Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T07:57:38.094Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Anecdotes and critical anthropomorphism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Gordon M. Burghardt
Gordon M. Burghardt
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychology and Zoology, Graduate Program in Ethology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. 37996
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , June 1988 , pp. 248 - 249
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altmann, J. (1980) Baboon mothers and infants. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1983) The architecture of cognition. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Astington, J. W., Harris, P. L. & Olson, D. R., eds. (in press) Developing theories of mind. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baldwin, J. D. & Baldwin, J. I. (1986) Beyond sociobiology. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1986) Social foundations of thought and action. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Bateson, G. (1955) A theory of play and fantasy. Psychiatric Research Reports 2:39–51.Google Scholar
Bateson, G. (1956) The message “This is play.” In: Group process: Transactions of the Second Conference, ed. Schaffher, B.. Macy, Josiah Jr, Foundation.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (1964) Rationality. Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (1976) Linguistic behaviour. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (1978) Commentary on “Cognition and consciousness in nonhuman species.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:559.Google Scholar
Bertrand, M. (1976) Acquisition by a pigtail macaque of behavior patterns beyond the natural repertoire of the species. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 42:139–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boden, M. (1977) Artificial intelligence and natural man. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Breuggeman, J. A. (1978) The function of adult play in free-ranging Macaco mulatto. In: Social play in primates, ed. Smith, E. O.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (1985) Animal awareness: Current perceptions and historical perspective. American Psychologist 40:905–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byers, J. A. & Byers, K. Z. (1983) Do pronghom mothers reveal the location of their hidden fawns? Behavioral Ecology and Sodobiology 13:147–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, R. W. (in press) Social expertise and verbal explanation: The diagnosis of intelligence from behaviour. In: Expertise and explanation: The knowledge-language interface, ed. Ellis, C.. Horwood, Ellis Cognitive Science Series.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A. (1985) Tactical deceptio n of familiar individuals in baboons (Papio ursinus). Animal Behaviour 33(2):669–73.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A. (1987) A thinking primate's guide to deception. New Scientist 116(1589):54–57.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A. (1988) Machiavellian intelligence. Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Caldwell, R. L. (1986) The deceptive use of reputation by stomatopods. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Carr, H. (1927) The interpretation of the animal mind. Psychological Review 34:87–106.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, T. C. (1965) The method of multiple working hypotheses (1890). Reprinted in Science 148:754–59.Google Scholar
Chance, M. R. A. & Mead, A. P. (1953) Social behaviour and primate evolution. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology VII (Evolution).395–439.Google Scholar
Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1980) Vocal recognition in free-ranging vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour 28:362–67.Google Scholar
Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1985a) Social and non-social knowledge in vervet monkeys. In: Animal Intelligence, ed. Weiskrantz, L.. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1985b) Vervet monkey alarm calls: Manipulation through shared information? Behaviour 94:150–65.Google Scholar
Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R. M. & Smuts, B. (1986) Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates. Science 234:1361–66.Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1982) A cognitive analysis of facial behavior in Old World monkeys, apes, and human beings. In: Primate communication, ed. Snowdon, C. T., Brown, C. H. & Petersen, M. R.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1983) Sensorimotor development in orang-utans and other primates. Journal of Human Evolution 12:545–61.Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1986)An exploration of the ontogeny of deception in human beings and nonhuman primates. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1979) Scientific realism and the plasticity of the mind. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1984) Matter and consciousness. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1896) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Appleton.Google Scholar
Datta, S. B. (1983) Relative power and the maintenance of dominance. In: Primate social relationships, ed. Hinde, R. A.. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) Hierarchical organisation: A candidate principle for ethology. In: Crowing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J. R. (1978) Animal signals: Information or manipulation? In: Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Why not the whole iguana? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:103–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1983) Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian Paradigm” defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:343–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1984) Cognitive wheels: The frame problem in Al. In: Minds, machines and evolution, ed. Hookway, C.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1987) Cognitive ethology: Hunting for bargains or a wild goose chase? In: The explanation of goal-seeking behaviour, ed. McFarland, D.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Waal, F. (1982) Chimpanzee politics. Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
De Waal, F. (1986a) Deception in the natural communication of chimpanzees. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
De Waal, F. (1986b) Imaginative bonobo games. Zoonooz 59:6–10.Google Scholar
Dickinson, A. (1980) Contemporary animal learning theory. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dunn, J. & Kendrick, C. (1982) Siblings: Love, envy and understanding. Grant Mclntyre.Google Scholar
Eliot, G. (1860) The mill on the floss.Google Scholar
Ettlinger, G. (1983) A comparative evaluation of the cognitive skills of the chimpanzee and the monkey. International Journal of Neuroscience 22:7–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flavell, J. H. (1986) The development of children's knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction. American Psychologist 41:418–25.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1981) The mind-body problem. Scientific American 250:132–40.Google Scholar
Fossey, D. (1983) Corillas in the mist. Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Freeman, D. (1983) Margaret Mead and Samoa. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gallup, G. G. Jr, (1982) Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. American Journal of Primatology 2:237–48.Google Scholar
Gallup, G. G. Jr, (1983) Toward a comparative psychology of mind. In: Animal cognition and behavior, ed. Mellgren, R. L.. North-Holland.Google Scholar
Gallup, G. G. Jr, (1985) Do minds exist in specie s other than our own? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 9:631–41.Google Scholar
Goodall, J. (1986) The chimpanzees of Combe: Patterns of behavior. Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1978) Prospects for a cognitive ethology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:527–38.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. (1982) Discourse strategies. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harre, R. & Reynolds, V. (1984) The meaning of primate signals. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L., Donnelly, K., Guz, G. R. & Pitt-Watson, R. (1986) Children's understanding of the distinction between real and apparent emotion. Child Development 57:895–909.Google Scholar
Hebb, D. (1946) Emotions in man and animal: An analysis of the intuitive prdcesses of recognition. Psychological Review 53:88–106.Google Scholar
Hediger, H. (1950) Wild animals in captivity. Butterworths.Google Scholar
Hediger, H. (1955) Studies in the psychology and behaviour of animals in zoos and circuses. Butterworths.Google Scholar
Heyes, C. M. (1986) Contrasting approaches to the legitimation of intentiona l language in comparative psychology. Behaviorism 15:41–50.Google Scholar
Hofstadter, A. (1941) Objective teleology. Journal of Philosophy 38(2):29–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1981) Animal signals: Ethological and games-theory approaches are not incompatible. Animal Behaviour 29:535–42.Google Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1952) A behavior system. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1976) The social function of intellect. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1982) Consciousness: A just-so story. New Scientist (19 08):474–78.Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1983) Consciousness regained. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Humphreys, A. P. & Smith, P. K. (1984) Rough-and-tumble in preschool and playground. In: Play in animals and humans, ed. Smith, P. K.. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jolly, A. (1966) Lemur social behaviour and primate intelligence. Science 153:501–6.Google Scholar
Jolly, A. (1985) The evolution of primate behaviour (2nd ed.) Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kellogg, W. & Kellogg, L. A. (1933) The ape and the child. McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Köhler, W. (1925) The mentality of apes. Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R. & Dawkins, R. (1984) Animal signals: Mind reading and manipulation. In: Behavioral ecology: An evolutionary approach, ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N.. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kummer, H. (1982) Social knowledge in free-ranging primates. In: Animal mind - human mind, ed. Griffin, D. R.. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Kummer, H. & Goodall, J. (1985) Conditions of innovative behaviour in primates. In: Animal intelligence, ed. Weiskranz, L.. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
LaFrenière, P. (1988) The ontogeny of tactical deception in humans. In: Machiavellian intelligence. Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Latour, B. (1987) Science in action. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Latour, B. & Strum, S. C. (1986) Human social origins: Oh please, tell us another story. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 9:169–87.Google Scholar
Leslie, A. M. (in press) Some implications of pretense for mechanisms underlying the child's theory of mind. In: Developing theories of mind, ed. Astington, J. W., Harris, P. L. & Olson, D. R.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lindsay, W. L. (1880) Mind in the lower animals. D. Appleton.Google Scholar
Lipton, P. & Thompson, N. S. (in press) Comparative psychology and the recursive structure of filter explanations. International Journal of Comparative Psychology.Google Scholar
Mawby, R. & Mitchell, R. W. (1986) Feints and ruses: An analysis of deception in sports. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
McGhee, P. (1979) Humor: Its origin and development. Freeman.Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. (1966) Responsiveness to objects in free-ranging Japanese monkeys. Behaviour 26:130–50.Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. (1974) A group of young chimpanzees in a one-acre field. In: Behaviour of nonhuman primates, vol. 5, ed. Schrier, A. M. & Stollnitz, F.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. (1987) Behavior as a locationist views it. In: Cognitive processes and spatial orientation in animal and man, vol. 1, ed. Ellen, P. & Thinus-Blanc, C.. Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Miles, H. L. (1986) How can I tell a lie? Apes, language, and the problem of deception. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. (1889) Examination of Sir William Hamilton's philosopphy. Longmans Green.Google Scholar
Milton, K. (1981) Distribution patterns of tropical plant foods as an evolutionary stimulus to primate mental development. American Anthropologist 83:534–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1986) A framework for discussing deception. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1987a) A comparative-developmental approach to understanding imitation. In: Perspectives in ethology. Vol. 7: Alternatives, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1987b) Projects, routines, and enticements in interspecies play between familiar and unfamiliar dogs and people. Ph.D. dissertation, Clark University. University Microfilms.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S., eds. (1986a) Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S. (1986b) Epilogue. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1894) An introduction to comparative psychology. Walter Scott.Google Scholar
Morris, M. D. (1986) Large scale deceit: Deception by captive elephants? In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Moynihan, M. (1982) Why is lying about intentions rare during some kinds of contests? Journal of Theoretical Biology 97:7–12.Google Scholar
Munn, C. A. (1986) Birds that “cry wolf.” Nature 319:143–45.Google Scholar
Munn, C. A. (1986a) The deceptive use of alarm calls by sentinel species in mixed-species flocks of neotropical birds. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83:435–51.Google Scholar
Neill, S. R. St. J. (1985) Rough-and-tumble and aggression in schoolchildren: Serious play? Animal Behaviour 33:1380–81.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (1983) Alpha status and agonistic alliance in wild chimpanzees. Primates 24(3):318–36.Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. (1977) Piaget's sensorimotor series in an infant macaque: A model for comparing unstereotyped behavior and intelligence in human and nonhuman primates. In: Primate bio-social development: Biological, social, and ecological determinants, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E.. Garland.Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R. (1979) A developmental model for the evolution of language and intelligence in early hominids. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:367–408.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1952) The origins of intelligence in children (Translated by Cook, M.). International University Press.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1962) Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood. Norton.Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Daniels, D. (1987) Why are children in the same family so different from one another? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:1–60.Google Scholar
Poulin-Dubois, D. & Shultz, T. R. (in press) The development of the understanding of human behavior: From agency to intentionality. In: Developing theories of mind, ed. Astington, J. W., Harris, P. L. & Olson, D. R.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pretnack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:515–26.Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. (1984) Computation and cognition: Toward a theory for cognitive science. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Quiatt, D. (1984) Devious intentions of monkeys and apes? In: The meaning of priniate signals, ed. Harre, R. & Reynolds, V.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Quiatt, D. (1987) Looking for meaning in sham behavior. American Journal of Primatology 12:511–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, C. A. & Trabasso, T. (1974) Comparatives, logical structures, and encoding in a transitive inference task. Journal of Experimental Psychology 17:187–203.Google Scholar
Ristau, C. A. (1988) Thinking, communicating, and deceiving: Means to master the social environment. In: Evolution of social behavior and integrative levels, ed. Greenberg, G. & Tobach, E. (T. C. Schneirla Conference Series). Erlbaum.Google Scholar
(submitted) Intentional behavior by birds? The case of th e “injury-feigning” plovers.Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1982) The meaning of representation in animal memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:353–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romanes, G. J. (1883) Mental evolution in animals. Kegan Paul, Tench, Trüner.Google Scholar
Romanes, G. J. (1883/1977) Animal intelligence. Reprint, University Publications of America.Google Scholar
Romanes, G. J.(1884/1969) Mental evolution in animals. Reprint, AMS Press.Google Scholar
Rule, C. (1967) A theory of human behavior based on studies of non-human primates. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 10:152–76.Google Scholar
Russnow, L.-M. (1986) Deception: A philosophical perspective. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Sargeant, A. B. & Eberhardt, L. E. (1975) Death feigning by ducks in response to predation by red foxes (Vulpes fulva). American Midland Naturalist 94:108–19.Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. (1983) Steps toward an ethological science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:377.Google Scholar
Seyfarth, R. & Cheney, D. (1988) Do monkeys understand their relations: In: Machiavellian intelligence. Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Seyfarth, R., Cheney, D. L. & Marler, P. (1980) Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: Evidence of predator classification and semantic communication. Science 210:801–3.Google Scholar
Shultz, T. R. (1980) Development of the concept of intention. In: Development of cognition, affect, and social relations, vol. 13, ed. Collins, W. A.. The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Shultz, T. R. & Cloghesy, K. (1981) Development of recursive awareness of intention. Developmental Psychology 17:465–71.Google Scholar
Silverman, P. H. (1983) Attributing mind to animals: The role of intuition. Journal of Social and Biological Strticturcs 6:231–47.Google Scholar
Silverman, P. H. (1986) Can a pigtail macaque learn to manipulate a thief? In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhutnan deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Smith, E. O. (1986) Deception in nonhuman primates. Primate Record 14:228.Google Scholar
Smith, P. K. (1982) Does play matter? Functional and evolutionary aspects of animal and human play. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:139–84.Google Scholar
Smuts, B. B. (1985) Sex and friendship in baboons. Aldine.Google Scholar
Sommerhoff, G. (1950) Analytical biology. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Powell, J. S. (1983) The development of intelligence. In: Handbook of child psychology, vol. 3, ed. Mussen, P. H.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Stieh, S. P. (1981) Dennett on intentional systems. Philosophical Topics 12:39–62.Google Scholar
Struhsaker, T. T. & Leland, L. (1985) Infanticide in a patrilineal society of red colobus monkeys. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 69:89–132.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. (1975) Primate predation: Interim report on the development of a tradition in a troop of olive baboons. Science 187:755–57.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. (1979) Social strategies and the evolutionary significance of social relationships. Circulated position paper.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. (1981a) Baboon behavior. Swara 4:24–27.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. (1981b) Processes and products of change: Baboon predatory behavior at Gilgil, Kenya. In: Omnivorous primates, ed. Teleki, G. & Harding, R.. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. (1982) Agonistic dominance in male baboons: An alternative view. International Journal of Primatology 3:175–202.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. (1987) Almost human: A journey into the world of baboons. Random House.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. & Latour, B. (1987) Redefining the social link: From baboons to humans. Social Science Information.Google Scholar
Thomas, R. K. & Lorden, R. (in preparation) What is psychological wellbeing? Can we know if primates have it? In: The psychological wellbeing of captive primates, ed. Noyes, E. F. Segal..Google Scholar
Thompson, N. S. (1986) Deception and the concept of natural design. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, N. S. (1986 a) Ethology and the birth of comparative teleonomy. In: Relevance of models and theories in ethology, ed. Campan, R. & Zayan, R.. Toulouse: Privat.Google Scholar
Thompson, N. S.(1987 a) The misappropriation of teleonomy. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 7, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum.Google Scholar
Thompson, N. S. (1987 b) Natural design and the future of comparative psychology. Journal of Comparative Psychology 101(3):282–86.Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. (1911/1965) Animal intelligence. Hafner.Google Scholar
Thomhill, R. (1979) Adaptive female-mimicking behaviour in a scorpion fly. Science 205:412–14.Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1965) Behavior and natural selection. In: Ideas in modern biology, ed. Moore, J. A.. Natural History Press.Google Scholar
Tinklepaugh, O. L. (1928) An experimental study of representative factors in monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 8:197–236.Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1951) Behaviorism and purpose [1925]. In: Collected papers in psychology, ed. Tolman, E. C.. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1974) Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist 14:249–64.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1981) Sociobiology and politics. In: Sociobiology and human politics, ed. White, E.. Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1985) Social evolution. Benjamin Cummings.Google Scholar
Van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1971) In the shadow of man. Collins, London.Google Scholar
van Rhijn, J. G. & Vodegel, R. (1980) Being honest about one's intentions: An evolutionarily stable strategy for animal conflicts. Journal of Theoretical Biology 85:623–41.Google Scholar
Vasek, M. E. (1986) Lying as a skill: The development of deception in children. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Washburn, M. F. (1908) The animal mind. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Weldon, P. J. & Burghardt, C. M. (1984) Deception divergence and sexual selection. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 65:89–102.Google Scholar
Wellman, H. M. & Johnson, C. N. (1979) Understanding mental processes: A developmental study of remember and forget. Child Development 50:79–88.Google Scholar
Werth, L. F. & Flaherty, J. (1986) A phenomenological approach to human deception. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Western, J. D. & Strum, S. C. (1983) Sex, kinship and the evolution of social manipulation. Ethology and Sociobiology 4:19–28.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & Byrne, R. W. (1986) The St. Andrews catalogue of tactical deception in primates. St. Andrews Psychological Reports No. 10.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (1988 a) Taking (Machiavellian) intelligence apart. Editorial in: Machiavellian intelligence. Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (1988 b) The manipulation of attention in primate tactical deception. In: Machiavellian intelligence. Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whitman, C. O. (1899) Myths in animal psychology. The Monist 9:524–37.Google Scholar
Wickler, W. (1968) Mimicry in plants and animals. McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Wimmer, H. & Perner, P. (1983) Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition 13:103–28.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1953) Philosophical investigations. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Woodruff, G. & Premack, D. (1979) Intentional communication in the chimpanzee: The development of deception. Cognition 7:333–62.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. (1982) Agonistic dominance in male baboons: An alternative view. International Journal of Primatology 3:175–202.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. (1987) Almost human: A journey into the world of baboons. Random House.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. & Latour, B. (1987) Redefining the social link: From baboons to humans. Social Science Information.Google Scholar
Thomas, R. K. & Lorden, R. (in preparation) What is psychological wellbeing? Can we know if primates have it? In: The psychological wellbeing of captive primates, ed. Noyes, E. F. Segal..Google Scholar
Thompson, N. S. (1986) Deception and the concept of natural design. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, N. S. (1986 a) Ethology and the birth of comparative teleonomy. In: Relevance of models and theories in ethology, ed. Campan, R. & Zayan, R.. Toulouse: Privat.Google Scholar
Thompson, N. S.(1987 a) The misappropriation of teleonomy. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 7, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum.Google Scholar
Thompson, N. S. (1987 b) Natural design and the future of comparative psychology. Journal of Comparative Psychology 101(3):282–86.Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. (1911/1965) Animal intelligence. Hafner.Google Scholar
Thomhill, R. (1979) Adaptive female-mimicking behaviour in a scorpion fly. Science 205:412–14.Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1965) Behavior and natural selection. In: Ideas in modern biology, ed. Moore, J. A.. Natural History Press.Google Scholar
Tinklepaugh, O. L. (1928) An experimental study of representative factors in monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 8:197–236.Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1951) Behaviorism and purpose [1925]. In: Collected papers in psychology, ed. Tolman, E. C.. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1974) Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist 14:249–64.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1981) Sociobiology and politics. In: Sociobiology and human politics, ed. White, E.. Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1985) Social evolution. Benjamin Cummings.Google Scholar
Van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1971) In the shadow of man. Collins, London.Google Scholar
van Rhijn, J. G. & Vodegel, R. (1980) Being honest about one's intentions: An evolutionarily stable strategy for animal conflicts. Journal of Theoretical Biology 85:623–41.Google Scholar
Vasek, M. E. (1986) Lying as a skill: The development of deception in children. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Washburn, M. F. (1908) The animal mind. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Weldon, P. J. & Burghardt, C. M. (1984) Deception divergence and sexual selection. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 65:89–102.Google Scholar
Wellman, H. M. & Johnson, C. N. (1979) Understanding mental processes: A developmental study of remember and forget. Child Development 50:79–88.Google Scholar
Werth, L. F. & Flaherty, J. (1986) A phenomenological approach to human deception. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Western, J. D. & Strum, S. C. (1983) Sex, kinship and the evolution of social manipulation. Ethology and Sociobiology 4:19–28.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & Byrne, R. W. (1986) The St. Andrews catalogue of tactical deception in primates. St. Andrews Psychological Reports No. 10.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (1988 a) Taking (Machiavellian) intelligence apart. Editorial in: Machiavellian intelligence. Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (1988 b) The manipulation of attention in primate tactical deception. In: Machiavellian intelligence. Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whitman, C. O. (1899) Myths in animal psychology. The Monist 9:524–37.Google Scholar
Wickler, W. (1968) Mimicry in plants and animals. McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Wimmer, H. & Perner, P. (1983) Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition 13:103–28.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1953) Philosophical investigations. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Woodruff, G. & Premack, D. (1979) Intentional communication in the chimpanzee: The development of deception. Cognition 7:333–62.Google Scholar