Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T19:13:50.730Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Consciousness and content in learning: Missing or misconceived?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Richard A. Carlson
Richard A. Carlson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Electronic mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 14 , Issue 4 , December 1991 , pp. 673 - 674
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allport, D. A. (1980) Attention and performance. In: Cognitive psychology: New directions, ed. Claxton, G.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [KES]Google Scholar
Allport, D. A. (1988) What concept of consciousness? In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. j. & Bisiach, E.. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1983) The architecture of cognition. Harvard University Press. [RAG]Google Scholar
Attneave, F. (1961) In defense of homunculi. In: Sensory communication, ed. Rosenblith, W. A.. MIT Press. [RK]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1983) Conscious contents provide the nervous system with coherent, global information. In: Consciousness and self-regulation, vol. 3, ed. Davidson, R., Schwartz, G. & Shapiro, D.. [BJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1986) The cognitive revolution in psychology. Guilford Press. [BJB]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1987) Biological implication of a global workspace theory of consciousness: Evidence, theory, and some phylogenetic speculations. In: Cognition, language, and consciousness: Integrative levels, ed. Greenberg, G. & Tobach, E.. Erlbaum. [BJB]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1989) A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press. [arMV, BJB, BM, DS]Google Scholar
Balota, D. (1983) Automatic semantic activation and episodic memory encoding. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22:88–104. [DD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bargh, J. A. (1989) Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. In: Unintended thought, ed. Uleman, J. S. & Bargh, J. A.. Guilford. [TDW]Google Scholar
Barresi, J. (1987) Prospects for the cyberiad: Certain limits on human selfknowledge in the cybernetic age. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 17(1): 19–46. [RK]Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. E. (1984) Choking under pressure: Self-consciousnes and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46:610–20. [TDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, I. (1972) Perceiving real world scenes. Science 177:77–80. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, I., Glass, A. & Stacey, E. W. (1973) Searching for objects in realworld scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology 97:22–27. [aMV]Google Scholar
Biederman, I., Rabinowitz, J., Glass, A. & Stacey, E. W. (1974) On the information extracted in a single glance at a scene. Journal of Experimental Psychology 103:597–600. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjork, R. A. (1975) Short-term storage: The ordered output of a central processor. In: Cognitive Theory, vol. 1, ed. Restle, F., Shiffrin, R. M., Castellan, N. J., Lindman, H. R. & Pisoni, D. B.. Erlbaum. [aMV]Google Scholar
Blakemore, C. & Greenfield, S., eds. (1987) Mindwaves. Blackwell. [aMV]Google Scholar
Blaxton, T. A. (submitted) The role of temporal lobes in memory function: Conceptual and data-driven transfer. [JMG]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1978) Troubles with functionalism. In: Mind and cognition, ed. Lycan, W.. Blackwell. [NB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1990) Inverted Earth. In: Philosophical perspectives IV, ed. Tomberlin, j.. Ataskadero. [NB]Google Scholar
Blumenthal, A. L. (1977) The process of cognition. Prentice-Hall. [arMV]Google Scholar
Bock, J. K. (1982) Towards a cognitive psychology of syntax: Information processing contributions to sentence formulation. Psychological Review 89:1–47. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boomer, D. S. (1970) Review of F. Goldman-Eisler: Psycholinguistics: Experiments in spontaneous speech. Lingua 25:152–64. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, R. F. (in press) Inhibitory effects of awareness on affective responding: Implications for the affective-cognitive relationship. In: Emotion: Review of personality and social psychology, vol. 13, ed. Clark, M. S.. Sage. [TDW]Google Scholar
Bowers, K. S. (1976) Hypnosis for the seriously curious. Brooks/Cole. [aMV]Google Scholar
Bowers, K. S. (1984) On being unconsciously influenced and informed. In: The unconscious reconsidered, ed. Bowers, K. S. & Meichenbaum, D.. Wiley. [aMV, KSB]Google Scholar
Bowers, K. S. (1987) Revisioning the unconscious. Canadian Psychology 28:93–132. [KSB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(in press) Three levels of consciousness: Implications for dissociation: In: Psychological concepts and dissociative disorders, ed. Klein, R.. Erlbaum. [KSB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowers, K. S. & Meichenbaum, D. (1984) The unconscious reconsidered. Wiley. [KSB]Google Scholar
Bowers, K. S., Regehr, G., Balthazard, C. & Parker, K. (1990) Intuition in the context of discovery. Cognitive Psychology 22:72–110. [KSB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, W. F. (1974) There is no convincing evidence for operant or classical conditioning in humans. In: Cognition and the symbolic processes, ed. Weimer, W. B. & Palermo, D. S.. Erlbaum. [RAC]Google Scholar
Brewer, W. F. (1988) Memory for randomly sampled autobiographical events. In: Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to memory, ed. Neisser, U. & Winograd, E.. Cambridge University Press. [JMG]Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. (1958) Perception and communication. Pergamon Press. [arMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, T. L., Carr, T. H. & Chaderjian, M. (1987) Orthography, familiarity, and meaningfulness reconsidered: Attentional strategies may affect the lexical sensitivity of visual code formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 13:127–39. [aMV]Google Scholar
Browne, M. W. (1988) The benzene ring: Was it just a dream? New York Times, August 16. [aMV]Google Scholar
Bryant, P. E. & Goswami, U. (1987) Beyond grapheme-phoneme correspondence. European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology 7:439–43. [KES]Google Scholar
Campion, J., Latto, R. & Smith, Y. M. (1983) Is blindsight an effect of scattered light, spared cortex, and near-threshold vision? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:423–86. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, R. A. & Dulany, D. E. (1985) Conscious attention and abstraction in concept learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 11:45–48. [RAC]Google Scholar
Carr, T. H. (1979) Consciousness in models of human information processing: Primary memory, executive control, and input regulation. In: Aspects of consciousness: Psychological issues, ed. Underwood, G. & Stevens, R.. Academic Press. [aMV, RK]Google Scholar
Carr, T. H. & Bacharach, V. S. (1976) Perceptual tuning and conscious attention: Systems of input regulation in visual information processing. Cognition 4:281–302. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, T. H., Davidson, B. J. & Hawkins, H. L. (1978) Perceptual flexibility in word recognition: Strategies affect orthographic computation but not lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4:674–90. [aMV]Google Scholar
Chaves, J. F. (1989) Hypnotic control of clinical pain. In: Hypnosis: The cognitive behavioral perspective, ed. Spanos, N. P. & Chaves, J. F.. Prometheus. [GFW]Google Scholar
Cheesman, J. & Merikle, P. M. (1984) Priming with and without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics 36:387–95. [arMV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheesman, J. & Merikle, P. M. (1986) Distinguishing conscious from unconscious perceptual processes. Canadian Journal of Psychology 40:343–67. [arMV, KSB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cherry, C. (1953) Some experiments on the reception of speech with one and with two ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 25:975–79. [arMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1981) Eliminative materialism and the propositional attitudes. The Journal of Philosophy 78:67–90. [WS]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1985) Reduction, qualia, and the direct introspection of brain states. Journal of Philosophy 82:8–28. [rMV, KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1989) A neurocomputational perspective: The nature of mind and the structure of science. MIT Press. [VGH]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified science of the mind/brain. MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1988) Reduction and the neurobiological basis of consciousness. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Collins, A. M. & Loftus, E. R. (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 82:407–28. [KSB]Google Scholar
Collins, A. M. & Quillian, M. R. (1969) Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 8:240–47. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colman, A. M. (1987) Facts, fallacies and frauds in psychology. Hutchinson. [aMV]Google Scholar
Corteen, R. S. (1986) Electrodermal responses to words in an irrelevant message: A partial reappraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:27–28. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corteen, R. S. & Dunn, D. (1974) Shock associated words in a nonattended message: A test for momentary awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102:1143–44. [aMV]Google Scholar
Corteen, R. S. & Wood, B. (1972) Autonomic responses to shock-associated words in an unattended channel. Journal of Experimental Psychology 94:308–13. [aMV]Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conception of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin 104:163–91. [AWI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowey, A. & Storig, P. (in press) The architecture of blind vision. [CK]Google Scholar
Crick, F. H. C. (1984) The function of the thalamic reticular complex: The searchlight hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 81:4586–90. [CK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, F. H. C. & Koch, C. (1990) Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosciences 2:263–75. [CK]Google Scholar
Crick, F. H. C. & Koch, C. (1991) Some reflections on visual awareness. Symposium on Quantitative Biology 55. [CK]Google Scholar
Dagenbach, D., Carr, T. H. & Wilhelmsen, A. (1989) Task-induced strategies and near-threshold priming: Conscious influences on unconscious perception. Journal of Memory and Language 28:412–43. [arMV]Google Scholar
D'Andrade, R. (1987) A folk model of the mind. In: Cultural models in language and thought, ed. Holland, D. & Quinn, N.. Cambridge University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Dawkins, M. (1980) Animals suffering: The science of animal welfare. Chapman & Hall. [rMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, M. (1990) From an animal's point of view: Motivation, fitness and animal welfare. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:1–61. [rMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, M. E. & Schell, A. M. (1982) Electrodermal responses to attended and unattended significant stimuli during dichotic listening. Journal o f Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8:315–24. [aMV]Google Scholar
Deecke, L., Grozinger, B. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1976) Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potentials and theory. Biological Cybernetics 23:99–119. [aMV]Google Scholar
Dell, G. S. (1986) A spreading activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review 93:283–321. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Brainstorms. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [aMV, AS, NB, DL]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1979) On the absence of phenomenology. In: Body, mind and method: Essays in honor of Virgil Aldrich, D. Gustafson and B. Tapscott, ed. Reidel, D.. [NB]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1988) Quining qualia. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Clarendon Press. [arMV, NB, KES]Google Scholar
(forthcoming) Consciousness explained. Little Brown. [NB]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. & Kinsbourne, M. (in press) Time and the observer: The where and when of consciousness in the brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15(2). [NB]Google Scholar
Descartes, R. (1634/1979) Meditations on first philosophy (transl. Cress, Donald). Hackett. [GR]Google Scholar
Dimond, S. J. (1980) Neuropsychology: A textbook of systems and psychological functions of the human brain. Butterworths. [aMV]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. (1971) Subliminal perception: The nature of a controversy. McGraw-Hill. [arMV]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. (1981) Preconscious processing. Wiley. [arMV, NFD]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. (1987) Our own worst enemy. Jonathan Cape. [NFD]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. (1989) Unconscious perception and general anaesthesia. In: Clinical anaesthesia, vol. 3, no. 3, ed. Jones, J. G.. Tindall, Bailliere. [NFD]Google Scholar
Dulany, D. E., Carlson, R. A. & Dewey, G. I. (1984) A case of syntactical learning and judgment: How conscious and how abstract? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:541–55. [RAC]Google Scholar
Dulany, D. E. (1985) On consciousness in syntactical learning and judgment: A reply to Reber, Allen, and Regan. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114:25–32. [RAC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, F. N. (1973) The Stroop phenomenon and its use in the study of perceptual, cognitive, and response processes. Memory and Cognition 1:106–20. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1980) The human psyche. Springer. [arMV]Google Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1987) Brain and mind, two or one? In: Mindwaves, ed. Blakemore, C. & Greenfield, S.. Blackwell. [aMV]Google Scholar
Eich, E. (1984) Memory for unattended events: Remembering with and without awareness. Memory and Cognition 12:105–11. [arMV, DD]Google Scholar
Erdelyi, M. H. (1974) A new look at the New Look: Perceptual defense and vigilance. Psychological Review 81:1–25. [TDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericsson, K. A. & Simon, H. (1984) Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. MIT Press. [arMV, KES]Google Scholar
Eriksen, B. A. & Eriksen, C. W. (1974) Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics 16:143–49. [AWI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, C. & Richardson, P. H. (1988) Improved recovery in reduced post operative stress after therapautic suggestions during general anaesthesia. Lancet ii:491–93. [NFD]Google Scholar
Falkenhainer, B., Forbus, K. D. & Gentner, D. (in press) Structure-mapping engine. Artificial Intelligence. [MTK]Google Scholar
Fehrer, E. & Biederman, I. (1962) A comparison of reaction time and verbal report in the detection of masked stimiuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology 64:126–30. [BL]Google Scholar
Feigl, H. (1960) Mind-body, not a pseudoproblem. In: Dimensions of mind, ed. Hook, S.. New York University Press. [BL]Google Scholar
Feldman, F. (1980) Identity, necessity, and events. In: Readings in the philosophy of psychology, vol. 1, ed. Block, N.. [GR]Google Scholar
Flohr, H. (forthcoming) Brain processes and consciousness: A new and specific hypothesis. Philosophical Psychology. [RVG]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press. [GR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A., Bever, T. G. & Garrett, M. F. (1974) The psychology of language. McGraw-Hill. [aMV]Google Scholar
Forster, K. I. & Davis, C. (1984) Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 10:680–98. [arMV]Google Scholar
Forster, K. I. & Govier, E. (1978) Discrimination without awareness? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 30:289–95. [aMV]Google Scholar
Foss, D. J. & Hakes, D. T. (1978) Psycholinguistics: An introduction to the psychology of language. Prentice-Hall. [aMV]Google Scholar
Foulkes, D. (1982) Children's dreams: Longitudinal studies. Wiley-Interscience. [DF]Google Scholar
Foulkes, D. (1985) Dreaming: A cognitive-psychological analysis. Erlbaum. [DF]Google Scholar
Foulkes, D. (1990) Dreaming and consciousness. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 2:39–55. [DF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulkes, D., Hollifield, M., Sullivan, B.Bradley, L. & Terry, R. (1990) REM dreaming and cognitive skill at ages 5–8: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Development 13:447–65. [DF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, S. (1900/1972) The interpretation of dreams (ed., transl. Strachey, J.). Avon. [TDW]Google Scholar
Gardiner, J. M. (1988) Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory & Cognition 16:309–13. [JMG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardiner, J. M. & Java, R. I. (1990) Recollective experience in word and nonword recognition. Memory & Cognition 18:23–30. [JMG]Google Scholar
(submitted) Temporal aspects of recollective experience. Memory & Cognition. [JMG]Google Scholar
Gardiner, J. M., & Parkin, A. J. (1990) Attention and recollective experience in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition 18:579&83. [JMG]Google Scholar
Garrett, M. E. (1982) Production of speech: Observations from normal and pathological language use. In: Normality and pathology of cognitive functions, ed. Ellis, A.. Academic Press. [aMV]Google Scholar
Gatti, S. W. & Egeth, H. E. (1978) Failure of spatial selectivity in vision. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 11:181–84. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauker, C. (1990) How to learn language like a chimpanzee. Philosophical Psychology 3:31–53. [rMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentner, D. (1983) Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science 7:155–70. [MTK]Google Scholar
Gentner, D. (1989) Mechanisms of analogical learning. In: Similarity and analogical reasoning, ed. Vosniadou, S. & Ortony, A.. Cambridge University Press. [MTK]Google Scholar
Gergen, K. J. (1990) Social understanding and the inscription of self. In: Cultural psychology, ed. Stigler, J., Shweder, R. & Herdt, G.. Cambridge University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Ghiselin, B. (1952) The creative process: A symposium. University of California Press. [aMV]Google Scholar
Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1980) Analogical problem solving. Cognitive Psychology 12:306–55. [rMV, MTK]Google Scholar
Gilden, L., Vaughan, H. G. Jr. & Costa, L. D. (1966) Summated human EEG potentials with voluntary movement. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 20:433–38. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman-Eisler, F. (1968) Psycholinguistics: Experiments in spontaneous speech. Academic Press. [aMV]Google Scholar
Gray, C. M., Konig, P., Engel, A. K. & Singer, W. (1989) Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 338:334–37. [CK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregg, V. H. & Gardiner, J. M. (in press) Components of conscious awareness in a long-term modality effect. British Journal of Psychology. [JMG]Google Scholar
Grice, G. R., Boroughs, J. M. & Canham, L. (1984) Temporal dynamics of associative interference and facilitation produced by visual context. Perception & Psychophysics 36:499–507. [AWI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groeger, J. A. (1984a) Preconscious influences on language production. Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University of Belfast. [aMV]Google Scholar
Groeger, J. A. (1984b) Evidence of unconscious semantic processing from a forced error situation. British Journal of Psychology 75:305–14. [aMV]Google Scholar
Grosjean, F. (1980) Spoken word recognition processes and the gating paradigm. Perception and Psychophysics 28:267–83. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harman, G. (1990) The intrinsic quality of experience. In: Philosophical perspectives IV, ed. Tomberlin, J.. Atascadero. [NB]Google Scholar
Harnad, S. (1982) Consciousness: An afterthought. Cognition and Brain Theory 5:29–47. [aMV, DL]Google Scholar
Harnad, S. (1991) Other bodies, other minds: A machine incarnation of an old philosophical problem. Minds and Machines 1:43–54. [arMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harth, E. (1982) Windows on the mind: Reflections on the physical basis of consciousness. Harvester. [aMV]Google Scholar
Hartman, M., Knopman, D. S. & Nissen, M. J. (1989) Implicit learning of new verbal associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 15:1070–82. [aMV]Google ScholarPubMed
Hein, G. E. (1966) Kekule and the architecture of molecules. In: Advances in chemistry series: Kekule centennial, ed. Gould, R. F.. American Chemical Society. [aMV]Google Scholar
Hildreth, E. C. & Ullman, S. (1989) The computational study of vision. In: Foundation of cognitive science, ed. Posner, M. I.. MIT Press. [RSC]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. (1965) Hypnotic susceptibility. Harcourt, Brace & World. [DS]Google ScholarPubMed
Hilgard, E. R. (1974) Toward a neodissociation theory: Multiple cognitive controls in human functioning. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 17:301–16. [GFW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. (1977) Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. Wiley. [DS, GFW]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. (1978) States of consciousness in hypnosis: Divisions or levels? In: Hypnosis at its bicentennial: Selected papers, ed. Frankel, F. H. & Zamansky, H. S.. Plenum. [rMV, GFW]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. (1984) The hidden observer and multiple personality. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 32:248–53. [DS]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. (1986) Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. Wiley. [aMV]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. & Hilgard, J. R. (1975) Hypnosis in the relief of pain. William Kaufman. [aMV]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R., Morgan, A. H. & MacDonald, H. (1975) Pain and dissociation in the cold pressor test: A study of hypnotic analgesia with “hidden reports” through automatic key pressing and automatic talking. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 84:280–89. [DS]Google Scholar
Hodgkin, D. & Houston, A. I. (1990) Selecting for the con in consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:668–69. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holender, D. (1986) Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:1–66. [arMV, DD, DL, KSB]Google Scholar
Holton, G. (1973) Thematic origins of scientific thought: Kepler to Einstein. Harvard University Press. [KSB]Google Scholar
Holyoak, K. J. (1985) The pragmatics of analogical transfer. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation 19:59–87. [MTK]Google Scholar
Holyoak, K. J. & Koh, K. (1987) Surface and structural similarity in analogical transfer. Memory & Cognition 15:332–40. [rMV, MTK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holyoak, K. J. & Thagard, P. (1989) Analogical mapping by constraint satisfaction. Cognitive Science 13:295–355. [MTK]Google Scholar
Hubel, D. H. (1979) Foreword in The brain, a Scientific American book. W. H. Freeman. [NFD]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. (1984) Consciousness regained: Chapters in the development of mind. Oxford University Press. [RK]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W. (1985) Attention, autornaticity, and autonomy in visual word processing. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, vol. 5, ed. Besner, D., Waller, T. & MacKinnon, G.. Academic Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Huxley, T. H. (1898) Collected essays, vol. 1. Macmillan. [aMV]Google Scholar
Inhoff, A. W. & Briihl, D. (1991) Semantic processing of unattended text: How the eyes see it. Perception & Psychophysics 2. [rMV, AWI]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1987) Consciousness and the computation mind. MIT Press. [DL]Google Scholar
Jackson, F. (1982) Epiphenomenal qualia. Philosophical Quarterly 32:127–36. [KES]Google Scholar
Jacoby, L. L. (1988) Memory observed and memory unobserved. In: Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to memory, ed. Neisser, V. & Winograd, E.. Cambridge University Press. [JMG]Google Scholar
Jacoby, L. L., Allan, L. G., Collins, J. C. & & Larwill, L. K. (1988) Memory influences subjective experience: Noise judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14:240–47. [JMG]Google Scholar
Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C., Brown, J. & Jasechko, J. (1989) Becoming famous overnight: Limits on the ability to avoid unconscious influences of the past. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56:326–38. [JMG]Google Scholar
James, W. (1884) What is emotion? Mind 9:188–205. [RSC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. (1890/1950) The principles of psychology. Dover. [aMV]Google Scholar
Jaynes, J. (1976) The origins of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Houghton Mifflin. [RSC]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1965) Scoring the Stroop test. Ada Psychologica 24:398–408. [aMV]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. & Rohwer, W. D. (1966) The Stroop colour-word test: A review. Acta Psychologica 25:36–93. [aMV]Google Scholar
John, E. R. (1976) A model of consciousness. In: Consciousness and selfregulation, ed. Schwartz, G. & Shapiro, D.. Plenum. [arMV]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. K. (1988) Reality monitoring: An experimental phenomenological approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117:390–94. [JMG]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Harvard University Press. [DF]Google Scholar
Jung, R. (1985) Voluntary intention and conscious selection in complex learned action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:544–45. [WAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1973) Attention and effort. Prentice-Hall. [aMV]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Chajczyk, D. (1983) Test of the automaticity of reading: Dilution of Stroop effects by colour-irrelevant stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:497–509. [aMV]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Treisman, A. (1984) Changing views of attention and automaticity. In: Varieties of attention, ed. Parasuraman, R. & Davies, R.. Academic Press. [arMV, GM, KES]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D.Treisman, A. & Burkell, J. (1983) The cost of visual filtering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:510–22. [rMV, AWI]Google Scholar
Keane, M. T. (1985) On drawing analogies when solving problems: A theory and test of solution generation in an analogical problem solving task. British Journal of Psychology 76:449–58. [MTK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keane, M. T. (1987) On retrieving analogues when solving problems. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 39A:29–41. [rMV, MTK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keane, M. T. (1988a) Analogical problem solving. Ellis Horwood. [MTK]Google Scholar
Keane, M. T. (1988b) Analogical mechanisms. Artificial Intelligence Review 2(4):229–51. [MTK]Google Scholar
Keane, M. T. & Brayshaw, M. (1988) The incremental analogical machine: A computational model of analogy. In: European working session on machine learning, ed. Sleeman, D.. Pitman. [MTK]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1984) Conscious, subconscious, unconscious: A cognitive perspective. In: The unconscious reconsidered, ed. Bowers, K. S. & Meichenbaum, D.. Wiley. [aMV]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987) The cognitive unconscious. Science 237:1445–52. [arMV, DS]Google Scholar
Kleiman, G. M. (1975) Speech recoding in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14:323–39. [rMV, GU]Google Scholar
Knopman, D. S. & Nissen, M. J. (1987) Implicit learning in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 37:784–88. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knox, J. V., Morgan, A. H. & Hilgard, E. R. (1974) Pain and suffering in ischemia: The paradox of hypnotically suggested anaesthesia as contradicted by reports from the “hidden observer.” Archives of General Psychiatry 30:840–47. [aMV, GFW]Google Scholar
Koestler, A. (1964) The act of creation. Picador. [MTK]Google Scholar
Kornhuber, H. H. & Deecke, L. (1965) Hirnpotentialanderungen bei willkurbewegungen und passiven bewegungen des menchen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente potentiale. Pflugers Archiv fūr Gesampte Physiologie 284:1–17. [aMV]Google Scholar
Kripke, S. (1982) Naming and necessity. Harvard University Press. [GR]Google Scholar
Kucera, H. & Francis, W. M. (1967) Computational analysis of present-day American English. Brown University Press. [aMV]Google Scholar
Kulli, J. & Koch, C. (1991) Does anesthesia cause loss of consciousness? Trends in Neuroscience 14:6–10. [CK]Google Scholar
La Berge, D. (1975) Acquisition of automatic processing of perceptual and associate learning. In: Attention and performance V, ed. Rabbitt, P. M. A. & Dornic, S.. Academic Press. [aMV]Google Scholar
La Berge, D. (1981) Automatic information processing: A review. In: Attention and performance IX, ed. Long, J. & Baddeley, A.. Erlbaum. [aMV]Google Scholar
Lackner, J. & Garrett, M. F. (1973) Resolving ambiguity: Effects of biasing context in the unattended ear. Cognition L:359–72. [arMV, CK, GU]Google Scholar
Lashley, K. (1960) Cerebral organization and behavior. In: The neuropsychology of Lashley, ed. Beach, F. A., Hebb, D. O., Morgan, C. T. & Nissen, H. W.. McGraw-Hill. [DL]Google Scholar
Lassen, N. A., Ingvar, D. H. & Skinhoj, E. (1978) Brain function and blood flow. Scientific American 239:62–71. [rMV, BL]Google Scholar
Lawrence, J. R. & Perry C. (1981) The “hidden observer” phenomenon in hypnosis: Some additional findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90:334–44. [DS]Google Scholar
Lenneberg, E. H. (1967) Biological foundations of language. Wiley. [aMV]Google Scholar
Lewis, J. L. (1970) Semantic processing of unattended messages using dichotic listening. Journal of Experimental Psychology 85:220–27. [arMV]Google Scholar
Liberman, A., Cooper, F. S., Shankweiler, D. P. & Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1967) Perception of the speech code. Psychological Review 74:431–61. [aMV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B. (1965) Cortical activation in conscious and unconscious experience. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 9:77–86. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1966) Brain stimulation and the threshold of conscious experience. In: Brain and conscious experience, ed. Eccles, J. C.. Springer-Verlag. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1981) The experimental evidence for subjective referral of a sensory experience backwards in time. Philosophy of Science 48:182–97. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1985) Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:529–66. [arMV, BL, RK, WAM]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1987) Consciousness: Conscious, subjective experience. In: Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, ed. Adelman, G.. Birkhauser. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1989) Conscious subjective experience vs. unconscious metal functions: A theory of cerebral processes involved. In: Models of brain function, ed. Cotterill, R. M. J.. Cambridge University Press. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B., Alberts, W. W., Wright, E. W., De Lattre, L. D., Levin, G. & Feinstein, B. (1964) Production of threshold levels of conscious sensation by electrical stimulation of human somatosensory cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 27:546–78. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B., Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W. & Pearl, D. K. (1983) Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activities (readiness-potential); the unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain 106:623–42. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B., Pearl, D. K., Morledge, D. E., Gleason, C. A., Hosobuchi, Y. & Barbaro, N. M. (1991) Duration of a thalamic stimulus can control the transition from sensory detection to sensory awareness, in man. Brain (in press). [BL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B., Wright, E. W. Jr., Feinstein, B. & Pearl, D. K. (1979) Subjective referral of the timing for a conscious experience: A functional role for the somatosensory specific projection system in man. Brain 102:193–224. [aMV, BL]Google Scholar
Lloyd, D. (1989) Simple minds. MIT Press. [DL, RAC, KES]Google Scholar
Logan, G. D. (1985) Skill and automaticity: Relations, implications, and future directions. Canadian Journal of Psychology 39:367–86. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombardi, W. J., Higgins, E. T. & Bargh, J. A. (1987) The role of consciousness in priming effects on categorization: Assimilation versus contrast as a function of awareness of the priming task. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 13:411–29. [TDW]Google Scholar
Lorber, H. (1983) Is your brain really necessary? In: Hydrocephalus in Fruhen Kindesalter, ed. Voth, D.. Einke Verlag. [NFD]Google Scholar
Lupker, S. J. (1986) Conscious identification: Where do you draw the line? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:37–38. [arMV]Google Scholar
Lycan, W. (1987) Consciousness. MIT Press /Bradford. [GR, KES]Google Scholar
Lycan, W. G., ed. (1990) Mind and cognition: A reader. Basil Blackwell. [KES]Google Scholar
Lyons, W. (1986) The disappearance of introspection. MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
MacKay, D. G. (1973) Aspects of the theory of comprehension, memory and attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 25:22–40. [arMV, GU]Google Scholar
MacKay, W. A. & Bonnet, M. (1990) CNV, stretch reflex and reaction time correlates of preparation for movement direction and force. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 76:47–62. [WAM]Google Scholar
MacKay, W. A. & Crammond, D. J. (1987) Neuronal correlates in posterior parietal lobe of the expectation of events. Behavioral Brain Research 24:167–79. [WAM]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1975a) Consciousness: Respectable, useful, and probably necessary. In: Information processing and cognition, the Loyola symposium, ed. Solso, R.. Erlbaum. [BM]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1975b) Mind and emotion. Wiley. [aMV, GM]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1984) Mind and body: Psychology of emotion and stress. Norton. [GM]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1985) Cognitive psychology: An essay in cognitive science. Erlbaum. [aMV, GM]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1989) Memory: Conscious and unconscious. In: Memory: Interdisciplinary approaches, ed. Solomon, P. R., Goethals, G. R., Kelley, C. M. & Stephens, B. R.. Springer-Verlag. [GM]Google Scholar
(in press) Toward a theory of consciousness. In: Cognition, information processing, and psychophysics: Basic issues, ed. Geissler, H.-G., Link, S. W. & Townsend, J. T.. Erlbaum. [GM]Google Scholar
Mandler, G., Nakamura, Y. & van Zandt, B. J. S. (1987) Nonspecific effects of exposure on stimuli that cannot be recognised. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 13:646–49. [JMG]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1980) Conscious and preconscious recognition of polysemous words: Locating the selective effects of prior verbal context. In: Attention and performance VIII, ed. Nickerson, R. S.. Erlbaum. [arMV]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1982) Is cortical blindness a problem of visual function or of visual consciousness? Paper presented at Fifth International Neuropsychology Society European Conference, Deauville. [aMV]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1983a) Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes. Cognitive Psychology 15:238–300. [DS, GM]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1983b) Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology 15:197–237. [arMV, TDW]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1986) Consciousness and processing: Choosing and testing a null hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:40–41. [aMV]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E., eds. (1988) Consciousness in contemporary science. Clarendon Press. [aMV]Google Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1974) Function and process in spoken word recognition - A tutorial review. In: Attention and performance X, ed. Bouma, H. & Bouwhuis, D. G.. Erlbaum. [aMV]Google Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W. D. & Tyler, L. K. (1980) The temporal structure of spoken language understanding. Cognition 8:1–71. [aMV]Google Scholar
Mauritz, K.-H. & Wise, S. P. (1986) Premotor cortex of the rhesus monkey: Neuronal activity in anticipation of predictable environmental events. Experimental Brain Research 61:229–44. [WAM]Google Scholar
McKellar, P. (1979) Mindsplit: The psychology of multiple personality and the dissociated self. Dent. [GFW]Google Scholar
Mermiges, L. (1989) The feeling of knowing in insight problem solving. Doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.[ksb]Google Scholar
Meyer, D. & Schvaneveldt, R. (1971) Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology 90:227–34. [GR]Google Scholar
Meyer, D. E., Schvaneveldt, R. W. & Ruddy, M. G. (1975) Loci of contextual effects on visual word recognition. In: Attention and performance V, ed. Rabbitt, P. M. A. & Dornic, S.. Erlbaum. [aMV]Google Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1987) Psychology: The science of mental life. Penguin. [arMV]Google Scholar
Morais, J., Alegria, J. & Content, A. (1987) The relationships between segmented analysis and alphabetic literacy: An interactive view. European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology 7:415–38. [KES]Google Scholar
Moray, N. (1959) Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 9:56–60. [aMV]Google Scholar
Moruzzi, S. & Magoun, H. W. (1949) Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the E.E.G. electroencephalography. Clinical Neurophysiology 1:455–73. [NFD]Google Scholar
Mountcastle, V. B., Motter, B. C., Steinmetz, M. A. & Duffy, C. J. (1984) Looking and seeing: The visual functions of the parietal lobe. In: Dynamic aspects of neocortical function, ed. Edelman, G. M., Gall, W. E. & Cowan, W. M.. Wiley. [WAM]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83:435–51. [aMV, KES, NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, T. (1986) The view from nowhere. Oxford University Press. [aMV, KES]Google Scholar
Navon, D. (1989) The importance of being visible: On the role of attention in a mind viewed as an anarchic intelligence system. I. Basic tenets. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 1:191–213. [DN]Google Scholar
Neeley, J. H. (1977) Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106:226–54. [arMV, CK]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1967) Cognitive psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [GM]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1982) Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts. Freeman. [KSB]Google Scholar
Nelkin, N. (1989). Unconscious Sensations. Philosophical Psychology 2:129–41. [NB]Google Scholar
Newstead, S. E. & Dennis, I. (1979) Lexical and grammatical processing of unshadowed messages: A re-examination of the Mackay effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 31:477–88. [arMV, GU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbett, L. & Ross, L. (1980) Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Prentice-Hall. [KES]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Wilson, T. D. (1977) Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231–59. [GR, TDW]Google Scholar
Nissen, M. J. & Bullemer, P. (1987) Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology 19:1–32. [arMV, AWI, NB, RK]Google Scholar
Nissen, M. J., Knopman, D. S. & Schacter, D. L. (1987) Neurochemical dissociation of memory systems. Neurology 37:789–94. [aMV]Google Scholar
Nissen, M. J., Willingham, D. & Hartman, M. (1989) Explicit and implicit remembering: When is learning preserved in amnesia? Neuropsychologia 27:341–52. [aMV]Google Scholar
Nogrady, H., McConkey, K. M., Laurence, J. R. & Perry, C. (1983) Dissociation, duality and demand characteristics in hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 92:223–35. [aMV]Google Scholar
Norman, D. (1969) Memory and attention: An introduction to human information processing. Wiley. [aMV]Google Scholar
Oakley, A. D. & Eames, L. C. (1985) The plurality of consciousness. In: Brain and mind, ed. Oakley, D. A.. Methuen. [aMV]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. (1985) Is consciousness the gateway to the hippocampal cognitive map? A speculative essay on the neural basis of mind. In: Brain and mind, ed. Oakley, D. A.. Methuen. [arMV]Google Scholar
Paillard, J., Michel, F. & Stelmach, C. E. (1983) Localization without content: A tactile analogue of ‘bindsight’ Archives of Neurology 40:548–51. [aMV]Google Scholar
Patrick, C. (1955) What is creative thinking? Philosophical Library. [aMV]Google Scholar
Penrose, R. (1989) The emperors new mind. Oxford University Press. [WAM]Google Scholar
Pepper, S. C. (1960) A neural-identity theory of mind: In: Dimensions of mind, ed. Hook, S.. New York University Press. [BL]Google Scholar
Perenin, M. T. & Jeannerod, M. (1978) Visual function within the hemianopic field following early cerebral hemidecortication in man: 1 - Spatial localization. Neuropsychologia 16:1–13. [aMV]Google Scholar
Place, U. T. (1956) Is consciousness a brain process? British Journal of Psychology 47:44–50. [rMV]Google Scholar
Platt, W. & Baker, R. A. (1969) The relation of the scientific “hunch” to research. Journal of Chemistry Education 8:1969–2002. [aMV]Google Scholar
Pope, K. S. & Singer, J. L. (1978) The stream of consciousness. Plenum Press. [arMV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, K. R. (1972) Objective knowledge: An evolutionary approach. Clarendon. [aMV]Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. & Eccles, J. C. (1977) The self and its brain. Springer. [aMV, DS]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1978) Chronometric explorations of mind. Erlbaum. [arMV, AWI, DS, TDW]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1980) Mental chronometry and the problem of consciousness. In: The nature of thought: Essays in honour of D. O. Hebb, ed. Jusczyk, P. W. & Klein, R. M.. Erlbaum. [RK]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., ed. (1989) Foundations of cognitive science. MIT Press. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Boies, S. W. (1971) Components of attention. Psychological Review 78:391–408. [aMV]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Klein, R. (1973) On the functions of consciousness. In: Attention and performance IV, ed. Kornblum, S.. Academic Press. [aMV]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975) Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals. In: Attention and performance V, ed. Rabbitt, P. M. A. & Dornick, S.. Academic Press. [arMV]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Warren, R. E. (1972) Traces, concepts, and conscious constructions. In: Coding processes in human memory, ed. Melton, A. W. & Martin, E.. Winston & Wiley. [aMV]Google Scholar
Potter, M. (1975) Meaning in visual search. Science 187:965–66. [NB]Google Scholar
Potter, M. (1976) Short-term conceptual memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Hwnan Learning and Memory 2(5):509–22. [NB]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. H. (1971) Languages of the brain: Experimental paradoxes and principles in neuropsychology. Prentice-Hall (2nd ed.: Brooks/Cole). [arMV]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. H. (1986) The cognitive revolution and mind/brain issues. American Psychologist 41:507–20. [arMV]Google Scholar
Pritchard, W. S. (1981) Psychophysiology of P300. Psychological Bulletin 89:506–40. [DS]Google Scholar
Pynte, J., Do, P. & Scampa, P. (1984) Lexical decisions during the reading of sentences containing polysemous words. In: Preparatory states and processes, ed. Kornblum, S. & Requin, J.. Erlbaum. [arMV]Google Scholar
Reason, J. T. (1979) Actions not as planned: The price of automatization. In: Aspects of consciousness, vol. 1, ed. Underwood, G. & Stevens, R., Academic Press. [GU]Google Scholar
Reason, J. & Mycielska, K. (1982) Absent minded? The psychology of mental lapses and everyday errors. Prentice-Hall. [NFD]Google Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1989a) Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118:219–35. [arMV]Google Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1989b) More thoughts on the unconscious: Reply to Brody and to Lewicki and Hill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118:242–44. [rMV]Google Scholar
Regan, J. (1981) Automaticity and learning: Effects of familiarity on naming letters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7:180–95. [aMV]Google Scholar
Reingold, E. M. & Merikle, P. M. (1988) Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics 44:563–75. [KSB]Google Scholar
Rey, G. (1983) A reason to doubt the existence of consciousness. In: Consciousness and Self-Regulation, ed. Davidson, R., Schwartz, G. & Shapiro, D.. Plenum. [GR]Google Scholar
Rey, G. (1988) A question about consciousness. In: Perspectives on mind, ed. Otto, H. R. & Teudo, J. A.. Reidel. [aMV, NB]Google Scholar
Riehle, A. & Requin, J. (1989) Monkey primary motor and premotor cortex: Single-cell activity related to prior information about direction and extent of an intended movement. Journal of Neurophysiology 61:534–49. [WAM]Google Scholar
Roediger, H. L., III, Weldon, M. S. & Challis, B. H. (1989) Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account. In: Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving, ed. Roediger, H. L. III & Craik, F. I. M.. Erlbaum. [JMG]Google Scholar
Rohrbaugh, J. W., Syndulko, K., Sanquist, T. F. & Lindsley, D. B. (1980) Synthesis of the contingent negative variation brain potential from noncontingent stimulus and motor elements. Science 208:1165–68. [WAM]Google Scholar
Roland, P. E. & Friberg, L. (1985) Localization in cortical areas activated by thinking. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:1219–43. [rMV, BL]Google Scholar
Romanes, G. J. (1895) Mind and motion and monism. Longmans, Green & Co. [aMV]Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1979) Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1982) Comments on Dennett. Synthese 53:181–87. [VGH]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (1986) Two concepts of consciousness. Philosophical Studies 49(3):329–59. [GR]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (1990) A theory of consciousness. Report issued by the Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Bielefeld. [NB]Google Scholar
Rozin, P. (1976) The evolution of intelligence and access to the cognitive unconscious. In: Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology, ed. Sprague, J. M. & Epstein, A. N.. Academic Press. [RK]Google Scholar
Sartre, J.-P. (1937) The transcendence of the ego. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. [DL]Google Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, S. (1990) Language as a cause-effect communication system. Philosophical Psychology 3:55–76. [rMV]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1987) Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 13:501–18. [arMV]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1989) On the relation between memory and consciousness: Dissociable interactions and conscious experience. In: Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving, ed. Roediger, H. L. III & Craik, F. I. M.. Erlbaum. [NB]Google Scholar
Schacter, D., et al. (1988) Access to consciousness: Dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in neuropsychological syndromes. In: Thought without language, ed. Weiskranz, L.. Oxford University Press. [NB]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1983) Intentionality: An essay in the philosophy of mind. Cambridge University Press. [RAC]Google Scholar
Searle, J. (1987) Minds and brains without programs. In: Mindwaves, ed. Blakemore, C. & Greenfield, S.. Blackwell. [aMV]Google Scholar
Searle, J. (1990) Consciousness, explanatory inversion and cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13(4):585–642. [aMV]Google Scholar
Sergent, J. & Poncet, M. (in press) From covert to overt recognition of faces in a prosopagnosic patient. Brain. [NB]Google Scholar
Shaffer, L. H. (1984) Motor programming in speech production: A tutorial review. In: Attention and performance X, ed Bouma, H. & Bouwhuis, D. G.. Erlbaum. [aMV]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1972) Dual functions of consciousness. Psychological Review 79(5)383–93. [RK]Google Scholar
Shevrin, H. (1984) The fate of the five metapsychological principles. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 4:1. [HS]Google Scholar
Shevrin, H. (1986a) Subliminal perception and dreaming. Journal of Mind and Behavior 7(2&3):379–95. [rMV, HS]Google Scholar
Shevrin, H. (1986b) A proposed function of consciousness relavent to theory and practice. Presented at American Psychological Association Meetings, Div. 39, Washington, D.C., August 22. [HS]Google Scholar
Shevrin, H. (1987) What can we say about memory and its transformations? Presented at American Psychological Association Annual Convention, New York, September. [HS]Google Scholar
Shevrin, H. (1990) Subliminal perception and repression. In: Repression and dissociation: Implication for personality, psychopathology and health, ed. Singer, J.. University of Chicago Press. [rMV, HS]Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 84:127–90. [aMV]Google Scholar
Sloman, A. (1978) The computer revolution in philosophy: Philosophy, science, and models of mind. Harvester Press/Humanities Press. [AS]Google Scholar
Spanos, N. P. (1986) Hypnotic behaviour: A social psychological interpretation of amnesia, analgesia, and “trance logic.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:449–67. [aMV, DS]Google Scholar
Spanos, N. P. (1988) Misconceptions about influenceability research and about sociocognitive approaches to hypnosis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:714–16. [aMV]Google Scholar
Spanos, N. P. (1989) Experimental research on hypnotic analgesia. In: Hypnosis: The cognitive-behavioral perspective, ed. Spanos, N. P. & Chaves, J. F.. Prometheus. [rMV, GFW]Google Scholar
Spanos, N. P. & Hewitt, E. C. (1980) The hidden observer in hypnotic analgesia: Discovery or experimental creation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39:1201–14. [aMV]Google Scholar
Spanos, N. P., Kennedy, S. K. & Gwynn, M. I. (1984) Moderating effects of contextual variables on the relationship between hypnotic suggestibility and suggested analgesia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93:285–94. [aMV]Google Scholar
Sperry, R. (1985) Science and moral priority: Merging mind, brain and human values. Praeger. [arMV]Google Scholar
Spiegel, D. (1986a) Dissociating damage. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 29:123–31. [DS]Google Scholar
Spiegel, D. (1986b) Painstaking reminders of forgotten trance logic. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:484–85. [DS]Google Scholar
Spiegel, D. (1987) Seeing through social influence: Hypnotic hallucinations are opaque. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:775–76. [DS]Google Scholar
Spiegel, D. (1990) Hypnosis, dissociation, and trauma: Hidden and overt observers. In: Repression and dissociation: Implications for personality theory, psychopathology, and health, ed. Singer, J. L.. University of Chicago Press. [DS]Google Scholar
Spiegel, D., Bierre, P. & Rootenberg, J. (1989) Hypnotic alteration of somatosensory perception. American Journal of Psychiatry 146:749–54. [DS]Google Scholar
Spiegel, D., Cutcomb, S., Ren, C. & Pribram, K. (1985) Hypnotic hallucination alters evoked potentials. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 94:249–55. [DS]Google Scholar
Spiegel, D., Hung, T. & Dondershine, H. F. (1988) Dissociation and hypnotizability in posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 145:301–05. [DS]Google Scholar
Spiegel, H. & Spiegel, D. (1987) Trance and treatment: Clinical uses of hypnosis (Basic Books, 1978). Reissued by American Psychiatric Press. [DS]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (1990) Concepts in developmental theories of reading skill: Cognitive resources, automaticity, and modularity. Developmental Review 10:72–100. [KES]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (1991) Speculations on the causes and consequences of individual differences in early reading acquisition. In: Reading acquisition, ed. Gough, P., Ehri, L. & Treiman, R.. Erlbaum. [KES]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & Purcell, D. G. (1986) Priming without awareness: What was all the fuss about? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:47–48. [KES]Google Scholar
Stich, S. (1983) From folk psychology to cognitive science. MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Stoerig, P., Hubner, M. & Poppel, E. (1985) Signal detection analysis of residual vision in a field defect due to post-geniculate lesion. Neuropsychologia 23:589–99. [aMV]Google Scholar
Stroop, J. R. (1935) Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:643–62. [aMV]Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, J. P. (1961) “Credulous” and “sceptical” views of hypnotic phenomena: Experiments in esthesia, hallucination, and delusion. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62: 189–200. [aMV]Google Scholar
Sutherland, S. (1989) The Macmillan dictionary of psychology. Macmillan. [JMG]Google Scholar
Sutton, S. & Ruchkin, D. S. (1984) The late positive complex: Advances and new problems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 425:1–23. [DS]Google Scholar
Swinney, D. A. (1979) Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 18:645–59. [arMV]Google Scholar
Swinney, D. A. (1982) The structure and time-course of information interaction during speech comprehension: Lexical segmentation, access, and interpretation. In: Perspectives on mental representation, ed. Mehler, J., Walker, E. C. T. & Garrett, M.. Erlbaum. [aMV]Google Scholar
Taylor, J. L. & McCloskey, D. I. (1990) Triggering of preprogrammed movements as reactions to masked stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology 63:439–46. [BL]Google Scholar
Tellegen, A. & Atkinson, G. (1974) Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (“absorption”), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 83:258–77. [DS]Google Scholar
Thomson, R. (1969) The psychology of thinking. Penguin. [aMV]Google Scholar
Torjussen, T. (1978) Visual processing in cortically blind hemifields. Neuropsychologia 16:15–21. [aMV]Google Scholar
Tranel, D. & Damasio, A. R. (1985) Knowledge without awareness: An autonomic index of facial recognition by prosopagnosia. Science 228:1452–54. [CK]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. M. (1960) Contextual cues in selective listening. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12:242–48. [arMV, AWI]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. M. (1964a) Verbal cues, language and meaning in attention. American Journal of Psychology 77:206–14. [arMV, GU]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. M. (1964b) The effect of irrelevant material on the efficiency of selective listening. American Journal of Psychology 77:533–46. [arMV]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. M., Squire, R. & Green, J. (1974) Semantic processing in dichotic listening? A replication. Memory and Cognition 2:641–46. [aMV]Google Scholar
Treisman, Z. & Schmidt, H. (1982) Illusory conjunctions in the perceptions of objects. Cognitive Psychology 14:107–41. [CK]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1983) Elements of episodic memory. Oxford University Press. [JMG]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1985) Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychologist 26:1–12. [JMG]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1989) Remembering and knowing the past. American Scientist 77:361–67. [DD]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. & Gold, C. (1963) Stimulus information and contextual information as determinants of tachistoscopic recognition of words. Journal of Experimental Psychology 66:319–27. [GU]Google Scholar
Underwood, G. (1977) Contextual facilitation from attended and unattended messages. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 16:99–106. [arMV, GU]Google Scholar
Underwood, G. (1979) Memory systems and conscious processes. In: Aspects of consciousness: Psychological issues, ed. Underwood, G. & Stevens, R.. Academic Press. [arMV]Google Scholar
Underwood, G. (1982) Attention and awareness in cognitive and motor skills. In: Aspects of consciousness: Awareness and self awareness, ed. Underwood, G.. Academic Press. [aMV, GU]Google Scholar
Uttal, W. R. (1978) The psychobiology of mind. Erlbaum. [aMV]Google Scholar
Van Essen, D. C., Felleman, D. J., DeYoe, E. A., Olavarria, J. & Knierim, J. (in press) Modular and hierarchical organization of extrastriate visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 55. [CK]Google Scholar
Van Gulick, R. (1990) What difference does consciousness make? Philosophical Topics 17:211–30. [RVG]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1990a) Consciousness, brain and the physical world. Philosophical Psychology 3:77–99. [arMV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1990b) Is the mind conscious, functional, or both? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13(4):629–30. [arMV]Google Scholar
Von der Malsburg, C. & Schneider, W. (1986) A neural cocktail-party processor. Biological Cybernetics 54:29–40. [CK]Google Scholar
Von Helmholtz, H. L. F. (1866/1925) Treatise on physiological optics, vol. 3, 3rd ed. (ed., transl. Southall, J. P. C.). Optical Society of America. [TDW]Google Scholar
Von Wright, J. M., Anderson, K. & Stenman, U. (1975) Generalisation of conditioned GSRs in dichotic listening. In: Attention and performance V, ed. Babbitt, P. M. A. & Domic, S.. Academic Press. [aMV]Google Scholar
Wachtel, P. L. (1977) Psychoanalysis and behavior therapy: Toward an integration. Basic Books. [KSB]Google Scholar
Wagner, R. K. & Torgesen, J. K. (1987) The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. Psychological Bulletin 101:192–212. [KES]Google Scholar
Wagstaff, G. F. (1981) Hypnosis, compliance and belief. Harvester. [aMV, GFW]Google Scholar
Wagstaff, G. F. (1986) Hypnosis as compliance and belief: A socio-cognitive view. In: What is hypnosis? ed. Naish, P.. Open University Press. [GFW]Google Scholar
Wagstaff, G. F. (1987) Hypnosis. In: Psychological survey, ed. Beloff, H. & Colman, A. M.. British Psychological Society. [GFW]Google Scholar
Wallas, G. (1926) The art of thought. Cape. [MTK]Google Scholar
Wardlaw, K. A. & Kroll, N. E. A. (1976) Automatic responses to shock associated words in a non-attended message: A failure to replicate. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2:357–60. [aMV]Google Scholar
Waugh, N. C. & Norman, D. A. (1965) Primary memory. Psychological Review 72:89–104. [aMV]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. (1989) White bars and other unwanted thoughts: Suppression, obsession, and the psychology of mental control. Viking. [rMV, TDW]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1983) Evidence and scotomata. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:464–67. [aMV]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1986) Blindsight: A case study and implications. Open University Press. [aMV, DS]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1988) Neuropsychology of vision and memory. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Clarendon Press. [aMV]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L., Warrington, E. K., Sanders, M. D. & Marshall, J. (1974) Visual capacity in the hemianopic field, following a restricted occipital ablation. Brain 97:709–28. [aMV]Google Scholar
Wilensky, R. (1990) Computability, consciousness, and algorithms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:690–91. [KES]Google Scholar
Wilkes, K. V. (1984) Is consciousness important? British Journal of Philosophy of Science 35:223–43. [KES]Google Scholar
Wilkes, K. V. (1988a) Is consciousness important? Yishi, Duh, Um, and Consciousness. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Clarendon Press. [rMV, VGH]Google Scholar
Wilkes, K. V. (1988b) Real people: Personal identity without thought experiments. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Willingham, D. B., Nissen, M. J. & Bullemer, P. (1989) On the development of procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15:1047–60. [rMV, RAC]Google Scholar
Willows, D. M. & MacKinnon, G. E. (1973) Selective reading: Attention to the “unattended” lines. Canadian Journal of Psychology 27:292–304. [AWI]Google Scholar
Wilson, T. D. (1985) Strangers to ourselves: The origins and accuracy of beliefs about one's own mental states. In: Attribution in contemporary psychology, ed. Harvey, J. H. ' Weary, G.. Academic Press. [TDW]Google Scholar
Wilson, T. D. & Schooler, J. W. (1991) Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60:181–92. [TDW]Google Scholar
Wilson, T. D., Dunn, D. S., Kraft, D. & Lisle, D. J. (1989) Introspection, attitude change, and attitude-behavior consistency: The disruptive effects of explaining why we feel the way we do. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 22, ed. Berkowitz, L.. Academic Press. [TDW]Google Scholar
Winograd, T. & Flores, F. (1986) Understanding computers and cognition: New foundation for design. Ablex. [RSC]Google Scholar
Winson, J. (1985) Brain and psyche: The biology of the unconscious. Doubleday. [BJB]Google Scholar
Yantis, S. & Johnston, J. C. (1990) On the locus of visual selection: Evidence from focused attention tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16:135–49. [rMV, AWI]Google Scholar
Young, A. W. & de Haan, E. H. F. (1990) Impairments of visual awareness. Mind and Language 5:1. [NB]Google Scholar
Zbrodoff, N. J. & Logan, G. D. (1986) On the autonomy of mental processes: A case study of arithmetic. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115:118–30. [KES]Google Scholar