scholar
Bradley, D. C. & Garrett, M. F. (1983) Hemisphere differences in the recognition of closed and open class words. Neuropsychologia 21:155–59. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradshaw, J. L. & Nettleton, N. C. (1981) The nature of hemispheric specialization in man [incl. open peer commentary]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:51–91. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braitenberg, V. (1980) Alcune considerazione sui meccanismi cerebrali del linguaggio. In: L'accostamento interdisciplinare allo studio del linguaggio, ed. Braga, G., Braitenberg, V., Cipolli, C., Coseriu, E., Crespi-Reghizzi, S., Mehler, J. & Titone, R.. Franco Angeli Editore. [FP]Google Scholar
Braitenberg, V. & Pulvermüller, F. (1992) Entwurf einer neurologischen theorie der sprache. Naturwissenschaften 79:103–17. [aRAM, FP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braitenberg, V. & Schüz, A. (1991) Anatomy of the cortex. Statistic, and Geometry. Springer-Verlag. [aRAM, FP]Google Scholar
Braitenberg, V. & Schüz, A. (1992) Basic features of cortical connectivity and some considerations on language. In: Language origin: A multidisciplinary approach, ed. Wind, J., Chiarelli, B., Bichakjian, B. H., Nocentini, A. & Jonker, A.. Kluwer. [aRAM, FP]Google Scholar
Braun, A. R., Ludlow, C. L. & Varga, M. (1995) Regional cerebral blood How correlates of language production: English versus American sign language. Neurology 45(suppl.4):A371. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Brekle, H. E. (1966) Grammaire générale et raisonnée, ed. Arnauld, A. & Lancelot, C.. Frommann. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bressler, S. L. (1990) The gamma wave: A cortical information carrier? Trends in Neuroscience 13:161–62. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks, D. J. (1995) The role of the basal ganglia in motor control: Contributions from PET. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 128:1–13. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bromberg, H., Ullman, M., Marcus, G., Kelly, K. & Coppola, M. (1994) A dissociation between memory and grammar: Evidence from Williams syndrome. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development. [DLK]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1975) On the neural organization of language: Thalamic and cortical relationships. Brain and Language 2:18–30. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, J. W. (1982) Hierarchy and evolution in neurolinguistics. In: Netiral nwdeh of language processes, ed. Arbib, M., Caplan, D. & Marshall, J.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1988) The life of the mind. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1994) Morphogenesis and mental process. Developtnent and Psychopathology 6:551–63. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckingham, H. W. (1991) The psycholinguistics of microgenesis: The nature of paraphasia. In: Cognitive microgenesis, ed. Hanlon, R. E.Springer-Verlag. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Bullinaria, J. A. (1994) Internal representations of a connectionist model of reading aloud. In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum. [JAB]Google Scholar
Bullinaria, J. A. & Chater, N. (1995) Connectionist modelling: Implications for cognitive neuropsychology. Language and Cognitive Processes 10:227–64. [JAB, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caplan, D. (1982) Reconciling the categories: Representation in neurology and linguistics. In: Neural models of language processes, ed. Arbib, M., Caplan, D. & Marshall, J.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Caplan, D. (1987) Neurolinguistics and linguistic aphasiology. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caplan, D. (1991) Aggrammatism is a theoretically coherent aphasic category. Brain and Language 40:274–81. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caplan, D. (1994) Language and the brain. In: Handbook of psycholinguistics, ed. Gernsbacher, M.. Academic Press. [DLK]Google Scholar
Caplan, D., Waters, G. S. & Hildebrant, N. (1995) Sentence comprehension in aphasic patients in sentence-picture matching tests. Brain and language 51:147–49. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Caramazza, A. (1984) The logic of neuropsychological research and the problem of patient classification in aphasia. Brain and language 21:9–20. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A. (1992) Is cognitive neuroscience possible? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4:80–95. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A. (1986) On drawing inferences about the structure of normal cognitive systems from the analysis of patterns of impaired performance: The case for singlepatient studies. Brain and Cognition 5:41–66. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A., ed. (1990) Cognitive netiropsychology and neurolinguistics: Advances in models of cognitive function and impairment. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Caramazza, A. & McCloskey, M. (1991) The poverty of methodology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:444–45. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlsson, C., Uvebrant, P., Hugdahl, K., Arvidsson, J., Wiklund, L.-M. & von Wendt, L. (1994) Verbal and non-verbal function of children with rightversus left-hemiplegic cerebral palsy of pre- and perinatal origin. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 36:503–12. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1988) Individual differences in cognitive functioning. In: Stevens' handbook of exerimental psychology, vol. 2, ed. Atkinson, R. C., Herrnstein, R. C. et al. Wiley. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Carston, R. (1988) Language and cognition. In: Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, vol. 3, ed. Newmeyer, F.. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Castro-Alamancos, M. A. & Connors, B. W. (1996) Short-term plasticity of a thalamocortical pathway dynamically modulated by behavioral state. Science 272:274–77. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catalán-Ahumada, M., Deggouj, N., A., De Voider, Melin, J., Michel, C. & Veraart, C. (1993) High metabolic activity demonstrated by positron emission tomography in human auditory cortex in case of deafness of early onset. Brain Research 62:3287–92. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Caviness, V. S., Misson, J.-P. & Gadisseux, J.-F. (1989) Abnormal neuronal patterns and disorders of neocortical development. In: From reading to natrons, ed. Galaburda, A. M.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Celsis, P., Agniel, A., Démonet, J.-F. & Mare-Vergnes, J.-P. (1991) Cerebral blood flow correlates of word list learning. Journal of Neurolinguistics 6:253–72. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, A. S., Butters, N., Paulsen, J. S., Salmon, D. P., Swenson, M. R. & Maloney, L. T. (1993) An assessment of the semantic network in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Cognitive Nettroscience 5:254–61. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Changeux, J.-P. (1979) Déterminisme généitique et épigenèse des réseaux de neurones: Existe-t-il un compromis biologique possible entre Chomsky et Piaget? In: Théories du langage—Théories de l'apprcntissage, ed. Piattelli-Pahnarini, M.. Editions du Seuil. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Changeux, J.-P. (1986) Netironal num. Oxford University Press. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Changeux, J.-P. & Dehaene, S. (1990) Neuronal models of cognitive functions. In: Nettrobiology of cognition, ed. Eimas, P. & Galaburda, A.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Charles, P. D., Abou-Khalil, B., Wertz, R. T., Ashmead, D. H., Welch, L. & Kirshner, H. S. (1994) MRI asymmetries and language dominance. Neurology 44:2050–4. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990) How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another species. Chicago University Press. [MDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheney, D. L. (1991) Truth and deception in animal communication. In: Cognitive ethology: The minds of other animals, ed. Ristau, C.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chiarello, C. (1988) Lateralization of lexical processes in the normal brain: A review of visual half-field research. In: Contemporary reviews in neuropsychology, ed. Whitaker, H. A.. Springer-Verlag. [FP]Google Scholar
Chollet, F., DiPiero, V., Wise, R. J. S., Dolan, R. J. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: A study with positron emission tomography. Annals of Neurology 29:63–71. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chomsky, N. (1959) Review of Skinner's, B. F.Verbal behavior. Language 35:26–58. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1966) Cartesian linguistics. Harper & Row. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1967) Recent contributions to the theory of innate ideas. Synlhese 17:2–11. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1969) American power and the new Mandarins. Penguin. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1972a) Language and mind, 2d ed.Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. [arRAM, NS]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1972b) Anarchism. In: Essays on socialist humanism, ed. Coates, K.. Dufour. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1972c) Problems of knowledge and freedom. Pantheon. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1975a) The logical structure of linguistic theory. Plenum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1975b) Questions of form and interpretation. Linguistic Analysis 1:75–109. [FJN]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1976) Reflections on language. Temple Smith. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1977) Questions of form and interpretation. In: Essays on form and interpretation, ed. Chomsky, N.. North-Holland. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1978) “Human rights” and American foreign policy. Spokesman Books. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980a) Rules and representations. Columbia University Press. [aRAM, ADF, FJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980b) Rules and representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:1–61. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1981) Lectures on government and binding. Foris. [aRAM, ADF]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1982) Some concepts and consequences of the theory of government and binding. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1987) Modularity in sentence comprehensions. In: Modularity in knowledge representation and natural language understanding, ed. Garfield, . MIT Pess. [ADF]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1988) Language and problems of knowledge. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1993) Language and thought. Moyer Bell. [EP]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1995) The minimalist program. MIT Press. [NS]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. & Hampshire, S. (1968) Discussion on the study of language. The Listener 79:687–91. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. & Ronat, M. (1979) Language and responsibility. Harvester. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chugani, H. T. (1994a) Development of regional brain glucose metabolism in relation to behavior and plasticity. In: Human behavior and the developing brain, ed. Dawson, G. & Fischer, K. W.. Guilford. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Chugani, H. T. (1994b) The role of PET in childhood epilepsy. Journal of Child Neurology 9(suppl.):S82–S88. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chugani, H. T. & Phelps, M. E. (1986) Maturational changes in cerebral function in infants determined by 18FDG positron emission tomography. Science 231:840–3. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chugani, H. T.& Phelps, M. E. (1991) Imaging human brain development with positron emission tomography. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 32:23–26. [aRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Chugani, H. T., Phelps, M. E. & Mazziotta, J. C. (1987) Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Annals of Neurology 22:487–97. [aRAM, BJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chugani, H. T., Miiller, R.-A. & Chugani, D. C. (1996) Functional brain reorganization in children. Brain and Developtnent 18:347–56. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Churchland, P. S. (1986) Netirophilosophy. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1992) The computational brain. MIT Press. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H. (1989) The grammatical characterization of developmental dysphasia. Linguistics 27:897–920. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, E. & Dewhurst, K. (1972) An illustrated history of brain function. Sandford.Google Scholar
Clarke, P. (1981) Chance, repetition, and error in the development of normal nervous systems. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 25:2–19. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clifton, C. Jr & Ferreira, F. (1987) Modularity in sentence comprehension. In: Modularity in knowledge representation and natural language understanding, ed. Garfield, J.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Cohen, H., Gelinas, C., Lassonde, M. & Geoffroy, G. (1991) Auditory lateralization for speech in language-impaired children. Brain and Language 41:395–401. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, L. G., Brasil-Neto, J. P., Pascual-Leone, A. & Hallett, M. (1993) Plasticity of cortical motor output organization following deafferentation, cerebral lesions, and skill aquisitions. In: Electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain and spinal cord, ed. Devinsky, O. & Dogali, M.. Raven. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1987) Functional architecture of the language-processing system. In: The cognitive neuropsychology of language, ed. Coltheart, M., Sartori, G. & Job, R.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P. & Haller, M. (1993) Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review 100:589–608. [JAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connor, J. (1985) Sex-related differences and cognitive skills. In: New directions in cognitive science, ed. Shlechter, T. & Toglia, M.. Ablex. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Corballis, M. C. (1992) On the evolution of language and generativity. Cognition 44:197–226. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corina, D. P., Poizner, H. P., Feinberg, T., Dowd, D. & O'Grady, L. (1992) Dissociation between linguistic and nonlinguistic gestural systems: A case for compositionality. Brain and Language 43:414–47. [DPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corina, D. P., Vaid, J. & Bellugi, U. (1992). The linguistic basis of left hemisphere specialization. Science 255:1258–60. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cottrell, G. W. & Plunkett, K. (1991) Learning the past tense in a recurrent network: Acquiring the mapping from meaning to sounds. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum. [DLK]Google Scholar
Cowan, M. (1979) The development of the brain. Scientific American 9(241):107–17. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Crago, M. B. & Gopnik, M. (1994). From families to phenotypes. Theoretical and clinical implications of research into the genetic basis of specific language impairment: Specific language impairments in children. Paul H. Brookes. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Crain, S. (1991) Language acquisition in the absence of experience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:597–650. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creutzfeldt, O. (1977) Generality of the functional structure of the neocortex. Naturwissenschafien 64:507–17. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Creutzfeldt, O., Ojemann, G. & Lettich, E. (1989) Neuronal activity in the human temporal lobe: I. Responses to speech. Experimental Brain Research 77:451–75. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, F. (1984) Function of the thalamic reticular complex: The searchlight hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81:4586–90. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Critchley, M. (1970) Aphasiologty. Edward Arnold. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Cromer, R. (1974) The development of language and cognition: The cognition hypothesis. In: New perspectives in child development. B. Foss. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Cromer, R. (1983) Hierarchical planning disability in the drawings and constructions of a special group of severrely aphasic children. Brain and Cognition 2:144–64. [KS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crosson, B. (1992) Subcortical functions in language and memory. Guilford. [BJ]Google Scholar
Crosson, B., Parker, J.Albert, K., Warren, R., Kepes, J. & Tully, R. (1986) A case of thalamic aphasia with postmortem verification. Brain and Language 29:301–14. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J. L. (1993) Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Archives of Neurology 50:873–80. [PL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J. & Benson, F. (1989) Speech and language alterations in dementia syndromes. In: Brain organization of language and cognitive processes, ed. Ardila, A. & Ostrosky-Solis, F.. Plenum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Cunnington, R., lansek, R., Bradshaw, J. L. & Philips, J. G. (1995) Movementrelated potentials in Parkinson's disease: Presence and predictability of temporal and spatial cues. Brain 118:935–50. [PL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curran, T., Tucker, D. M., Kutas, M. & Posner, M. I. (1993) Topography of the N400: Brain electrical activity reflecting semantic expectancy. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 88:188–209. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curtiss, S. (1977) Genie. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Curtiss, S. (1982) Developmental dissociations of language and cognition. In: Exceptional language and linguistics, ed. Obler, L. K. & Menn, L.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Curtiss, S. (1988) Abnormal language acquisition and the modularity of language. In: Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, vol. 2, ed. Newmeyer, F.. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Curtiss, S., Katz, W. & Tallal, P. (1992) Delay vs. deviance in the language acquisition of language impaired children. journal of Speech and Hearing Research 35:373–83. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtiss, S. & Jackson, C. A. (in preparation) How well can the right hemisphere acquire grammar? A case report of a left hemidecorticate during the acquisition years. Brain and language. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Curtiss, S. & Tallal, P. (1991) On the nature of the impairment in languageimpaired children. In: Research on child language disorders, ed. Miller, J.. Pro-ed. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Curtiss, S. & Yamada, J. (1981) Selectively intact grammatical development in a retarded child. UCLA Working Papers in Cognitive Linguistics 3:161–75. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Dacey, J. (1989) Peak periods of creative growth across the lifetime. Journal of Creative Behavior 23(4):224–47. [MDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalalakis, J. (1994) English adjectival comparatives and familial language impariment. McGill Working Papers in Linguistics 10:50–66. [MG]Google Scholar
Dalalakis, J. (1995) Bound morphemes in Greek developmental language impairment: A clue tox atypical representations. Unpublished manuscipt, McGill University. [MG]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1989) The brain binds entities and events by multiregional activation from convergence zones. Neural Computation 1:123–32. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1990a) Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. In: Neurobiology of cognition, ed. Eimas, P. & Galaburda, A.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1990b) Synchronous activation in multiple cortical regions: A mechanism for recall. Seminars in the Neurosciences 2:287–96. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1990c) Category-related recognition defects as a clue to the neural substrates of knowledge. Trends in Neumsdence 13:95–98. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, A. R. & Damasio, H. (1994) Cortical systems for retrieval of concrete knowledge: The convergence zone framework. In: Large scale neuronal theories of the brain, ed. Koch, C. & Davis, J. L.. Bradford. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., Tranel, D. & Brandt, J. P. (1990a) Neural regionalization of knowledge access: Preliminary evidence. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 55:1039–47. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. R. & Tranel, D. (1993) Nouns and verbs are retrieved with differently distributed neural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90:4957–60. [aRAM, FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. R., Tranel, D. & Damasio, H. (1990b) Face agnosia and the neural substrates of memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience 13:89–109. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. R.Tranel, D. & Damasio, H. (1991b) Somatic markers and the guidance of behavior: Theory and preliminary testing. In: Frontal lobe function and dysfunction, ed. Levin, H., Eisenberg, H. & Benton, A.. Oxford University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. (1990) The neural basis of memory, language and behavioral guidance: Advances with the lesion method in humans. Seminars in the Neurosciences 2:277–86. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Damasio, H., Grabowski, T. J., Tranel, D., Hichwa, R. D. & Damasio, A. R. (1996) A neural basis for lexical retrieval. Nature 380:499–505. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, H., Kuljis, R. O., Yuh, W., Van Hoesen, C. W. & Ehrhardt, J. (1991a) Magnetic resonance imaging of human intracortical structure in vivo. Cerebral Cortex 1:374–79. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danek, A., Bauer, M. & Fries, W. (1990) Tracing of neuronal connections in the human brain by magnetic resonance imaging ‘in vivo.’ European Journal of Neuroscience 2:112–15. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daugherty, K. & Seidenberg, M. S. (1992) Rules or connections? The past tense revisited. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daugherty, K.& Seidenberg, M. S. (1994) Beyond rules and exceptions: A connectionist approach to inflectional morphology. In: The reality of linguistic ndes, ed. Lima, S. D., Corrigan, R. L. & Iverson, G. K.. Benjamins. [DLK]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1986) The blind watchmaker. Norton. [MDH, PTS]Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1988) The communicative repertoire of captive bonobos (Pan paniscus), compared to that of chimpanzees. Behaviour 54:183–251. [MDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deacon, T. W. (1988) Human brain evolution: 2. Embryology and brain allometry. In: Intelligence and evolutionary biology, ed. Jerison, H. J. & Jerison, I.. Springer-Verlag. [PTS]Google Scholar
Deacon, T. W. (1990) Rethinking mammalian brain evolution. American Zoologist 30:629–705. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deadwyler, S. A. & Hampson, R. E. (1995) Ensemble activity and behavior: What's the code? Science 270:1316–18. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, R. (1986) Lateralization of cerebral functions. In: The neuropsychology handbook, ed. Wedding, D., MacNeill, A. & Webster, J.. Springer-Verlag. [aRAM]Google Scholar
DeCasper, A. J. & Fifer, W. P. (1980) Of human bonding: Newboms prefer their mothers' voices. Science 208:1174–76. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeCasper, A. J. & Spence, M. J. (1986) Prenatal maternal speeech influences newboms' perception of speech sounds. Infant Behavior and Development 9:133–50. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decety, J., Sjoeholm, H., Ryding, E., Stenberg, G. & lngvar, D. H. (1990) The cerebellum participates in mental activity: Tomographic measurements of regional cerebral blood flow. Brain Research 535:313–17. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dell, G. S. & O'Seaghdha, P. (1992) Stages of lexical access in language production. Cognition 42:287–314. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demers, R. (1988) Linguistics and animal communication. In: Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, vol. 3, ed. Newmeyer, F.. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Démonet, J.-F., Wise, R. & Frackowiak, R. (1993) Language functions explored in normal subjects by positron emission tomography: A critical review. Human Brain Mapping 1:39–47. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Démonet, J.-F., Celsis, P., Nespoulos, J.-L., Viallard, G., Mare-Vergnes, J.-P. & Rascoi, A. (1992) Cerebral blood flow correlates of word monitoring in sentences: Influence of semantic incoherence. A SPECT study in normals. Neuropsychologia 30:1–11. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Démonet, J.-F., Puel, M., Celsis, P. & Cardebat, D. (1991) “Subcortical” aphasia: Some proposed pathophysiological mechanisms and their rCBF correlates revealed by SPECT. Journal of Neurolinguistics 6:319–44. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denckla, M. B. (1993) The child with developmental disabilities grown up: Adult residua of childhood disorders. Behavioral Neurology 11:105–25. [aRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Denenberg, V. H. (1984) Behavioral asymmetry. In: Cerebral dominance, ed. Geschwind, N. & Galaburda, A. M.. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Dennis, M. (1980) Capacity and strategy for syntactic comprehension after left or right hemidecortication. Brain and Language 10:287–317. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, W. (1951) A further analysis of reports of wild children. Child Development 22:153–8. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Descartes, R. (1637/1934) Discours de la Méthode. Librairie Larousse. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Devinsky, O., Perrine, K., Llinas, R., Luciano, D. J. & Dogali, M. (1993) Anterior temporal language areas in patients with early onset of temporal lobe epilepsy. Annals of Neurology 34:727–32. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeVos, K. J., Wyllie, E., Geckler, C., Kotagal, P. & Comair, Y. (1995) Language dominance in patients with early childhood tumors near left hemisphere language areas. Neurology 45:349–56. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamond, J. M. (1988) DNA-based phylogenies of the three chimpanzees. Nature 332:685–86. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamond, M. C. (1990) Morphological cortical changes as a consequence of learning and experience. In: Neuwbiology of higher cognitive function, ed. Scheibel, A. & Wechsler, A.. Guilford. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Diamond, M. C., Scheibel, A., Murphy, G. & Harvey, T. (1985) On the brain of a scientist: Albert Einstein. Experimental Neurology 88:198–204. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dingwall, W. O. (1979) The evolution of human communication systems. In: Studies in neurolinguistics, vol. 4, ed. Whitaker, H. & Whitaker, H. A.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Dingwall, W. O. (1988) The evolution of human communicative behavior. In: Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, vol. 3, ed. Newmeyer, F.. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Dittman, A. H. & Quinn, T. P. (1996) Homing in Pacific salmon: Mechanisms and ecological basis. Journal of Experimental Biology 199:83–91. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorman, C. (1991) Exceptional calendar calculation ability after early left hemispherectomy. Brain and Cognition 15:26–36. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Druks, J. & Marshall, J. C. (1991) Agrammatism: An analysis and critique, with new evidence from four Hebrew-speaking aphasic patients. Cognitive Neuropsychology 8:415–33. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druzinsky, R. E. (1995) Incisal biting in the mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) and woodchuck (Mannota monax). Journal of Morphology 226:79–111. [SFW][CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duchowny, M. & Jayakar, P. (1993) Functional cortical mapping in children. In: Electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain and spinal cord, ed. Devinsky, O., Beric, A. & Dogali, M.. Raven. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Du Pasquier, L. (1993) Phylogeny of B-cell development. Current Opinion in Immunology 5:185–93. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dyck, A. P. & Macarthur, R. A. (1993) Seasonal variation in the microclimate and gas-composition of beaver lodges in a boreal environment. Journal of Mammalogy 74:180–88. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckhorn, R. (1991) Stimulus-specific synchronizations in the visual cortex: Linking of local features into global figures? In: Netironal cooperativity, ed. Krüger, J.. Springer-Verlag. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. (1987) Neural Danvinism: The theory ofneuronal group selection. Basic Books. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Eicher, P. S. & Batshaw, M. L. (1993) Cerebral palsy. The Child with Developmental Disabilities 40:537–51. [aRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Eisenson, J. (1984) Adult aphasia. Prentice-Hall. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Elbert, T., Pantev, C., Wienbruch, C., Rockstroh, B. & Taub, E. (1995) Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science 270:305–7. [BJ, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eldredge, N. & Tattersall, I. (1982) The mytlis of human evolution. Columbia University Press. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, A. (1987) Intimations of modularity, or, the modularity of mind: Doing cognitive neuropsychology without syndromes. In: The cognitive neuropsychology of language, ed. Coltheart, M., Sartori, C. & Job, R.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Ellis, A. & Young, A. (1988) Human cognitive neuropsychology. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Elman, J. L. (1993) Learning and development in neural networks: The importance of being small. Cognition 48:71–99. [aRAM, CS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elman, J. L., Bates, E., Johnson, M. H., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D. & Plunkett, K. (1996) Rethinking nativism: A connectionist perspective on development. MIT Press. [MR-G]Google Scholar
Engel, A. K., König, P. & Singer, W. (1991) Direct physiological evidence for scene segmentation by temporal coding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 88:9136–40. [aRAM, ADF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eubank, L. & Gregg, K. R. (1995) Et in amydala ego: UG, (S)LA and neurobiology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17:13–57. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
K., Faber-Langendoen, Morris, J. C., Knesevich, J. W., LaBarge, E., Miller, J. P. & Berg, L. (1988) Aphasia in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Annals of Neurology 23:365–70. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Falk, D. (1987) Hominid paleoneurology. Annual Review of Anthropology 16:13–30. [PTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farah, M., O'Reilly, R. C. & Vecera, S. P. (1993) Dissociated overt and covert recognition as an emergent property of a lesioned neural network. Psychological Review 100:571–88. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farah, M. J. & Wallace, M. A. (1992) Semantically-bounded anomia: Implications for the neural implementation of naming. Neuropsychologia 30:609–21. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, H. M., Holland, A. L., Kemp, S. S. & Jonosky, J. E. (1992) Language development after unilateral brain injury. Brain and Language 42:89–102. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Femald, A. (1991) Prosody in speech to children: Prelinguistic and linguistic functions. In: Annals of Child Development, ed. Vasta, R.. Jessica Kingsley. [BJ]Google Scholar
Fiez, J. A., Petersen, S. E., Cheney, M. K. & Raichle, M. E. (1992) Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage. Brain 115:155–78. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiez, J. A., Raichle, M. E., Tallal, O. A. & Petersen, S. E. (1993) Activation of a left frontal area near Broca's area during auditory detection and phonological access tasks. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 13(suppl.l):504. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Fiez, J. A., Tallal, P., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, F. M., Katz, W. F. & Petersen, S.E. (1995). PET studies of auditory and phonological processing: Effects of stimulus characteristics and task demands. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7:357–75. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fifer, W. P. & Moon, C. (1995) The effects of fetal experience with sound. In: Fetal development, ed. Lecanuet, J.-P., Fifer, W. P., Krasnegor, N. A. & Sinotherman, W. P.. Erlbaum. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Fischer, J. L. (1988) Grasping and the gesture theory of language. In: The genesis of language, ed. Landsberg, M. E.. Mouton de Gruyter. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Fischer, K. (1980) A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review 87:477–531. [SAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1981) Representations. Harvester. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press. [arRAM, ADF, BJ, PL, FJN, NS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1985) Précis of The modularity of mind [incl. open peer commentary]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:1–42. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. & Pylyshyn, Z. (1988) Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. Cognition 28:3–71. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forster, K. I. (1987) Binding, plausibility, and modularity. In: Modularity in knowledge representation and natural-language understanding, ed. Garfield, J.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Fouts, R. S., Fouts, D. H. & Van Canfort, T. E. (1989) The infant Loulis learns signs from cross-fostered chimpanzees. In: Teaching sign language to chimpanzees, ed. Gardner, R. A., Cardner, B. T. & Van Cantfort, T. E.. State University of New York Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Fox, P. T. & Pardo, J. V. (1991) Does inter-subject variability in cortical functional organization increase with neural ‘distance’ from the periphery? Ciba Foundation Symposium 163:125–44. [aRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Fox, P. T., Petersen, S., Posner, M. & Raichle, M. E. (1988) Is Broca's area language-specific? Neurology 38 (suppl.):172. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Frackowiak, R. S. J., Dettmers, K. M., Stephan, K. M., Warburton, L., Wise, R.J. S. & Lemon, R. N. (1995) Reorganization of the executive motor pathways after stroke. Neurology 45(suppl.4)A428. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Frackowiak, R. S. J., Weiller, C. & Chollet, F. (1991). The functional anatomy of recovery from brain injury. Ciba Foundation Symposium 163:235–49. [aRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Francis, W. N. & Kucera, H. (1982) Computational analysis of English usage: Lexicon and grammar. Houghton Mifflin. [FP]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. (1991) The physiology of perception. Scientific American 2(264):34–41. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. & Maurer, K. (1989) Advances in brain theory give new directions to the use of the technologies of brain inapping in behavioral studies. In: Topographic brain mapping of EEC and evoked potentials, ed. Maurer, K.. Springer-Verlag. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Friberg, L. (1993) Brain mapping in thinking and language function. Ada Neurochirurgica 56(suppl.):34–39. [aRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Friederici, A. D. (1982) Production and comprehension of prepositions in aphasia. Neuropsychologia 19:191–99. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friederici, A. D. (1985) Levels of processing and vocabulary types: Evidence from on-line comprehensions in normals and agrammatics. Cognition 19:133–66. [ADF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friederici, A. D. (1990) On the properties of cognitive modules. Psychological Research 52:175–80. [aRAM, ADF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friederici, A. D. (1995) The time course of syntatic activation during language processing: A model based on neuropsychological and neurophysiological data. Brain and Language 50:259–81. [ADF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friederici, A. D. & Hahne, A. (1995) First pass versus second pass parsing processes in a Wernicke's and a Broca's aphasic: Electrophysiological evidence from a sentential priming study. Brain and Ianguage 51:85–87. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Friederici, A. D., Hahne, A. & Mecklinger, A. (1996) The temporal structure of syntactic parsing: Early and late effects elicited by syntactic anomalies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 22:1–31. [ADF, rRAM]Google Scholar
Friederici, A. D. & Frazier, Lyn (1992) Thematic analysis in agraminatic comprehension: syntactic structures and task demands. Brain & Language 42:1–29. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friederici, A. D. & Kilborn, K. (1989) Syntactic priming in Broca's aphasia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1:262–72. [ADF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friederici, A. D. & Mecklinger, A. (1996) Syntactic parsing as revealed by brain responses: First-pass and second pass processes. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 25:157–75. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friederici, A. D., Pfeifer, E. & Hahne, A. (1993) Event-related brain potentials during natural speech processing: Effects of semantic, morphological and syntactic violations. Cognitive Brain Research 1:183–92. [aRAM, ADF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, S. & Cocking, R. (1986) Instructional influences on cognition and on the brain. In: The brain, cognition, and education, ed. Friedman, S., Klivington, K. & Peterson, R.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Fromkin, V. (1988) The state of brain/language research. In: language, communication, and tlie brain, ed. Plum, F.. Raven. [aRAM]Google Scholar
V, Fromkin, ed. (1995a) Special issue on syntactic processing in aphasia (part 1). Brain & Language 51(1). [YG, rRAM]Google Scholar
V, Fromkin, ed. (1995b) Special issue on syntactic processing in aphasia (part 2). Brain & Language 51(2). [YG, rRAM]Google Scholar
V, Fromkin, ed. (1995c) Special issue on syntactic processing in aphasia (part 3). Brain & Language 51(3). [YG, rRAM]Google Scholar
Fukuda, S. E. & Fukuda, S. (1994) To voice or not to voice: The operations of Rendaku in the Japanese developmentally langnage-imparied. McGill Working Papers in Linguistics 10:178–93. [ADF, MG]Google Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (1985) The prefrontal cortex, mediator of cross-temporal contingencies. Human Neurobiology 4:169–79. [PTS]Google ScholarPubMed
Galaburda, A. M. (1984) Anatomical asymmetries. In: Cerebral dominance, ed. Geschwind, N. & Galaburda, A. M.. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Galaburda, A. M. (1988) The pathogenesis of childhood dyslexia. In: Language, communication, and the brain, ed. Plum, F.. Raven. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Galnburda, A. M., Rosen, G. D. & Sherman, C. F. (1989) The neural origin of developmental dyslexia: Implications for medicine, neurology, and cognition. In: From reading to neurons, ed. Galaburda, A. M.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Galnburda, A. M., Rosen, G. D. & Sherman, C. F. (1990) Individual variability in cortical organization: Its relationship to brain laterality and implications to function. Neuropsychologia 28:529–46. [aram]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganis, G. & Chater, N. (1991) Can double dissociation uncover the modularity of cognitive processes? In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum. [aRAM; JAB]Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Paladin. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Gardner, R. A. & Gardner, B. (1969) Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science 165:664–72. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, R. A., Gardner, B. T. & Drumm, P. (1989) Voiced and signed responses of cross-fostered chimpanzees. In: Teaching sign language to chimpanzees, ed. Gardner, R. A., Gardner, B. T. & Cantfort, T. E. Van. State University of New York Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Garfield, J. (1987) Modularity in knowledge representation and natural language understanding. MIT Press. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garnsey, S. M. (1985) Function wonts and content words: Reaction time and evoked potential measures of word recognition. University of Rochester.[FP]Google Scholar
Garrett, M. F. (1976) Syntactic processes in sentence production. In: New approaches of language mechanisms, ed. Wales, R. & Walker, E.. North-Holland. [KS]Google Scholar
Garrett, M. F. (1988) Processes in language production. In: Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, vol. 3, ed. Newmeyer, F.. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Garrett, M. F. (1992) Disorders of lexical selection. Cognition 42:143–80. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1985) The social brain. Basic Books. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1988) The dynamics of cerebral specializations and modular interactions. In: Thought without language, ed. Weiskrantz, L.. Clarendon. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1992) Nature's mind. Basic Books. [DLK]Google Scholar
Gernsbacher, M. A. (1991) Cognitive processes and mechanisms in language comprehension. In: The psijchology of learning ami motivation, vol. 28, ed. Bower, G. H.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1965/1974) Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. In: Selected papers on language and the brain, ed. Geschwind, N.. Rcidel. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1970) The organization of language and the brain. Science 170:940–4. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geschwind, N. (1979) Specializations of the human brain. Scientific American 9(241):158–71. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. & Behan, P. O. (1984) Laterality, hormones, and immunity. In: Cerebral dominance, ed. Geschwind, N. & Galaburda, A. M.. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Geschwind, N. & Levitsky, W. (1968/1974) Human brain: Left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region. In: Selected papers on language and the brain, ed. Ccschwind, N.. Reidel. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Ghez, C. (1991) The cerebellum. In: Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed., ed. Schwartz, J. H. & Jessell, T. M.. Elsevier. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Gibbons, A. (1990) Our chimp cousins get that much closer. Science 250:376. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, K. R. (1988) Brain size and the evolution of language. In: The genesis of language, ed. Landsberg, M. E.. Mouton de Gruyter. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Gilberg, C. (1989) Autism: Specific problems of adolescence. In: Diagnosis and treatment of autism, ed. Gilberg, C.. Plenum. [MDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, J. (1988) The long-term linguistic consequences of head injury in childhood: A review. In: Language, speech and mind, ed. Hyman, L. & C, Li.Routledge. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Gilbert, W. (1991) Gene structure and evolutionary theory. In: New perspectives on evolution, ed. Warren, L. & Koprowski, H.. Wiley-Liss. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Gilinsky, A. (1984) Mind and brain. Praeger. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Givén, , Talmy, (1989) Mind, code and context: Essays in pragmatics. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Givén, , Talmy, (1995) Functionalistm and grammar. Benjamins. [FJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glees, P. (1980) Functional cerebral reorganization following hemspherectomy in man and after small experimental lesions in primates. In: Recovery of function: Theoretical considerations for brain injtiry rehabilitation, ed. Bach-y-Rita, P.. University Park Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Gleitman, L., Gleitman, H., Landau, B. & Wanner, E. (1988) Where learning begins: Initial representations for language learning. In: Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, ed. Newmeyer, F., vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Goad, H. & Rebellati, C. (1994) Pluralization in familial language impairment:Affixation or compounding? McGill Working Papers in Linguistics 10:24–40. [ADF, MG]Google Scholar
Goldberg, E. (1990b) Higher cortical functions in humans: The gradiental approach. In: Contemporary neuropsychology and the legacy of Luria, ed. Goldberg, E.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Goldin-Meadow, S. & Feldman, H. (1977) The development of language-like communication without a language model. Science 197:401–3. [MR-G]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman-Rakic, P. (1986) Setting the stage: Neural development before birth. In: The brain, cognition, and education, ed. Friedman, S., Klivington, K. & Peterson, R.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Goldstein, K. (1948) Language and language disturbances. Grune & Stratton [aRAM]Google Scholar
Goodall, J. (1971) In the shadow of man. William Collins. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Goodall, J. (1979) Life and death at Gombe. National Geographic 155(5):592–621. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Goodglass, H. & Budin, C. (1988) Category and modality specific dissociations in word comprehension and concurrent phonological dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 26:67–78. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodglass, H. & Kaplan, E. (1979) Assessment of cognitive deficit in the brain injured patient. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology: 2. Neuropsychology, ed. Gazzaniga, M.. Plenum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Goodglass, H. & Menn, L. (1985) Is agrammatism a unitary phenomenon? In: Agrammatism, ed. Kean, M. L.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Goodman, R. (1989) Infantile autism: A syndrome of multiple primary deficits? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 19:409–24. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gopnick, A. & Meltzoff, A. N. (1986) Words, plans, things, and locations: Interactions between semantic and cognitive development in the one-word stage. In: The development of word meaning, ed. Kucjaz, S. & Barrett, M.. Springer-Verlag. [SAG]Google Scholar
Gopnik, M. (1990) Feature blindness: A case study, language Acquisition 1:139–64. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gopnik, M. (1994) Impairments of tense in a familial language disorder. Journal of Neurolinguistics 8:109–33. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gopnik, M. & Crago, M. B. (1991) Familial aggregation of a developmental language disorder. Cognition 39:1–50. [arRAM, PTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gopnik, M., Dalalakis, J., Fukuda, S. E., Fukuda, S. & Kehayia, E. (1995) Genetic language impairment: Unruly grammars. In: Evolution of social behaviour patterns in primates and man, ed. Smith, J. M.. Proceedings of the British Academy. [MG, rRAM]Google Scholar
Gordon, B. & Caramazza, A. (1982) Lexical decision for open- and closed-class words: Failure to replicate differential frequency sensitivity. Brain and Language 15:143–60. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, B. & Caramazza, A. (1985) Lexical access and frequency sensitivity: Frequency saturation and open/closed class equivalence. Cognition 21:95–115. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, B., Hart, J., Lesser, R., Seines, O. & Uematsu, S. (1990) Intrahemispheric connectivity and individual variations in neuroanatomic organization of language revealed by direct cortical electrical interference mapping. Paper presented at the TENNET Conference, Montreal, 05. [aRAM, ADF]Google Scholar
Gordon, P. (1985) Level-ordering in lexical development. Cognition 21:73–93. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, G. (1995) Some conceptual deficiences in “developmental” behavior genetics. Human Development 38:131–41. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1977) Ontogeny and phylogeny. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1982) Darwinism and the expansion of evolutionary theory. Science 216:380–7. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grafman, J. (1994) Alternative frameworks for the conceptualization of prefrontal lobe functions. In: Handbook of neuropsychology, vol. 9, ed. Boller, F. & Grafman, J.. Elsevier. [DLK]Google Scholar
Gray, C. M., König, P., Engel, A. K. & Singer, W. (1989) Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit intercolumnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 338:334–37. [aRAM, ADF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graziano, M. S. A., Yap, G. S. & Gross, C. G. (1994) Coding of visual space by premotor neurons. Science 266:1054–57. [PL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenfield, P. (1991) Language, tools, and brain: The development and evolution of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:531–95. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenfield, P. M. & Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1990) Grammatical combination in ‘Pan Paniscus’: Processes of learning and invention in the evolution and development of language. In: Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes ed. Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R.. Cambridge University Press. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Greenfield, P. M. & Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1991) Imitation, grammatical development, and the invention of protogrammar by an ape. In Biological and behavioral determinants of language development, ed. Krasnegor, N., Rumbaugh, D., Studdert-Kennedy, M. & Schiefelbusch, R.. Erlbaum. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Greenfield, P. M. & Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1993) Comparing communicative competence in child and chimp: The pragmatics of repetition. Journal of Child Language 20:1–26. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenough, W. & Bailey, C. (1988) The anatomy of memory: Convergence of results across a diversity of tests. Trends in Neurosciences 11:142–47. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimm, H. & Weinert, S. (1990) Is the syntax development of dysphasic children deviant and why? New findings to an old question. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 33:220–28. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grodzinsky, Y. (1984) The syntactic characterization of agrammatism. Cognition 20:99–120. [YG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grodzinsky, Y. (1988) Syntactic representations in agrammatism: The case of prepositions. Language and Speech 31:115–34. [YG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grodzinsky, Y. (1990) Theoretical perspectives on language deficits. MIT Press. [aRAM, YG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grodzinsky, Y. (in press) Comparative aphasiology: Some preliminary notes. In: Aphasiology, ed. Bastiaanse, R. & Visch-Brink, E.. Swets & Zeitlinger. [YG]Google Scholar
Grodzinsky, Y., ed. (1993) Special issue on grammatical investigations of aphasia. Brain and Language 45(1). [YG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grodzinsky, Y., Swinney, D. & Zurif, E. (1985) Agrammatism: Structural deficits and antecedent processing disruptions. In: Agrammatism, ed. Kean, M. L.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Grossman, M., Carvell, S., Stem, M. B., Gollomp, S. & Hurtig, H. I. (1992) Sentence comprehension in Parkinson's disease: The role of attention and memory. Brain and Language 42:347–84. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gustafsson, B., Wigström, H., Abraham, W. C. & Huang, Y. Y. (1987) Long term potentiation in the hippocampus using depolarizing current pulses as the conditioning stimulus to single volley synaptic potentials. Journal of Neuroscience 7:774–80. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haglund, M. M., Ojemann, G. A. & Hochman, Daryl W. (1992) Optical imaging of epileptiform and functional activity in human cerebral cortex. Nature 358:668–71. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haglund, M. M., Ojemann, G. A., Lettich, E., Bellugi, U. & Corina, D. (1993) Dissociation of cortical and single unit activity in spoken and signed languages, Brain and Language 44:19–27. [arRAM, DPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanlon, R. E., Brown, J. W. & Gerstman, L. J. (1990) Enhancement of naming in nonfluent aphasia through gesture. Brain and Language 38:298–314. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanson, S. J. & Burr, D. (1990) What connectionist models learn: Learning and representation in eonnectionist networks. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:471–518. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, J., Berndt, R. S. & Caramazza, A. (1985) Category-specific naming deficit following cerebral infarction. Nature 316:439–40. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, J. & Gordon, B. (1992) Neural subsystems for object knowledge. Nature 359:60–64. [DB, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, M. D. (1996) The evolution of communication. MIT Press. [MDH]Google Scholar
Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Ungerleider, L. G. & Horwitz, B. (1991) Mapping the functional neuroanatomy of the intact human brain with brain work imaging. Neuropsychologia 29:539–55. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hay, D. A. (1985) Essentials of behaviour genetics. Blackwell. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Head, H. (1926) Aphasia and kindred disorders of speech. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of behavior. A neuropsychological theory. Wiley. [aRAM, FP]Google Scholar
Heffner, H. E. & Heffner, R. S. (1984) Temporal lobe lesions and perception of species-specific vocalizations by macaques. Science 226:75–76. [arRAM, MDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heit, G., Smith, M. E. & Halgren, E. (1988) Neural encoding of individual words and faces by the human hippocampus and amygdala. Nature 333:773–75. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hertz-Pannier, L., Gaillard, W. D., Mott, S., Weinstein, S., Conry, J., Theodore, W. H. & LeBihan, D. (1995) Functional MRI of language tasks: Frontal diffuse activation patterns in children. Human Brain Mapping 1(suppl.):231. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Hickok, G., Kritchevsky, M., Bellugi, U. & Klima, E. S. (1995) The role of the left frontal operculum in sign language aphasia: Clues to the function of Broca's area. Brain and Language 51:179–81. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Hillis, A. E. & Caramazza, A. (1991) Category-specific naming and comprehension impairment: A double dissociation. Brain 114:2081—94. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Hinton, G., MeClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986) Distributed representations. In: Parallel distributed processing, vol. 1, ed. MeClelland, J. & Rumelhart, D.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. & Shallice, T. (1991) Lesioning an attractor network: Investigations of acquired dyslexia. Psychological Review 98:74–95. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hohmann, G. & Fruth, B. (1994) Structure and use of distance calls in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus). International Journal of Primatology 15:767–82. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holcomb, P. J. (1993) Semantic priming and stimulus degradation: Implications for the role of the N400 in language processing. Psychophysiology 30:47–61. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holloway, R. L. (1995) Toward a synthetic thoery of human brain evolution. In: Origins of the human brain, ed. Changeux, J.-P. & Chavaillon, J.. Clarendon Press. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Honey, R. C., Horn, G., Bateson, P. & Walpole, M. (1995) Functionally distinct memories for imprinting stimuli: Behavioral and neural dissociations. Behavioral Neuroscience 109:689–98. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hook, S., ed. (1969) Language and philosophy. New York University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Hopkins, W. D. & Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1991) Vocal communication as a function of differential rearing experiences in Pan paniscus: A preliminary report. International Journal of Primatology 12:559–83. [arRAM, MDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, S. L., Sinnott, J. M., Owren, M. J. & Petersen, M. R. (1992) Differential sensitivity of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and humans (Homo sapiens) to peak position along a synthetic coo call continuum. Journal of Comparative Psychology 106:128–36. [MDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopper, P. (1987) Emergent grammar. Berkeley Linguistics Society 13:139–57. [PTS]Google Scholar
Hopper, P. J. & Traugott, E. C. (1993) Grammaticalization. Cambridge University Press. [PTS]Google Scholar
Horwitz, W. A., Kestenbaum, C., Person, E. & Jarvik, L. (1965) Identical twin— “idiot savant”—calendar calculators. American Journal of Psychiatry 121:1075–79. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, D. (1985) Agrammatism. In: Current perspectives in dysphasia, ed. Newman, S. & Epstein, R.. Churchill Livingstone. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Howard, D., Patterson, K., Wise, R., Brown, W. D., Friston, K., Weiller, C. & Frackowiak, R. (1992) The cortical localization of the lexicons. Brain 115:1769–82. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, Y.-H., Qiou, Y.-G. & Zhong, G.-Q. (1990) Crossed aphasia in Chinese: A clinical survey. Brain and Language 39:347–56. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huber, W., Poeck, K. & Weniger, D. (1989) Aphasie. In: Klinische neuropsychologie, ed. Poeck, K.. Georg Thieme. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Hubel, D. & Wiesel, T. (1970) The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. Journal of Physiology 206:419–36. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudspeth, W. J. & Pribram, K. H. (1990) Stages of brain and cognitive maturation. Journal of Educational Psychology 82:881–84. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughlings-Jackson, J. (1878/1955) On affections of speech from disease of the brain. Brain 1:304–30. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurford, J. R. (1991) The evolution of the critical period for language acquisition. Cognition 40:159–201. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurst, J. A., Baraitser, M., Auguer, E., Graham, F. & Norell, S. (1990) An extended family with an inherited speech disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 32:347–55. [MG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurtig, R. R., Hichwa, R. D., O'Leary, D. S., Boles Ponto, L. L., Narayana, S., Watkins, G. L. & Andreason, N. C. (1994) Effects of timing and duration of cognitive activation in [150]water PET studies. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 14:423–30. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irle, E. (1990) An anlysis of the correlation oflesion size, localization and behavioral effects in 283 published studies of cortical and subcortical lesions in old-world monkeys. Brain Research Review 15:181–213. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivry, R. (1993) Cerebellar involvement in the explicit representation of temporal information. In: Temporal information processing in the nervous system, ed. Tallal, P., Galaburda, A. M. & Llinás, R. R. & von Euler, C.. New York Academy of Sciences. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Jacobs, B. (1988) Neurobiologieal differentiation of primary and secondary language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 10:303–37. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, B. (1995) Dis-integrating perspectives of language acquisition: A response to Eubank and Gregg. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17:65–71. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, B., Schall, M. & Scheibel, A. B. (1993) A quantitative dendritic analysis of Wernicke's area in humans: 2. Gender, hemispheric, and environmental factors. Journal of Comparative Neurology 327:97–111. [arRAM, FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, B. & Scheibel, A. B. (1993) A quantitative dendritic analysis of Wernicke's area in humans: 1. Lifespan changes. Journal of Comparative Neurology 327:83–96. [arRAM, FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, B. & Schumann, J. (1992) Language acquisition and the neurosciences: Towards a more integrative perspective. Applied Linguistics 13:282–301. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, W. J. & Nadel, L. (1985) Stress-induced recovery of fears and phobias. Psychological Review 92:512–31. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaeger, J. J., Lockwood, A. H., Kemmerer, D. L., Van Valen, R. D., Murphy, B. W. & Khalak, M. G. (1996) A positron emission tomographie study of regular and irregular verb morphology in English. Language, 72(3):np. [DLK, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaeggli, O. & Safir, K. (1989) The null subject parameter and parametric theory. In: The null subject parameter, ed. Jaeggli, O. & Safir, K.. Kluwer. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jagadeesh, B., Gray, C. M. & Ferster, D. (1992) Visually evoked oscillations of membrane potential in cells of cat visual cortex. Science 257:552–54. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jerison, H. J. (1985a) On the evolution of mind. In: Brain and mind, ed. Oakley, D.. Methuen. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1985b) Animal intelligence as encephalization. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B 308:21–35. [PTS]Google ScholarPubMed
Jerne, N. K. (1985) The generative grammar of the immune system. Science 229:1057–59. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jernigan, T. L. & Bellugi, U. (1990) Anomalous brain morphology on magnetic resonance images in Williams syndrome and Downs syndrome. Archives of Neurology 47:529–33. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jernigan, T. L. & Bellugi, U. (1994) Neuroanatomical distinctions between Williams and Down syndromes. In: Atypical cognitive deficits in developmental disorders, ed. Broman, S. H. & Grafman, J.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Jernigan, T. L., Trauner, D.A., Hesselink, J. R. & Tallal, P. A. (1991) Maturation of human cerebrum observed in vivo during adolescence. Brain 114:2037–49. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jessell, T. M. (1991) Reactions of neurons to injury. In: Principles of neural science. 3d ed., ed. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. & Jessel, T. M.. Elsevier. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Johansson, B. B. & Grabowski, M. (1994) Functional recovery after brain infarction: Plasticity and neural recovery. Brain Pathology 4:84–95. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, E. R. (1989) Electrophysiologieal and radiographic evidence for the mediation of memory by an anatomically distributed system. In: Dynamics of sensory and cognitive processing by the brain, ed. Basar, E.. Springer- Verlag. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. H. (1993) Constraints on cortical plasticity. In: Brain development and cognition, ed. Johnson, M. J.. Blackwell. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Johnston, J. & Weismer, S. (1983) Mental rotation abilities in languagedisordered children, journal of Speech and Hearing Research 26:397–403. [NS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jueptner, M., Rijntjes, C.Weiller, C., Faiss, J. H.Timmann, D., Mueller, S. P. & Diener, H. C. (1995) Localization of a cerebellar timing process using PET. Neurology 45:1540–45. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jügens, U. (1990) Vocal communication in primates. In: Neurobiology of comparative cognition, ed. Kesner, R. P. & Olton, D. S.. Erlbaum. [MDH]Google Scholar
Kaas, J. (1987) The organization and evolution of the neocortex. In: Higher brain functions, ed. Wise, S.. Wiley. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Kaas, J.Nelson, R., Sur, M., Lin, C.-S. & Merzenich, M. (1979) Multiple representations of the body within the primary somatosensory cortex of primates. Science 204:521–23. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992) Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. MIT Press. [SAG, MR-G]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1994) Précis of Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Behavior and Brain Sciences 17:693–45. [MR-G, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, J. J. & Bever, T. G. (1976) The fall and rise of empiricism. In: An integrated theory of linguistic ability, ed. Bever, T. et al. Crowell. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Katz, J. J. & Fodor, J. A. (1964) The structure of semantic theory. In: The structure of language, ed. Katz, J. & Fodor, J.. Prentice-Hall. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Katz, M. J. (1983) Ontopbyletics. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 26:323–33. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kean, M.-L. (1977) The linguistic interpretation of aphasia. Cognition 5:9–46. [YG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kean, M.-L. (1982) Three perspectives for the analysis of aphasic syndromes. In: Neural models of language processes, ed. Arbib, M., Caplan, D. & Marshall, J.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Keele, S. W. & Ivry, R. (1991) Does the cerebellum provide a common computation for diverse tasks? A timing hypothesis. New York Academy of Science 608:179–211. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, J. & J, Dodd. (1991) Anatomical organization of the nervous system. In: Principles of neural science. 3d ed., ed. Kandel, E. R. & Schwartz, J. H.. Elsevier. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Kelly, R. & Tomlinson-Keasy, C. (1981) The effect of auditory input on cerebral laterality. Brain and Language 13:67–77. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemper, T. L. (1984) Asymmetrical lesions in dyslexia. In: Cerebral dominance, ed. Geschwind, N. & Galaburda, A. M.. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Kempler, D., Curtiss, S. & Jackson, C. (1987) Syntactic preservation in Alzheimer's disease, journal of Speech and Hearing Research 30:343–50. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kesner, R. P. (1990) Memory for frequency in rats: Role of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Behavioral and Neural Biology 53:402–10. [PTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kesner, R. P. & Holbrook, T. (1987) Dissociation of item and order spatial memory in rats following medial prefrontal cortex lesions. Neuropsychologia 25:653–64. [PTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keverne, E. B. (1994) Molecular-genetic approaches to understanding braindevelopment and behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 19:407–14. [SFW, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilborn, K. (1991) Selective impairment of grammatical morphology due to induced stress in normal listeners: Implications for aphasia. Brain and Language [special issue on crosslinguistic aphasia] 41:275–88. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J. J., Marcus, G. F, Pinker, S., Hollander, M. & Coppola, M. (1994) Sensitivity of children's inflection to morphological structure, journal of Child Language 21:173–209. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J. J., Pinker, S., Prince, A. & Prasada, S. (1991) Why no mere mortal has ever flown out to center field. Cognitive Science 15:173–218. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, S.-G., Ugurbil, K. & Strick, P. L. (1994) Activation of a cerebellar output nucleus during cognitive processing. Science 265:949–51. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, D. (1979) Neuromotor mechanisms in the evolution of human communication. In: Neurobiology of social communication in primates, ed. Steklis, H. D. & Raleigh, M. J.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Kimura, D. (1985) Male brain, female brain: The hidden difference. Psychology Today 19(11):50–8. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Kimura, D. (1992) Sex differences in the brain. Scientific American 267:80–7. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, D. & Watson, N.. (1989) The relation between oral movement control and speech. Brain and Language 37:565–90. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, M., Aosaki, T. & Graybiel, A. (1993) Role of basal ganglia in the acquisition and initiation of learned movmeent. In: Role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in voluntary movements, ed. Mano, N., Hamada, I. & DeLong, M. R.. Elsevier. [PL]Google Scholar
Kluender, K., Diehl, R. & Killeen, P. (1987) Japanese quail can learn phonetic categories. Science 237:1195–97. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolb, B. (1990) Sparing and recovery of function: The cerebral cortex of the rat. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Kolb, B. (1995) Brain plasticity and behavior. Erlbaum. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Kolb, B. & Tomie, J.-A. (1988) Recovery from early cortical damage in rats: 4. Effects of hemidecortication at 1, 5 or 10 days of age on cerebral anatomy and behavior. Behavioral Brain Research 28:259–74. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolb, B. & Whishaw, I. (1990) Fundamentals of human neuropsychology, 3d ed.Freeman. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Komuro, H. & Rakic, P. (1992) Selective role of N-type calcium channels in neuronal migration. Science 257:806–9. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosslyn, S. M., Chabris, C. F., Marsolek, C. J. & Koenig, O. (1992) Categorical vs. coordinate spatial representation: Computational analyses and computer simulations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18:562–77. [DLK]Google Scholar
Krasnegor, N. A. (1989) Measurement of learning, sensory, and linguistic capacity early in life: A selective overview of recent research. In: From reading to neurons, ed. Galaburda, A. M.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Krmpotic-Nemanic, J., Kostovic, I., Bogdanovic, N., Fucic, A & Judas, M. (1988) Cytoarchitectonic parameters of developmental capacity of the human associative auditory cortex during postnatal life. Ada Otolaryngology 105:463–66. [BJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Kuhl, P. K. (1993) Developmental speech perception: Implications for models of language impairment. In: Temporal information processing in the nervous system, ed. Tallal, P., Galaburda, A. M., Llinás, R. R. & Euler, C. von. New York Academy of Sciences. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Kupfermann, I. (1991) Genetic determinants of behavior. In: Principles of neural science, 3d ed., ed. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. & Jessel, T. M.. Elsevier. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Kushch, A., Cross-Glenn, K., Jallad, B., Lubs, H., Rabin, M., Feldman, E. & Duara, R. (1993) Temporal lobe surface area measurements on MRI in normal and dyslexic readers. Neuropsychologia 31:811–21. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. (1984) Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature 307:161–62. [aRAM, ADF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutas, M. & Kluender, R. (1994) What is who violating? A reconsideration of linguistic violations in light of event-related brain potentials. In: Cognitive electrophysiology, ed. Heinze, H., Münte, T. & Mangun, G. R.. Birkhauser. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. (1977) Linguistic gestalts: Papers from the Thirteenth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. (1987) Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. University of Chicago Press. [FJN, CS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphors ice live by. University of Chicago Press. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Langacker, R. W. (1987) Foundations of cognitive grammar: vol. I. Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford University Press. [aRAM, CS]Google Scholar
Lange, K. W, Robbins, T. W., Marsden, C. D., James, M., Owen, A. M. & Paul, G. M. (1992) L-Dopa withdrawal in Parkinson's disease selectively impairs cognitive performance in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. Psychopharmacology 107:394–404. [PL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lapointe, S. G. (1983) Some issues in the linguistic description of agrammatism. Cognition 14:[1–39. [YG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lashley, K. (1950) In search of the engram. In: Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology: Vol. 4. Physiological mechanisms in animal beliavior. Cambridge University Press. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Lassen, N., Ingvar, D. & Skinhøj, E. (1978) Brain function and blood flow. Scientific American 10(239):50–59. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Lebrun, Y. & Leleux, C. (1993) The effects of electrostimulation and of resective and stereotactic surgery on language and speech. Acta Neurochirurgica 56:40–51. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lechevalier, B., Petit, M., Eustache, F., Lambert, J., Chapon, F. & Viader, F. (1989) Regional cerebral blood flow during comprehension and speech (in cerebrally healthy subjects). Brain and Language 37:1–11. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lecours, A. R. (1981) Morphological maturation of the brain and functional lateralisation for verbal skills. In: Lateralisation of language in the child, ed. Lebrun, Y. & Zangwill, O.. Swets & Zeitlinger. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Lecours, A. R. (1982) On neologisms. In: Perspectives of mental representation, ed. Mehler, J., Franck, S., Walker, E. & Garret, M.. Erlbaum. [NS]Google Scholar
Lecours, A. R., Basso, A., Moraschini, S. & Nespoulous, J.-L. (1984) Where is the speech area and who has seen it? In: Biological perspectives on language, ed. Caplan, D., Lecours, A. R. & Smith, A.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Leiner, H. C., Leiner, A. L. & Dow, R. S. (1989) Reeappraising the cerebellum: What does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? Behavioral Neuroscience 103:998–1008. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leiner, H. C., Leiner, A. L. & Dow, R. S. (1993) Cognitive and language functions of the human cerebellum. Trends in Neuroscience 16:444–54. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leleux, C. & Lebrun, Y. (1981) Language development in two cases of left hemisphereetomy. In: Lateralisation of language in the child, ed. Lebrun, Y. & Zangwill, O.. Swets & Zeitlinger. [aRAM]Google Scholar
LeMay, M. (1984) Radiological, developmental, and fossil asymmetries. In: Cerebral dominance, ed. Geschwind, N. & Galaburda, A. M.. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
LeMay, M. (1985) Asymmetries of the brains and skulls of nonhuman primates. In: Cerebral lateralization in nonhuman species, ed. Glick, S.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Lenneberg, E. H. (1967) Biological foundations of language. Wiley. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, C. M., Voeller, K. K. S., Lombardino, L. J., Morris, M. K., Hynd, G. W., Alexander, A. W., Andersen, H. G., Garofalakis, M., Honeyman, J. D., Mao, J., Agee, F. & Staub, E. (1993) Anomalous cerebral structure in dyslexia revealed with magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 50:461–69. [arRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Leonard, L. B. (1994) Some problems facing accounts of morphological deficits in children with specific language impairment. In: Specific language impairments in children, ed. Watkins, R. V. & Rice, M. L.. Paul H. Brookes. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Leslie, A. (1991) The theory of mind impairment in autism: Evidence for a modular mechanism of development? In: Natural theories of mind, ed. Whiten, A.. Blackwell. [SAG]Google Scholar
Leslie, A. M. & Thaiss, L. (1992) Domain specificity in conceptual development: Neuropsychological evidence from autism. Cognition 43:225–51. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levelt, W. J. M. (1992) Accessing words in speech production: Stages, processes, and representations. Cognition 42:1–22. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levi-Montalcini, R. (1990) Ontogenesis of neuronal nets: The chemoaffinity theory, 1963–83. In: Brain circuits and functions of the mind, ed. Trevarthen, C.. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Levi-Montalcini, R. & Calissano, P. (1979) The nerve-growth factor. Scientific American 6(240):44–53. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Lewin, R. (1986) “Computer genome” is full of junk DNA. Science 232:577–8. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, B. A. & Thompson, L. A. (1992) A study of developmental speech and language disorders in twins. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 35:1086–94. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liberman, A. & Mattingly, I. (1985) The motor theory of speech perception revised. Cognition 21:1–36. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liberman, A. & Mattingly, I. (1989) A specialization for speech perception. Science 243:489–94. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtheim, L. (1885/1955) Über Aphasie. Deutsches Archiv für Klinische Mcdizin 36:204–68. (Engl. transl.: On aphasia. Brain 7:433–84.) [aRAM]Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (1984) The biology and evolution of language. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (1991) Uniquely human: The evolution of speech, thought, and selfless behavior. Harvard University Press. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Lieberman, P., Kako, E. T., Friedman, J., Tajchman, G., Feldman, L. S. & Jiminez, E. B. (1992) Speech production, syntax comprehension, and cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. Brain and Language 43:169–89. [PL, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, P., Kanki, B. G., Protopapas, A., Reed, E. & Youngs, J. W. (1994) Cognitive defects at altitude. Nature 372:325. [PL, RAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightfoot, D. (1989) The child's trigger experience: Degree-0 learnability. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:321–75. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linebarger, M. C. (1990) Neuropsychology of sentence parsing. In: Cognitive neuropsychology and neurolinguistics, ed. Caramazza, A.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Llinás, R. (1993) Is dyslexia a dyschronia? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 682:48–56. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, E. A. & Gould, S. J. (1993) Species selection on variability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90:595–9. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lonzi, L. & Zanobio, M. E. (1983) Syntactic component in language responsible cognitive structure: Neurological evidence. Brain and Language 18:177–91. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loomis, W. F. & Gilpin, M. E. (1986) Multigene families and vestigial sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 83:2143–47. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotem, A. (1993) Learning to recognize nestlings is maladaptive for cuckoo cuadus canorus hosts. Nature 362:743–45. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löwel, S. & Singer, W. (1992) Selection of intrinsic horizontal connections in the visual cortex by correlated neuronal activity. Science 255:209–12. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, S. T., Hämäläinen, M. S., Hari, R., Lounasmaa, O. V., Sams, M. & Vilkman, V. (1991) Seeing faces activates three separate areas outside the occipital visual cortex in man. Neuroscience 43:287–90. [aRAM/CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lüders, H., Lesser, R. P., Dinner, D. S., Morris, H. H., Wylie, E. & Klem, G. (1986) Comprehension defieits elicited by electrical stimulation of Broca's area. Epilepsia 27:598–99. [ADF]Google Scholar
Ludlow, C. L. & Cooper, J. A., eds. (1983) Genetic aspects of speech and language disorders. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1982) Language and cognition, ed. Wertsch, J.. Wiley. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Lyons, J. (1977) Chomsky, 2d ed.Fontana. [aRAM]Google Scholar
MacWhinny, B. & Leinbach, J. (1991) Implementations are not conceptualizations: Revising the verb learning model. Cognition 40:121–57. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madler, C. & Pöppel, E. (1987) Auditory evoked potentials indicate the loss of neuronal oscillations during general anaesthesia. Naturwissenschaften 74:42–3. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maegaki, Y., Yamamoto, T. & Takeshita, K. (1995) Plasticity of central motor and sensory pathways in a case of cortical dysplasia. Neurology 45:2255–61. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandel, J.-L. (1995) The human genome. In: Origins of the human brain, ed. Changeux, J.-P. & Chavaillon, J.. Clarendon Press. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Mandell, A. M., Alexander, M. P. & Carpenter, S. (1989) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting as isolated aphasia. Neurology 39:55–58. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marehman, V. A. (1993) Constraints on plasticity in a connectionist model of English past tense. Journal of Cognitive neuroscience 5:215–34. [aRAM, DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marehman, V. A. & Bates, E. (1994) Continuity in lexical and morphological development: A test of the critical mass hypothesis. Journal of Child Language 21:339–66. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcotte, A. C. & Morere, D. A. (1990) Speech lateralization in deaf populations: Evidence for a developmental critical period. Journal of Brain and Language 39:134–52. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcus, G. F., Brinkman, U., Clahsen, H., Wiese, R. & Pinker, S. (1995) German inflection: The exception proves the rule. Cognitive Psychology 29:189–256. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcus, G. F., Pinker, S., Ullman, M., Hollander, M., Rosen, T. J. & Xu, F. (1992) Overregularization in language acquisition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 57(4) [Serial No. 228]. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marder, E. (1991) A new act to swallow. Nature 351:18. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marie, P. (1906) Revision de la question de l'aphasie. La Semaine Medicale 26:241–47. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Marin, O., Schwartz, M. & Saffran, E. (1979) Origins and distribution of language. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology: Vol. 2. Neuropsychology, ed. Gazzaniga, M.. Plenum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Marler, P. (1976) Social organization, communication and graded signals: The chimpanzee and the gorilla. In: Growing points in ethnology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G.. Cambridge University Press. [MDH]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision. Freeman. [aRAM, YG]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1977) Artificial intelligence: A personal view. Artificial Intelligence 9:37–48. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, C. D. & Obeso, J. A. (1994) The functions of the basal ganglia and the paradox of sterotoxic surgery in Parkinson's disease. Brain 117:877–97. [PL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W. & Tyler, L. (1987) Against modularity. In: Modularity in knowledge representation and natural-language understanding, ed. Garfield, J.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Martin, A., Haxby, J. V., Lalonde, F. M., Wiggs, C. L. & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995) Discrete cortical regions associated with knowledge of color and knowledge of action. Science 270:102–5. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
May, B., Moody, D. B. & Stebbins, W. C. (1989) Categorical perception of conspecific communication sounds by Japanese macques, Macaca fuscata. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85:837–47. [MDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, J. C.Williams, M. C. & Dunlap, W. P. (1988) Temporal order judgments in good and poor readers. Neuropsychologia 26:917–24. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayr, E. (1988) Toward a new philosophy of biology. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1991) An overview of current evolutionary biology. In: New perspectives on evolution, ed. Warren, L. & Koprowski, H.. Wiley-Liss. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Mazziotta, J. C. & Metter, J. (1988) Brain cerebral metabolic mapping of normal and abnormal language and its acquisition during development. In: Language, communication, and the brain, ed. Plum, F.. Raven. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Mazziotta, J. C., Phelps, M. E., Carson, R. E. & Kuhl, D. E. (1982) Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Auditory stimulation. Neurology 32:921–37. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, C. & Nobre, A. C. (1993) Modulation of semantic processing by spatial selective attention. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 88:210–19. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, C., Nobre, A. C., Bentin, S. & Spencer, D. D. (1995) Language-related field potentials in the anterior-medial temporal lobe. Journal of Neuroscience 15:1080–98. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, R. A. & Warrington, E. K. (1988) Evidence for modality-specific meaning systems in the brain. Nature 334:428–30. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E., eds. (1986a) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vols. 1 and 2. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
McConnell, S. K. (1991) The generation of neuronal diversity in the central nervous system. Annual Review of Neuroscience 14:269–300. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (1989) The role hormones acting on the brain play in linking nature and nurture. In: From reading to neurons, ed. Galaburda, A. M.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
McGlone, J. (1980) Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: A critical survey [incl. open peer commentary]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:215–63. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeill, D. (1985) So you think gestures are nonverbal? Psychological Review 92:350–71. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mecklinger, A., Schriefers, H., Steinhauer, K. & Friederici, A. D. (1995) Processing relative clauses varying on syntactic and semantic dimensions: An analysis with event-related potentials. Memory and Cognition 23:477–94. [ADF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehler, J. (1989) Language at the initial state. In: From reading to neurons, ed. Calaburda, A. M.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Meisel, J. M. (1995) Parameters in acquisition. In: A handbook of child language, ed. Fletcher, P. & MacWhinney, B.. Blackwell. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Merzenich, M. & Brugge, J. F. (1973) Representation of the cochlear partition on the superior temporal plane of the macaque monkey. Brain Research 50:275–96. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merzenich, M. M., Jenkins, W. M., Johnston, P., Schreiner, C., Miller, S. L. & Tallal, P. (1996) Temporal processing deficits of language-learning impaired children ameliorated by training. Science 271:77–81. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merzenich, M. M., Schreiner, C., Jenkins, W. & Wang, X. (1993) Neural mechanisms underlying temporal integration, segmentation, and input sequence representation: Some implications for the origin of learning disabilities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 682:1–22. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mesulam, M.-M. (1990) Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Annab of Neurology 28:597–613. [aRAM, PL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meth, M., Obler, L., Harris, K. S. & Schwartz, R. G. (1995) A preliminary investigation of the role of verb stem features on agrammatic aphasics' affix production. Brain and Language 51:117–19. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Metter, J., Kempler, D., Jackson, C., Hanson, W., Mazziotta, J. & Phelps, M. (1989) Cerebral glucose metabolism in Wernicke's, Brocas, and conduction aphasia. Archives of Neurology 46:27–34. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metter, J., Kempler, D., Jackson, C., Hanson, W., Riege, W. H., Camras, L. R., Mazziotta, J. & Phelps, M. E. (1987) Cerebellar glucose metabolism in chronic aphasia. Neurology 37:1599–1606. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyrand, P., Simmers, J. & Moulins, M. (1991) Constructing a patterngenerating circuit with neurons of different networks. Nature 351:60–63. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Middleton, F. A. & Strick, P. L. (1994) Anatomical evidence for cerebellar and basal ganglia involvement in higher cognitive function. Science 266:458–61. [aRAM, PL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, J. & Jusczyk, P. (1990) Seeking the neurobiological bases of speech perception. In: Neurobiology of cognition, ed. Eimas, P. & Galaburda, A.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Mills, D. L., Coffey-Corina, S. A. & Neville, H. J. (1994) Variability in cerebral organization during primary language acquisition. In: Human behavior and the developing brain, ed. Dawson, G. & Fischer, K. W.. Guilford. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Milner, B., Petrides, M. & Smith, M. L. (1985) Frontal lobes and temporal organization of memory. Human Neurobiology 4:137–42. [PTS]Google ScholarPubMed
Milner, B., Corsi, P. & Leonard, G. (1991) Frontal-lobe contribution to recency judgements. Neuropsychologia 29:601–18. [PTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minsky, M. (1986) The society of mind. Simon and Schuster. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. F., Andrews, S. & Ward, P. B. (1993) An event-related potential study of semantic congruity and repetition in a sentence-reading task: Effects of context change. Psychophysiology 30:496–509. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohr, B., Pulvermüller, F. & Zaidel, E. (1994) Lexical decision after left, right and bilateral presentation of content words, function words and non-words: Evidence for interheinispheric interaction. Neuropsychologia 32:105–24. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohr, J. P. (1976) Broca's area and Broca's aphasia. In: Studies in neurolinguistics, vol. 1, ed. Whitaker, H. & Whitaker, H. A.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Molfese, D. L. (1987) Electrophysiological indices of categorical perception for speech. In: Categorical perceptions, ed. Harnad, S.. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Molfese, D. L. & Betz, J. (1988) Electrophysiological indices of the early development of lateralization for language and cognition, and their implications for predicting later development. In: Brain lateralization in children, ed. Molfese, D. & Segalowitz, S.. Guilford. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Molfese, D. L. & Burger-Judisch, L. (1990) Dynamic temporal-spatial allocation of resources in the human brain: An alternative to the static view of hemisphere differences. In: Cerebral laterality: Theory and research, ed. Kitterle, F.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Molfese, D. L. & Molfese, V. J. (1994) Short-term and long-term developmental outcomes: The use of behavioral and electrophysiological measures in early infancy as predictors. In: Human behavior and the developing brain, ed. Dawson, G. & Fischer, K. W.. Guilford. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Molfese, D. L. & Molfese, V. J. (1985) Electrophysiological indices of auditory discrimination in newborn infants: The bases for predicting later language development? Infant Behavior and Development 8:197–211. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, R.-A. (1991) Der (un)teílbare Geist: Modularismus und Holismus in der Kognitionsforschung. De Gruyter. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, R.-A. (1992) Modularism, holism, connectionism: Old conflicts and new perspectives in aphasiology and neuropsychology. Aphasiology 6:443–75. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, R.-A. (1995) Localization of language functions after early perisylvian lesion: A 15O-water study with children and adolescents. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 15(suppl.1):S692. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Müller, R.-A. (1996) Functional brain imaging of developmental disorders. American Academy of Neurology Courses 342:101–22. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Müller, R.-A. (in preparation) Language representations in the brain: A toposemantic cell assembly approach. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Müller, R.-A., Chugani, H. T., Muzik, O. & Mangner, T. J. (1995a) Language-related cerebro-cerebellar activation patterns after early brain damage: A 15O-water study. Human Brain Mapping Supplement 1:358. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Müller, R.-A., Chugani, H. T., Muzik, O., Rothermel, R. D. & Chakraborty, P. K. (1995b) Localization of language functions after early perisylvian lesion: A 15O-water study with children and adolescents. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 15(suppl. 1):S691. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Müller, R.-A., Chugani, H. T., Muzik, O., Rothermel, R. D., Mangner, T. J. & Chakraborty, P. K. (1995c) Presurgical functional brain mapping in children by means of 15O-water positron emission tomography. Neurology 45:A295–6. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Müller, R.-A., Muzik, O., Mangner, T. J. & Chugani, H. T. (1996a) Functional organization of hand movement in children and adults. Neuroimage 3:S402. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, R.-A., Rothermel, R. D., Behen, M. E. & Chugani, H. T. (1996b) Plasticity of the language network in children and adults: Differential effects of early versus late lesions. Neuroimage 3:S585. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller-Preuss, P. & Ploog, D. (1983) Central control of sound production in mammals. In: Bioacoustics: A competitive approach, ed. Lewis, B.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Münte, T. F. & Heinze, H.-J. (1994) ERP negativities during synaptic processing of written words. In: Cognitive electrophysiology, ed. Heinze, H.-J., Münte, T. F. & Magnun, G. R.. Burkhauser. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Münte, T. F., Heinze, H.-J. & Prevedel, H. (1990). Ereigniskorrelierte Hirnpotentiale reflektieren semantische und syntaktische Fehler bei der Sprachverarbeitung. Zeitschrift für EEC und EMG 21:75–81. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Murdoch, B., Chenery, H., Wilks, V. & Boyle, R. (1987) Language disorders in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Brain and Language 31:122–37. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naidoo, S., Goodglass, H., Alexander, M. P. & Christiansen, J. A. (1995) An investigation of the syntactic abilities of patients with lesions to the dominant dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and its subcortical connections. Brain and language 51:91–93. [DLK]Google Scholar
Nass, R. D. (1993) Sex differences in learning abilities and disabilities. Annals of Dyslexia 43:61–77. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesse, R.. M. & Williams, G. C. (1995) Why we get sick: The new science of Danwinian medicine. Random House. [DLK]Google Scholar
Neuenschwander, S. & Singer, W. (1996) Long-range synchronization of oscillatory light responses in the cat retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 379:728–33. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neville, H. J. (1990) Intermodal competition and compensation in development. In: The development and neural bases of higher cognitive functions [Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 608]. [aRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Neville, H. J. (1991) Neurobiology of cognitive and language processing: Effects of early experience. In: Brain maturation and cognitive development: Comparative and cross-adtural perspectives, ed. Gibson, K. R. & Petersen, A. C.. De Cruyter. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Neville, H. J., Coffey, S. A., Holcomb, P. J. & Tallal, P. (1993) The neurobiology of sensory and language processing in language-impaired children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5:235–53. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neville, H., Corina, D., Bavelier, D., Clark, V. P., Jezzard, J. P., Prinster, A., Kami, A., Lalwani, A., Rauschecker, J. & Turner, R. (1995) Biological constraints and effects of experience for language: An fMRI sutdy of sentence processing in English and American Sign Language (ASL) hy deaf and hearing subjects. Poster presented at the Neuroscience Society, Miami, FL. [DPC, rRAM]Google Scholar
Neville, H. J., Corina, D., Bavelier, D., Clark, V., Jezzard, P., Prinster, A., Padmanabhan, S., Braun, A., Rauschecker, J. & Turner, R. (1995) Effects of early experience on cerebral organization for language: An fMRI study on sentence processing in English and ASL by hearing and deaf subjects. Human Brain Mapping 1 (suppl):278. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Neville, H. J. & Lawson, D. (1987) Attention to central and peripheral visual space in a movement detection task: An event-related potential and behavioral study (parts 1–3). Brain Research 405:253–94. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neville, H. J., Mills, D. L. & Bellugi, U. (1994) Effects of altered auditory sensitivity and age of language acquisition on the development of language-relevant neural systems: Preliminary studies of Williams syndrome. In: Atypical cognitive deficits in developmental disorders, ed. Broman, S. H. & Grafman, J.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Neville, H. J., Mills, D. L. & Lawson, D. S. (1992) Fractionating language: Different neural subsystems with different sensitive periods. Cerebral Cortex 2:244–58. [aRAM, FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neville, H. J., Nicol, J., Barss, A., Forster, K. & Garrett, M. (1991) Syntactically based sentence processing classes: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3:151–70. [aRAM, ADF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newmeyer, F. J. (1980/1986) Linguistic theory in America. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Nevvmeyer, F. J. (1991) Functional explanation in linguistics and the origins of language. language and Communication 11:3–28. [arRAM, FJN]Google Scholar
Newport, E. L. (1988) Constraints on learning and their role in language acquisition: Studies of the acquisition of American Sign Language. language Sciences 10:147–72. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ni, W. et al. (1995) Syntactic complexity and working memory in explaining comprehension difficulties. Brain and Language 51:101–3. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuys, R., Voogd, J. & van Huijzen, C. (1988) The central nervous system. Springer-Verlag. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nitschke, M. F., Khorram-Sefat, D., Kleinschmidt, A. & Frahm, J. (1995) On the somatotopic organization of the human anterior cerebellum as detected by functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging. Human Brain Mapping Supplemental 1:322. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Nobre, A. C. & McCarthy, G. (1994) Language-related EPRs: Scalp distributions and modulation by word type and semantic priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6:233–55. [FP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nottebohm, F. (1984) Learning, forgetting, and brain repair. In: Cerebral dominance, ed. Geschwind, N. & Galaburda, A. M.. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Novoa, O. P. & Ardila, A. (1987) Linguistic abilities in patients with prefrontal damage. Brain and Language 30:206–25. [PTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, N., Smith, N., Frith, C. & Tsimpli, I.-M. (1994) Neuropsyehology and linguistic talent. Journal of Neurolinguistics 8:95–107. [NS, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Leary, D. D. M. (1989) Do cortical areas emerge from a protocortex? Trends in Neuroscience 12:400–6. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogden, J. A. (1988) Language and memory functions after long recovery periods in left-hemispherectomized subjects. Neuropsychologia 26:645–59. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogura, M. (1993) The development of periphrastic do in English: A case of lexical diffusion in syntax. Diachronica 10:51–85. [PTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ojemann, G. A. (1988) Effect of cortical and subcortical stimulation on human language and verbal memory. In: Language, communication, and the brain, ed. Plum, F.. Raven. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Ojemonn, G. A. (1991) Cortical organization of language. Journal of Neuroscience 11:2281–87. [aRAM. DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ojemann, G. A. & Creutzfeldt, O. (1987) Language in humans and animals: Contribution of brain stimulation and recording. In: The nervous system: vol. 1, sect. 5. Handbook of physiology, ed. Mountcastle, F., Plum, F. & Geiger, S.. American Physiological Society. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Osterhout, L. & Holcomb, P. J. (1992) Event-related brain potentials dieted by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory and language 31:785–804. [ADF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottaviani, E., Capriglione, T. & Franceschi, C. (1995) Invertebrate and vertebrate immune cells express proopiomelanocortin (POMC) messenger-RNA. Brain, Behavior and Immunity 9:1–8. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouhalla, J. (1991) Functional categories and parametric variation. Routledge. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Ozanne, A. E. & Murdoch, B. E. (1990) Acquired childhood aphasia: Neuropathology, linguistic characteristics and prognosis. In: Acquired speech/language disorders in childhood, ed. Murdoch, B.. Taylor & Francis. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Pahl, J. J. (1990) Positron emission tomography in the study of higher cognitive functions. In: Neurobiology of higher cognitive function, ed. Scheibel, A. & Wechsler, A.. Guilford. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Palm, G. (1990) Cell assemblies as a guideline for brain research. Concepts in Neuroscience 1:133–47. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Palm, G. & Sommer, F. T. (1995) Associative data storage and retrieval in neural networks. In: Models of neural networks 3, ed.Domany, E., Hemmen, J. L. van & Schulten, K.. Springer-Verlag. [FP]Google Scholar
Pandya, D. N., Seltzer, B. & Barbas, H. (1988) Input-output organization of the primate cerebral cortex. In: Comparative primate biology: Vol. 4. Neuroscience. Alan Liss. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Pantano, P., Baron, J. C., Samson, Y., Bousser, M. C., Desrouesne, C. & Comar, D. (1986) Crossed cerebellar diaschisis. Brain 109:677–94. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paradis, M. (1987) The neurofunctional modularity of cognitive skills: Evidence from Japanese alexia and polyglot aphasia. In: Motor and sensory processes of language, ed. Keller, E. & Gopnik, M.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Paradis, M. (1988) Recent developments in the study of agrammatism: Their import for the assessment of bilingual aphasia. Journal of Neurolinguistics 3:127–60. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascual-Leone, A. & Torres, F. (1993) Plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex representation of the reading finger in Braille readers. Brain 116:39–52. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passingham, R. E. (1979) Specialization and the language areas. In: Neurobiology of social communication in primates, ed. Steklis, H. D. & Raleigh, M. J.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Passingham, R. E. (1982) Broca's area and the origins of human vocal skill. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 292:167–75. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993) The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 362:342–44. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pembrey, M. (1992) Genetics and language disorder. In: Children: Correlates, characteristics and outcomes, ed. Fletcher, P. & Hall, D.. Singular Publishing Group. [MG]Google Scholar
Penfield, W. & Perot, P. (1963) The brain's record of auditory and visual experience. Brain 86:595–696. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennington, B. F. (1995) Genetics of learning disabilities. Journal of Child Neurology 10(suppl.1):[S69–77. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennington, B. F. & Smith, S. D. (1983) Genetic influences on learning disabilities and speech and language disorders. Chilli Development 54:369–87. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrett, D., Mistlin, A. & Chitty, A. (1987) Visual neurones responsive to faces. Trends in Neuroscience 10:358–64. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, M. R., Beecher, M. D., Zoloth, S. R., Moody, D. B. & Stebbins, W. C. (1978) Neural lateralization of species-specific vocalizations by Japanese Macaque. Science 202:324–27. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M. & Raichle, M. E. (1989) Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of single words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1:153–70. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petitto, L. A. (1987) On the autonomy of language and gesture: Evidence from the acquisition of personal pronouns in American Sign Language. Cognition 271–52. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petitto, L. A. & Marentette, P. F. (1991). Babbling in the manual mode. Science 251:1493–96. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrides, M. (1991) Functional specialization within the dorsolateral frontal cortex for serial order memory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 246:299–306. [PTS]Google ScholarPubMed
Phillips, C. (1995) Syntax at age two: Cross-linguistic differences. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 26:325–82. [EP]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1954/1972) Language and thought from the genetic point of view. In: Language in thinking, ed. Adams, P.. Penguin. ]aRAM]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1976) la formation du symbole chez 'enfant. Delachaux et Niestlé. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1979) Behaviour anil evolution. Routledge/Kegan Paul. [CS]Google Scholar
Piatelli-Palmarini, M. (1989) Evolution, selection and cognition: From ‘learning’ to parameter setting in biology and the study of language. Cognition 31:1–44. [aRAM, SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinker, S. (1984) language leamability and language development. Harvard University Press. [DLK]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1987) The bootstrapping problem in language acquisition. In: Mechanisms of language acquisition, ed. MacWhinney, B.. Erlbauin. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1991) Rules of language. Science 253:530–35. [aRAM, DLK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinker, S. (1993) The central problem for the psycholinguist. In: Conceptions of the human mind: Essays in honor of G. A. Miller, ed. Harman, G.. Erlbauin. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1994a) The language instinct. MIT Press. [DPC, MR-G, PTS, SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinker, S. (1994b) On language. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6(1):84–91. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinker, S. (1995) Facts about human language relevant to its evolution. In: Origins of the human brain, ed. Changeux, J.-P. & Chavaillon, J.. Clarendon Press. [rKAM]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. & Bloom, P. (1990) Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:707–27. [aRAM, YG, MDH, PTS, SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinker, S. & Prince, A. (1988) On language and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition. Cognition 28:73–193. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinker, S. & Prince, A. (1991) Regular and irregular morphology and the psychological status of rule of grammar. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Sutton, L. A., Johnson, C. & Shields, R.. Berkeley Linguistics Society. [DLK]Google Scholar
Plante, E., Swisher, L., Vance, R. & Rapcsak, S. (1991) MRI findings in boys with specific language impairment. Brain and Language 41:52–66. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plaut, D. C. (1994) Relearning after damage in eonnectionist networks: Towards a theory of rehabilitation. Brain and Language 52:25–82. [JAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plaut, D. C. (1995) Double dissociation without modularity: Evidence from connectionist neuropsychology. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 17:291–321. [JAB, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plunkett, K. & Marchman, V. (1991a) From rote learning to system building. In: Connectionist models: Proceedings of the 1990 summer school, ed. Tourelzky, D. S., Elman, J. L., Sejnowski, T. J. & Hinton, G. E.. Morgan Kaufmann. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Plunkett, K. (1991b) U-shaped learning and frequency effects in a multi-layered perceptron. Cognition 39:43–102. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plunkott, K. & Sinha, C. (1992) Connectionism and developmental theory. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 10:209–54. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poeck, K. (1988) The relationship between aphasia and motor apraxia. In: Aphasia, ed. Rose, C., Whurr, R. & Wyke, M.. London: Whurr. [aRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Poeck, K. (1989) Apnixie. In: Klinische neuropsychologie, ed. Poeck, K.. Georg Thieme. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Poizner, H. & Kegl, J. (1992) Neural basis of language and motor behavior: Perspectives from American Sign Language. Aphasiology 62:19–56. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Poizner, H. & Kegl, J. (1993) Neural disorders of the linguistic use of space and movement. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 682:192–213.[aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poizner, H., Klima, E. & Bellugi, U. (1987) What the hands reveal about the brain. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Pons, T. P., Garraghty, P. E., Ommaya, A. K., Kaas, J. H., Taub, E. & Mishkin, M. (1991) Massive cortical reorganization after sensory deafferentation in adult macaques. Science 252:1857–60. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pöppel, E., Chen, L., Clünder, H., Mitzdorf, U., Ruhnau, E., Schill, K. & von Steinbüchel, N. (1991) Temporal and spatial constraints for mental modelling. In: Frontiers in knowledge-based computing, ed. Bhatkar, V. P. & Rege, K.M.. Narosa. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Pöppel, E. & Logothctis, N. (1986) Neuronal oscillations in the human brain. Naturwisscnschaftcn 73:267–68. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pöppel, E., Schill, K. & von Steinbüchel, N. (1990a) Sensory integration within temporally neutral system states. Naturwissenschaften 77:89–91. ]aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pöppel, E. (1990b) Multistage states in intrahemispheric learning of a sensorimotor task. NeuroReport 1:69–72. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, K. & Eccles, J. (1983) The self and its brain, 2d ed.Routledge & Kegan Paul. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Petersen, S., Fox, P. & Raichle, M. (1988) Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. Science 240:1627–31. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I. & Rothbart, M. K. (1994) Constructing neuronal theories of mind. In: Large scale neuronal theories of the brain, ed. Koch, C. & Davis, J. L.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Sandson, J., Dhawan, M. & Shulman, G. (1989) Is word recognition automatic? A cognitive-anatomical approach. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1:50–60. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poulin-Dubois, D., Graham, S. A., & Riddle, A. S. (1995a) Object parts and the acquisition of novel object words by young children. First Language 15:301–16. [SAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulin-Dubois, D., Graham, S. & Sippola, L. (1995b) Early lexical development: The contribution of parental labelling and infants' categorization abilities. Journal of Child Language 22:325–43. [SAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Povinelli, D. (1995) The eyes as a window: What young chimpanzees see on the other side. Paper presented at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Symposium of the Jean Piaget Society, Berkeley, CA. [SAG]Google Scholar
Prasada, S. & Pinker, S. (1993) Generalization of regular and irregular morphological patterns. Language and Cognitive Processses 8:1–56. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preissl, H., Pulvermüller, F., Lutzenberger, W. & Birbaumer, N. (1995) Evoked potentials distinguish nouns from verbs. Neuroscience Letters 197:81–83. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Premack, A. J. & Premack, D. (1972) Teaching language to an ape. Scientific American 10:92–99. [PTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Premack, D. (1980) Representational capacity and accessibility of knowledge: The case of chimpanzees. In: Language and learning, ed. Piattelli-Palmarini, M.. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Pulvermüller, F. (1992) Constituents of a neurological theory of language. Concepts in Neuroscience 3:157–200. [aRAM, FP]Google Scholar
Pulvermüller, F. (1995a) Neurobiologie der Wortverarbeitung. Naturwissenschaften 82:279–87. [FP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pulvermüller, F. (1995b) Agrammatism: Behavioral description and neurobiological explanation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7:165–81. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulvermüller, F. (1996) Hebb's concept of cell assemblies and the psychophysiology of word processing. Psychophysiology 33:317–33. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulvermüller, F. & Preissl, H. (1991) A cell assembly model of language. Network 2:455–68. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pulvermüller, F. & Preissl, H. (1994) Explaining aphasias in neuronal terms. Journal of Neurolinguistics 8:75–81. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pulvermüller, F., Preissl, H., Eulitz, C., Pantev, C., Lutzenberger, W., Elbert, T. & Bierbaumer, N. (1994) Brain rhythms, cell assemblies and cognition: Evidence from the processing of words and pseudowords. Psycoloquy 94.5.48 [aRAM]Google Scholar
Pulvermüller, F., Lutzenberger, W. & Birbaumer, N. (1995). Electrocortical distinction of vocabulary types. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 94:357–70. [FP, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purves, D. (1988) Body and brain: A trophic theory of neural connections. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. & Demopoulos, W., ed. (1986) Meaning and cognitive structure: Issues in the computational theory of mind. Norwood. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Radford, A. (1990) Syntactic theory and the acquisition of English syntax: The nature of early child grammars of English. Blackwell. [NS]Google Scholar
Raffler-Engel, W. von (1988) The synchronous development of language and Kinesics: Further evidence. In: The genesis of language, ed. Landsberg, M. E.. Mouton de Gruyter. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Rahlson, P. (1984) Hyperverbal behavior in children with shunted hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(8). [aRAM]Google Scholar
Raichle, M. E. (1987) Circulatory and metabolic correlates of brain function in normal humans. In: The nervous system: vol. 5, sect 1. Handbook of physiology, ed. Mountcastle, V., Plum, F. & Geiger, S.. American Physiological Society. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A.-M. K., Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T. & Petersen, S. E. (1994) Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cerebral Cortex 48–26. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rakic, P. (1981) Developmental events leading to laminar and areal organization of the neocortex. In: The organization of the cerebral cortex, ed. Schmitt, F., Worden, F., Adelman, G. & Dennis, S.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Rakic, P. (1989) Competitive interactions during neuronal and syntactic development. In: From reading to neurons, ed. Galaburda, A. M.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Rankin, J. M., Aram, D. M. & Horwitz, S. J. (1981) Language ability in right and left hemiplegic children. Brain and Language 14:292–306. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rauschecker, J. P. & Singer, W. (1979) Changes in the circuitry of the kitten visual cortex are gated by postsynaptic activity. Nature 280:58–60. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reilly, J., Klima, E. S. & Bellugi, U. (1990) Once more with feeling: Affect and language in atypical populations. Develojmient and Psychopathology 2:367–91. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rey, M., Dellatolas, G., Bancaud, J. & Talairach, J. (1988) Hemispheric lateralization of motor and speech functions after early brain lesions: Study of 73 epileptic patients with intracarotid amytal test. Neuropsychologia 26:167–72. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rice, M. L. (1994) Grammatical categories of children with specific language impairment. In: Specific language impairments in children, ed. Watkins, R. V. & Rice, M. L.. Paul H. Brookes. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Rice, M. L. & Kemper, S. (1984) Child language and cognition. University Park Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Rieber, R. & Voyat, G, eds. (1983) Dialogues on the psychology of language and thought. Plenum. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera-Gaxiola, M. (1996) Electrophysiological correlates of the development of speech perception in adults and infants. Poster presented at the Second European Research Conference on the Development of Sensory, Motor and Cognitive Abilities in Early Infancy, San Feliu de Guixols, Spain, 04 10–15. [MR-G]Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, G. & Gentilucci, M. (1988) Motor and visual-motor functions of the premotor cortex. In: Neurobiology of neocortex, ed. Rakic, P. & Singer, W.. Wiley. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Robbins, S. L. (1992) A neurobiological model of procedural linguistic skill acquisition. Issues in Applied Linguistics 3:235–65. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J. (in press) The role of diffusion in Creole genesis. Language. [DB]Google Scholar
Robinson, J. G. (1979) An analysis of the organization of vocal communication in the Titi monkey Callicebus moloch. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 49:381–405. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rockel, A. J., Hioms, R. W. & Powell, T. P. S. (1980) The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain 103:221–44. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roeper, T. (1988) Grammatical principles of first language acquisition: Theory and evidence. In: Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, vol. 2, ed. Newmeyer, F.. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Roh, J. K., Kim, M. H., Rha, J. H., Im, J. H. & Lee, M. C. (1993) Crossed cerebello-cerebral diaschisis in cerebellar infarction. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 13(suppl. l):S508. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Rohrer, H. (1990) The role of growth factors in the control of neurogenesis. European Journal of Neuroscience 2:1005–15. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, P. E. & Friberg, L. (1985) Localization of cortical areas activated by thinking. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:1219–43. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, D. (1980) Some functional correlates of the maturation of neural systems. In: Biological studies of mental processes, ed. Caplan, D.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Rossini, P. M., Martino, G., Narici, L., Pasquarelli, A., Peresson, M., Pizzella, V., Tecchio, F., Torriolo, g. & Romani, G. L. (1994) Short-term brain “plasticity” in humans: Transient finger representation changes in sensory cortex somatotopy following ischemic anesthesia. Brain Research 642:169–77. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubba, J. & Klima, E. S. (1991) Preposition use in a speaker with Williams syndrome: Some cognitive grammar proposals. CRL Newsletter 5(3). [aRAM]Google Scholar
Rudel, R. (1978) Neuroplasticity: Implications for development and education. In: Education and the brain, ed. Chall, J.. & Mirsky, A.. University of Chicago Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Rudel, R., Denckla, M. & Spalten, E. (1974) The functional asymmetry of Braille letter learning in normal, sighted children. Neurology 24:733–8. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rueckl, J. G., Cave, K. G. & Kosslyn, S. M. (1989) Why are “what” and “where” processed by separate cortical visual systems? A computational investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1:171–86. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumbaugh, D. M., Hopkins, W. D., Washburn, D. A. & Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1991) Comparative perspectives of brain, cognition, and language. In: Biological and behavioral determinants of language development, ed. Krasnegor, N. A., Rumbaugh, D. M., Schiefelbusch, R. L. & Studdert-Kennedy, M.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., & McClelland, J. L. (1986) On learning the past tenses of English verbs. In: Parallel distributed processing, vol. 2, ed. McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E., and the PDP Research Group. MIT Press. [DLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadato, N., Pascual-Leone, A., Grafman, J., Ibanez, V., Deiber, M.-P. & Hallet, M. (1995) Braille reading in the blind activates visual cortex. Neurology 45:A426–27. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Sadato, N., Pascual-Leone, a., Grafman, J., Ibanez, V., Deiber, M.-P., Dold, G. & Hallet, M. (1996) Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects. Nature 380:526–28. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saffran, E. (1982) Neuropsychological approaches to the study of language. British Journal of Psychology 73:317–37. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakai, K. & Miyashita, Y. (1991) Neural organization of the long-term memory of paired associates. Nature 354:152–55. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampson, G. (1979) A non-nativist account of language universals. Linguistics and Philosophy 3:99–104. [PTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, G. (1980) Mating sense. Oxford University Press. [PTS]Google Scholar
Sanders, G., Wright, H. W. & Ellis, C. (1989) Cerebral lateralization of language in deaf and hearing people. Brain and Language 36:555–79. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanes, J. R. & Lichtman, J. W. (1992) From cell line to brain. Nature 356:562–3. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarich, V. M. (1985) Rodent macromolecular systematics. In: Evolutionary relationships among rodents, ed. Luckett, W. P. & Hartenberger, J.-L.. Plenum. [PTS]Google Scholar
Sato, E. & Jacobs, B. (1992) From input to intake: Towards a brain-based perspective of selective attention. Issues in Applied Linguistics 3:267–92. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1986) Ape language. Columbia University Press. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1991) Language learning in the Bonobo: How and why they learn. In: Biological and behavioral determinants of language development, ed. Krasnegor, N. A., Rumbaugh, D. M., Schiefelbusch, R. L. & Studdert-Kennedy, M.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, S. & Lewin, R. (1994) Kanzi: The ape at the brink of the human mind. Wiley. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Murphy, J., Sevcik, R. A., Brakke, K. E., Williams, S. L. & Rumbaugh, D. M. (1993) Language comprehension in ape and child. University of Chicago Press. [arRAM, DPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheibel, A. (1984) A dendritic correlate of human speech. In: Cerebral dominance, ed. Geschwind, N. & Galaburda, A. M.. Harvard University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Scheibel, A., Conrad, T., Perdue, S., Tomiyasu, U. & Wechsler, A. (1990) A quantitative study of dendrite complexity in selected areas of the human cerebral cortex. Brain and Cognition 12:85–101. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheibel, A. B., Paul, L. A., Fried, I., Forsythe, A. B., Tomiyasu, U., Wechsler, A., Kao, A. & Slotnick, J. (1985) Dendritic organization of the anterior speech area. Experimental Neurology 87:109–17. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlaug, G., Knorr, U. & Seitz, R. (1994) Inter-subject variability of cerebral activations in acquiring a motor skill: A study with positron emission tomography. Experimental Brain Research 98:523–34. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlesinger, I. M. (1982) Steps to language. Erlbaum. [arRAM]Google Scholar
Schmahmann, J. D. & Pandya, D. N. (1995) The cerebellum and cognition: Anatomic substrates and functional hypothesis. Human Brain Mapping 1(suppl.):337. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Schweiger, A. & Brown, J. (1988) Minds, models and modules. Aphasiology 2:531–43. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. (1974) Chomsky's revolution in linguistics. In: On Noam Chomsky, ed. Harman, G.. University of Massachusetts Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Searle, J. (1990) Is the brain's mind a computer program? Scientific American 1(262):20–25. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. & McClelland, J. L. (1989) A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review 96:523–68. [JAB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidenberg, M. S. & Petitto, L. A. (1979) Signing behavior in apes: A critical review. Cognition 7:177–215. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. & Petitto, L. A. (1987) Communication, symbolic communication, and language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 116:279–87. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seitz, R. J., Knorr, U., Huang, Y., Tellman, L., Herzog, H. & Freund, H. J. (1995) Plasticity in the motor cortex in brain tumor. Human Brain Mapping Supplement 1:352. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Seldon, H. L. (1985) The anatomy of speech perception: Human auditory cortex. In: Cerebral cortex, vol. 4, ed. Peters, A. & Jones, E. G.. Plenum. [JB]Google Scholar
Seldon, P. A. (1989) Orb-weaving spiders in the early Cretaceous. Nature 340:711–12. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sereno, M. & Allman, J. (1991) Cortical visual areas in mammals. In: The neural basis of visual function, ed. Levinthal, A.. Macmillan. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Sereno, M. I., Dale, A. M., Reppas, J. B., Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Brady, T. J., Rosen, B. R. & Tootell, R. B. H. (1995) Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Science 268:889–93. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seress, L. & Mrzljak, L. (1992) Postnatal development of mossy cells in the human dentate gyrus: A light microscopic Golgi study. Hippocampus 2:127–42. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sergent, J., Zuck, E., Terriah, S. & MacDonald, B. (1992) Distributed neural network underlying musical sight-reading and keyboard performance. Science 257:106–9. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shallice, T. (1988) From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge University Press. [aRAM, JAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. (1991) Précis of From neuropsychology to mental structure. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:429–69. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shatz, C. (1996) Brain waves and brain wiring. EISAI Seminars in Neuroscience, University College London, 02 22. [MR-G]Google Scholar
Shear, P. K., Tallal, P. & Delis, D. C. (1992) Verbal learning and memory in language impaired children. Neuropsychologia 30:451–58. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shettleworth, S. J. (1993) Varieties of learning and memory in animals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 19:5–14. [SFW]Google ScholarPubMed
Shillcock, R. C. & Bard, E. G. (1993) Modularity and the processing of closed-class words. In: Cognitive models of speech processing, ed. Altmann, G. T. M. & Shillcock, R.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Shuttleworth, E. C. & Huber, S. J. (1988) The naming disorder of dementia of Alzheimer type. Brain and Language 34:222–34. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sigman, M. (1994) What are the core deficits in autism? In: Atypical cognitive deficits in developmental disorders, ed. Broman, S. H. & Grafman, J.. Erlbaum. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Silbersweig, D. A., Stern, E., Frith, C. D., Cahill, C., Schnorr, L., Grootoonk, S., Spinks, T., Clark, J., Frackowiak, R. & Jones, T. (1993) Detection of thirty-second cognitive activations in single subjects with positron emission tomography: A new low dose H215O regional cerebral blood flow three-dimensional imaging technique. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 13:617–29. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silveri, M. C., Leggio, M. G. & Molinari, M. (1994) The cerebellum contributes to linguistic production: A case of agrammatic speech following a right cerebellar lesion. Neurology 44:2047–50. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, H. (1962) The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106:467–82. [PTS]Google Scholar
Simonds, R. J. & Scheihel, A. B. (1989) The postnatal development of the motor speech area: A preliminary study. Brain and language 37:42–58. [aRAM, ADF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, B., Stachowiak, F.-J. & Stadie, N. (1988) Vergleichende Aphasieforschung. Zum 80. Geburtstag von Anton Leischner. Neurolinguistik 1:41–50. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Sinclair-de-Zwart, H. (1969) Developmetal psycholinguistics. In: Essays in honor of Jean Piaget. ed. Elkind, D. & Flavell, J.. Oxford University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Singer, N. G., Bellugi, U., Bates, E., Jones, W. & Rossen, M. (in press) Contrasting profiles of language development in children with Williams and Downs syndromes. In: Origins of language disorders, ed. Thal, D. & Reilly, J.. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Singer, W. (1990) Search for coherence: A basic principle of cortical self-organization. Concepts in Neuroscience 1:1–26. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Singer, W. (1993) Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning. Annual Review of Physiology 55:349–74. [aRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Singer, W. (1995) Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures. Science 270:758–64. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinha, C. (1988a) Language and representation: A socio-naturalistic approach to human development. Harvester. [CS]Google Scholar
Sinha, C. (1988b) A socio-naturalistic approach to human development. New York University Press. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Slagsvold, T., Dale, S. & Saetre, G. P. (1994) Dawn singing in the great tit (parus major): Mate attraction, mate guarding, or territorial defense. Behaviour 13:115–38. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slobin, D. I. (1991) Aphasia in Turkish: Speech production in Broca's and Wernicke's patients. Brain and Language 41:149–64. [aRAM, YG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slobin, D. I. (1995) Why are grammaticizable notions special? A reanalysis and a challange to learning theory. Paper presented at the Conference on Language Acquisition and Conceptual Development, Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen. [CS]Google Scholar
Smith, N. & Tsimpli, I.-M. (1995) The mind of a savant: Language learning and modularity. Blackwell. [NS]Google Scholar
Smolensky, P. (1988) On the proper treatment of connectionism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:1–23. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, C. E. (1995) Issues in the study of input: Finetuning, universality, individual and devlopmental differences, and necessary causes. In: Handbook of child language, ed. Fletcher, P. & MacWhinney, B.. Blackwell. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1986/1995) Relevance: Communication and cognition. Blackwell. [NS]Google Scholar
Spreen, O., Risser, A. H. & Edgell, D. (1995) Developmental neuropsychology. Oxford University Press. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Springer, S. (1979) Speech perception and the biology of language. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology: vol. 2. Neuropsychology, ed. Gazzaniga, M.. Plenum Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Spuhler, J. N. (1979) Genes, molecules, organisms, and behavior. In: Theoretical advances in behavior genetics, ed. Royce, Joseph R. & Mos, L. P.. Sijthoff & Noordhoff. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1987) Memory and brain. Oxford University Press. [aRAM, PTS]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. & Knowlton, B. J. (1995) Memory, hippocampus, and brain systems. In: The cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. A.. MIT Press. [DLK]Google Scholar
Stein, D. G. (1989) Development and plasticity in the central nervous system. In: Brain organization of language and cognitive processes, ed. Ardila, A. & Ostrosky-Solis, F.. Plenum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Steinberg, D. (1982) Psycholinguistics. Longman. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Steinmetz, H. & Seitz, R. J. (1991) Functional anatomy of language processing: Neuroimaging and the problem of individual variability. Neuropsychologia 29:1149–61. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steklis, H. D. (1988) Primate communication, comparative neurology, and the origin of language re-examined. In: The genesis of language, ed. Landsberg, M. E.. Mouton de Gruyter. [aRAM, MDH]Google Scholar
Steinberg, R. (1990) Metaphors of mind. Cambridge University Press. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Stich, S., Ed. (1975) Innate ideas. Berkeley. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Stiles, J. & Nass, R. (1991) Spatial grouping activity in young children with congenital right or left hemisphere brain injury. Brain and Cognition 15:201–22. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stiles, J. & Thal, D. (1993) Linguistic and spatial cognitive development following early focal brain injury: Patterns of deficit and recovery. In: Brain development and cognition, ed. Johnson, M. H.. Blackwell. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Stowe, L. A., Willemsen, A. T. M., Wijers, A. A., Koster, J., Mulder, G. & Vaalburg, W. (1995) Sentence ambiguity and the organization of the brain: A PET study. Human Brain Mapping 1(suppl.):246. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Strauss, E., Satz, P. & Wada, J. (1990) An examination of the crowding hypothesis in epileptic patients who have undergone the caroty amytal test. Neuropsychologia 28:1221–27. [arRAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Strauss, E. & Verity, C. (1983) Effects of hemispherectomy in infantile hemiplegics. Brain and Language 20:1–11. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Streeter, L. A. (1976) Language perception of 2-month-old infants shows effects of both innate mechanisms and experience. Nature. 259:39–41. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stromswold, K. (1994) Lexical and functional categories in language and language acquisition. Unpublished manuscript, Rutgers University. [NS]Google Scholar
Stromswold, K. (1995) The cognitive and neural bases of language acquisition. In: The cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M.. MIT Press. [KS, rRAM]Google Scholar
Stromswold, K. (1996) The genetic basis of language acquisition. In: Proceedings of the 20th Annual Boston University Conference on language Development, vol. 2. Cascadilla Press. [KS]Google Scholar
Stromswold, K., Caplan, D., Alpert, N. & Rauch, S. (1996) Localization of syntactic comprehension by positron emission tomography. Brain and Language 52:452–73. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1991) Language development from an evolutionary perspective. In: Biological and behavioral determinants of language development, ed. Krasnegor, N. A., Rumbaugh, D. M., Schiefelbuseh, R. L. & Studdert-Kennedy, M.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Sur, M., Pallas, S., Roe, A. (1990) Cross-modal plasticity in cortical development: Differentiation and specification of sensory neocortex. Trends in Neuroscience 13:227–33. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swaab, T., Brown, C. & Hagoort, P. (1995) Delayed integration of lexical ambiguities in Broca's aphasics: Evidence from event-related potentials. Brain and Language 51:159–61. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Tait, M. E., Thompson, C. K. & Ballard, K. J. (1995) Subject/object asymmetries in agrammatic comprehension of four types of wh-questions. Brain and Language 51:77–79. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Tallal, P. (1991) Hormonal influences in developmental learning disabilities. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16(203–11). [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tallal, P., Calaburda, A. M. & Llinás, R. R., ed. (1993) Temporal information processing in the nervous system. New York Academy of Sciences. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Tallal, P., Miller, S. L., Bedi, G., Byma, G.Wang, X., Nagarajan, S., Schreiner, C., Jenkins, W. M. & Merzenich, M. M. (1996) Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science 271:81–84. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tallal, P., Miller, S. & Fitch, R. H. (1993a). Neurobiological basis of speech. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 682:27–47. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tallal, P., Miller, S. & Fitch, R. H. (1993b) Neurobiological basis of speech: A case for the preeminence of temporal processing. In: Temporal processing in the nervous system, with special reference to dyslexia and dysphasia, ed. Tallal, P., Galaburda, A. M., Llinas, R. & Euler, C. Von. New York Academy of Sciences. [BJ]Google Scholar
Tallal, P. & Piercy, M. (1973) Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia. Nature 241:468–69. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tallal, P., Ross, R. & Curtiss, S. (1989a) Familial aggregation in specific language impairment. journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 54:167–73. [aRAM, KS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tallal, P., Ross, R. & Curtiss, S. (1989b) Unexpected sex-ratios in families of language/learning-impaired children. Neuropsychologia 27:987–98. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tallal, P., Townsend, J., Curtiss, S. & Wulfeck, B. (1991) Phenotypic profiles of language-impaired children based on genetic/family history. Brain and Language 41:81–95. [aRAM, MG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanenhaus, M., Dell, G. & Carlson, G. (1987) Context effects in lexical processing: A connectionist approach to modularity. In: Modularity in knowledge representation and natural-language understanding, ed. Garfield, J.. MIT Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Tartter, V. (1986) Language processes. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Ter Keurs, M., Brown, C., Hagoort, P., Praamstra, P. & Stegeman, D. (1995) ERP characteristics of function and content words in Broca's aphasics with agrammatic comprehension. Brain and Language 51:119–22. [rRAM]Google Scholar
Terrace, H., Petitto, L. A., Sanders, R. J. & Bever, T. G. (1979) Can an ape create a sentence? Science 206:891–902. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tesak, J. (1991) Zur variabilität linguistischer Aspekte in aphasischer Sprache. In: Cmppentherapie in der klinischen Linguistik, ed. Körner, A. & Simons, B.. Peter Lang. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Tesak, J. (1994) Cognitive load and the processing of grammatical items. Journal of Neurolinguistics 8:43–48. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thal, D. & Bates, E. (1990) Continuity and variation in early language development. In: Individual differences in infancy: Reliability, stability, prediction, ed. Colombo, J. & Fagen, J.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Thal, D., Bates, E. & Bellugi, U. (1989) Language and cognition in two children with Williams syndrome. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 32:489–500. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thal, D., Bates, E., Zappia, M. J. & Oroz, M. (in press) Ties between lexical and grammatical development: Evidence from early talkers. Journal of Child Language. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Thal, D. J., Marchman, V., Stiles, J., Aram, D., Trauner, D., Nass, R. & Bates, E. (1991a) Early lexical development in children with focal brain injury. Brain and Language 40:491–527. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thal, D. J., Tobias, S. & Morrison, D. (1991b) Language and gesture in late talkers: A 1-year follow-up. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 34:604–12. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thatcher, R. W. (1980) Neurolinguistics: Theoretical and evolutionary perspectives. Brain and Language 11:235–60. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thatcher, R. W. (1992) Cyclic cortical reorganization during early childhood. Brain and Cognition 20:24–50. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thatcher, R. W. (1994) Cyclic cortical reorganization. In: Human behavior and the developing brain, ed. Dawson, G. & Fischer, K. W.. Guilford. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Thatcher, R. W.Walker, B. A. & Giudice, S. (1987) Human cerebral hemispheres develop at different rates and ages. Science 236:1110–13. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thelen, E. (1991) Motor aspects of emergent speech: A dynamic approach. In: Biological and behavioral determinants of language development, ed. Krasnegor, N. A., Rumbaugh, D. M., Schiefelbusch, R. L. & Studdert-Kennedy, M.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Thomson, A. (1990) Epigenesis and plasticity in the nervous system. Trends in Neurosdence 13:389–91. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomasello, M., Kruger, A. C. & Ratner, H. H. (1993) Cultural learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:495–52. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomblin, J. B. (1989) Familial concentration of developmental language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 54:287–95. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomblin, J. B. & Buckwalter, P. R. (1994). Studies of genetics of specific language impairment. Specific language impairments in children. Paul H. Brookes. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Tononi, G., Sporns, O. & Edelman, G. M. (1992) Reentry and the problem of integrating multiple cortical areas: Simulation of dynamic integration in the visual system. Cerebral Cortex 2:310–35. [ADF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tramo, M. J., Loftus, W. C., Thomas, C. E., Green, R. L., Mott, L. A. & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1995) Surface area of human cerebral cortex and its gross morphological subdivisions: In vivo measurements in monozygotic twins suggest differential hemisphere effects of genetic factors. Journal of Cognitive Neurosdence 7:267–91. [DLK]Google ScholarPubMed
Treffert, D. A. (1988) The idiot savant: A review of the syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry 145:563–72. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1983) Developments of the cerebral mechanisms for language. In: Neuropsychology of language, reading, and spelling, ed. Kirk, U.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Tsumoto, T. (1992) Long-term potentiation and long-term depression in the neocortex. Progress in Neurobiology 39:209–28. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsumoto, T. & Suda, K. (1979) Cross-depression: An electrophysiological manifestation of binocular competition in the developing visual cortex. Brain Research 168:190–94. [FP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tzeng, O. J. L., Chen, S. & Hung, D. L. (1991) The classifier problem in Chinese aphasia. Brain and Language 41:184–202. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ullman, M., Corkin, S., Pinker, S., Coppola, M., Growdon, J. H. & Locascio, J. (1994) Which neural structures subserve language? Evidence from inflectional morphology? Paper presented at the First Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society. [DLK]Google Scholar
Ullman, M. & Gopnik, M. (1994) The production of inflectional morphology in hereditary specific language impairment. McGill Working Papers in Linguistics 10:81–118. [MG]Google Scholar
Uhl, F., Franzen, P., Lindinger, G., Lang, W. & Deecke, L. (1991) On the functionality of the visually deprived occipital cortex in early blind persons. Neurosdence Letters 124:256–59. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaadia, E., Ahissar, E., Bergman, H. & Lavner, Y. (1991) Correlated activity of neurons: A neural code for higher brain functions? In: Neuronal cooperativity, ed. Krüger, Jürgen. Springer-Verlag. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Vaid, J. & Pandit, R. (1991) Sentence interpretation in normal and aphasic Hindi speakers. Brain and Language 41:250–74. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Berghe, P. (1983) Human inbreeding avoidance: Culture in nature. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6(1):81–213. [MDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Essen, D. C., Anderson, C. H. & Felleman, Daniel J. (1992) Information processing in the primate visual system: An integrated systems perspective. Science 255:419–23. [arRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Petten, C. & Kutas, M. (1991) Electrophysiological evidence for the flexibility of lexical processing. In: Word and sentence, ed. Simpson, G.. North Holland Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Vanier, M. & Caplan, D. (1990) CT-scan correlates of agrammatism. In: Agrammatic aphasia: A cross-language narrative sourcebook. vol. 1, ed. Menn, L. & Obler, L. K.. Benjamins. [FP]Google Scholar
Vargha-Khadem, F. & Passingham, R. E. (1990) Speech and language defects. Nature 346:226. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vargha-Khadem, F. & Polkey, C. E. (1992) A review of cognitive outcome after hemidecortication in humans. In: Recovery from brain damage, ed. Rose, F. D. & Johnson, D. A.. Plenum Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Vargha-Khadem, F., Isaac, F. & Mishkin, M. (1994) Agnosia, alexia and a remarkable form of amnesia in an adolescent boy. Brain 117:683–703. [DB, rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vargha-Khadem, F., Isaacs, E. B., Papaleloudi, H., Polkey, C. & Wilson, J. (1991) Development of language in six hemispherectomized patients. Brain 114:473–95. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vargha-Khadem, F., Isaacs, E., Van der Werf, S., Robb, S. & Wilson, J. (1992) Development of intelligence and memory in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Brain 115:315–29. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vargha-Khadem, F., O'Gorman, A. M. & Watters, G. V. (1985) Aphasia and handedness in relation to hemispheric side, age at injury and severity of cerebral lesion during childhood. Brain 108:677–96. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vargha-Khadem, F., Watkins, K., Alcock, K., Fletcher, P. & Passingham, R. (1995) Praxic and nonverbal cognitive deficits in a large family with a genetically transmitted speech and language disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92:930–33. [arRAM, MG, PTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veraart, C., De Voider, A. G., Wanet-Defalque, M. C., Bol, A., Michel, C. & Goffinet, A. M. (1990) Glucose utilization in human visual cortex is abnormally elevated in blindness of early onset but decreased in blindness of late onset. Brain Research 510:115–21. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verity, C. M., Strauss, E. H., Moyes, P. D., Wada, J. A., Dunn, H. G. & Lapointe, J. S. (1982) Long-term follow-up after cerebral hemispherectomy: Neurophysiologic, radiologic, and psychological findings. Neurology 32:629–39. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogel, M., Ziegler, W. & Morasch, H. (1988) Sprechen. In: Neuropsychologische Rehabilitation, ed. Cramon, D. von & Zihl, J.. Springer-Verlag. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Volterra, V., Bates, E., Benigni, L., Bretherton, I. & Camaioni, L. (1979) First words in language and action: A qualitative look. In: Tile emergence of symbols, ed. Bates, E.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
von Steinbüchel, N. & Pöppel, E. (1991) Temporal order threshold and language perception. In: Frontiers in knowledge-based computing, ed. Bhatkar, V. P. & Rege, K. M.. Narosa. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Waddington, C. (1969) The theory of evolution today. In: Beyond reductionism, ed. Koestler, A. & Smythies, J. R.. Hutchinson. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Walker, S. F. (1983) Animal thought. Routledge/Kegan Paul. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Walker, S. F. (1994) Animal communication. In: The encyclopedia of language and linguistics, vol. 4, ed. Asher, R. E. & Simpson, J. M. Y.. Pergamon. [SFW]Google Scholar
Wallesch, C.-W., Henriksen, L., Komhuber, H.-H. & Paulson, O. (1985) Observations on regional cerebral blood flow in cortical and subcortical structures during language production in normal man. Brain and Language 25:224–33. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallesch, C.-W. & Wyke, M. A. (1985) Language and the subcortical nuclei. In: Current perspectives in dysphasia, ed. Newman, S. & Epstein, R.. Churchill Livingstone. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Walsh, C. & Cepko, C. L. (1992) Widespread dispersion of neuronal clones across functional regions of the cerebral cortex. Science 255:434–40. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, L. & Goodglass, H. (1992) Pantomime, praxis, and aphasia. Brain and Language 42:402–18. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, W.S.-Y. (1991) Explorations in language. Pyramid Press. [PTS]Google Scholar
Warburton, E., Wise, R. J. S., Price, C. J., Weiller, C., Hadar, U., Ramsay, S. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) Noun and verb retrieval by normal subjects. Studies with PET. Brain 119:159–79. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M. (1988) Perceptual bases of the evolution of speech. In: The genesis of language, ed. Landsberg, M. E.. Mouton de Gruyter. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K. & McCarthy, R. A. (1987) Categories of knowledge: Further fractionations and an attempted integration. Brain 110:1273–96. [FP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, R. V. (1994) Grammatical challenges for children with specific language impairment. In: Specific language impairments in children, ed. Watkins, R. V. & Rice, M. L.. Paul H. Brookes. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Wehner, R., Michel, B. & Antonsen, P. (1996) Visual navigation in insects: Coupling of egocentric and geocentric information. Journal of Experimental Biology 199:129–40. [SFW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiller, C., Isensee, C., Rijntjes, M., Huber, W., Müller, S., Bier, D., Dutschka, K., Woods, R. P., Noth, J. & Diener, H. C. (1995) Recovery from Wemicke's aphasia: A positron emission tomographic study. Annals of Neurology 37:723–32. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wernicke, C. (1874/1974) Der aphasische Symptomenkomplex. Springer-Verlag. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Wexler, K. & Manzini, R. (1987) Parameters and learnability in binding theory. In: Parameter setting, ed. Roeper, T. & Williams, E.. Reidel. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Whalen, D. & Liberman, A. M. (1987) Speech perception takes precedence over nonspeech perception. Science 237:169–70. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitaker, H. (1976) A case of the isolation of the language function. In: Studies in neurolinguisties, vol. 2., ed. Whitaker, H. & Whitaker, H. A.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Wilkins, W. K. & Wakefield, J. (1995) Brain evolution and neurolinguistic preconditions. Behavioral ami Brain Sciences 18:161–82. [SAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, W. K. et al. (1995) Brain evolution and neurolinguistie preconditions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:161–82. [rRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wimer, C. (1990) Genetic studies of brain development. In: Developmental behavior genetics: Neural, biometrical, and evolutionary approaches, ed. Hahn, M. E., Hewitt, J. K., Henderson, N. D. & Benno, R. H.. Oxford University Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Wind, J. (1983) Primate evolution and the emergence of speech. In: Glossogenetics, ed. Grolier, E. de. Harwood Academic Publishers. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Wise, R. J. S., Chollet, F., Hadar, U., Friston, K., Hoffner, E. & Frackowiak, R. (1991) Distribution of corticid networks involved in word comprehension and word retrieval. Brain 114:1803–17. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, C. (1982) Implications of simulated lesion experiments for the inteqiretation of lesions in real nervous systems. In: Neural models of language processes, ed. Arhib, M., Caplan, D. & Marshall, J.. Academic Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Wulfeck, B. B., Trauner, D. A. & Tallal, P. A. (1991b) Neurologic, cognitive, and linguistic features of infants after early stroke. Pediatric Neurology 7:266–69. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wulfeck, B., Bates, E. & Capasso, R. (1991a) A crosslinguistie study of grammatically judgments in Broca's aphasia. Brain and Language 41:311–36. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamada, J. (1988) The independence of language: Evidence from a retarded hyperlinguistic individual. In: Language, speech and mind, ed. Hyman, L. & Li, C.. Routledge. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Yeo, R. A. (1989) Individual differences. In: Neuropsychological function and brain imaging, ed. Bigler, E. D., Yeo, R. A. & Turkheimer, E.. Plenum Press. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Zatorre, R. J., Evans, A. C., Meyer, E. & Gjedde, A. (1992) Lateralization of phonetic and pitch discrimination in speech processing. Science 256:846–49. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zola-Morgan, S. & Squire, L. (1990) The primate hippocampal formation: Evidence for a time-limited role in memory storage. Science 250:288–90. [aRAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zurif, E. (1984) Neurolinguisties. In: Handbook of cognitive neuroscience, ed. Gazzaniga, M.. Plenum. [aRAM]Google Scholar
Zurif, E. (1995) Brain regions of relevance to syntactic processing. In: Invitation to cognitive science, 2d ed, vol. 1: Language, ed. Gleitman, L. & Liberman, M.. MIT Press. [YG]Google Scholar
Zurif, E., Swinney, D. & Garrett, M. (1990) Lexical processing and sentence comprehension. In: Cognitive neuropsychology and neurolinguisties, ed. Caramazza, A.. Erlbaum. [aRAM]Google Scholar