Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T02:35:38.949Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Lords of the Hills

Classic Maya settlement patterns and political iconography in the Puuc region, Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2008

Nicholas P. Dunning
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0131, USA
Jeff Karl Kowalski
Affiliation:
School of Art, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA

Abstract

A regional investigation of the ancient Maya settlement patterns of the Puuc suggests that this region was occupied by increasing numbers of people seeking to maximize control over prime agricultural soils during the Late Classic period. During the Late Classic the eastern Puuc region was controlled by numerous autonomous major centers that carried on the Classic Maya tradition of divine kingship. During the late ninth century a.d., the city of Uxmal briefly emerged as the politically dominant center of the region and was involved in an important relationship with the city of Chichen Itza. By a.d. 950, however, Uxmal and the other major centers of the Puuc had ceased all important elite activities.

Type
Special Section: Classic Maya Landscape Archaelogy
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alvarez, C.M. 1980 Diccionario etnolingüístico del idioma maya yucateco colonial, I: Mundo fisico. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand 1963 Das Pantheon der Maya. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P., and Castellanos, Fernando Robles 1985 Chichen Itza and Coba: An Itza-Maya Standoff in Early Post-classic Yucatan. In The Lowland Maya Postclassic, edited by Chase, Arlen F. and Rice, Prudence M., pp. 6272. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys V, and Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1986 Classic to Postclassic: A Summary Discussion. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Andrews V, E. Wyllys, pp. 433456. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Andrews, George F. 1986 Los estilos arquitectónicos del Puuc: Una nueva apreciación. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico.Google Scholar
Andrews, George F. 1990 Architectural Survey of the Puuc and Chenes Regions. Paper presented at the First Maler Symposium on the Archaeology of Northwest Yucatan, Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1989 Construction and Cosmology: Politics and Ideology in Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns. In Word and Image in Maya Culture: Explorations in Language, Writing, and Representation, edited by Hanks, William F. and Rice, Don, pp. 272286. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F., and Hartung, Horst 1986 Maya City Planning and the Calendar. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 76(7). Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, Joseph A. 1974 A Coordinate Approach to Northern Maya Prehistory: A.D. 700–1200. American Antiquity 31:8593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, Joseph A. 1979 Ceramics, Culture History, and the Puuc. In The Puuc: New Perspectives, edited by Mills, Lawrence, pp. 1835. Scholarly Studies in the Liberal Arts No. 1. Central College, Pella, Iowa.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph A. 1990 The 1990 Bonn Maler Symposium and Northern Maya Archaeology: Some Observations on an Emerging Paradigm. Summaryremarks presented at the 1990 Maler Symposium on the Archaeology of Northwest Yucatan, Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W., and Taschek, Jennifer T. 1989 Small Center Archaeology and Classic Maya Political Organization: The Mopan-Macal Triangle Project. Paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Atlanta.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W., and Taschek, Jennifer T. 1991 Late Classic Lowland Maya Political Organization and Central-Place Analysis. Ancient Mesoamerica 2:149165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrera Rubio, Alfredo 1987 Guía Oficial: Uxmal. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico.Google Scholar
Barrera Rubio, Alfredo 1989 Arqueología de asentamiento en Uxmal: Nuevos datos y síntesis. Paper presented at the 21st Mesa Redonda de la Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Merida.Google Scholar
Barrera Rubio, Alfredo 1990 El asentamiento prehispánico en el área de Uxmal, Yucatán.Paper presented at the First Maler Symposium on the Archaeologyof Northwest Yucatan, Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Becquelin, Pierre 1988 Archaeological Investigations in the Xculoc Region. Mexicon 10:87.Google Scholar
Becquelin, Pierre 1991 Ancient Maya Settlement Patterns in the Xculoc Region, Campeche. Paper presented at the 47th International Congress of Americanists, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Bey, George J., and Ringle, William M. 1989 The Myth of the Center: Political Integration at Ek Balam, Yucatan, Mexico. Paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Atlanta.Google Scholar
Boucher, Sylviane 1990 Una revisión de la secuencia de cerámica preclásica en las regiones Chenes y Puuc. Paper Presented at the First Maler Symposium on the Archaeology of Northwest Yucatan, Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Brainerd, George W. 1958 The Archaeological Ceramics of Yucatan. Anthropological Records of the University of California No. 19. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Bricker, Victoria R. 1983 Directional Glyphs in Maya Inscriptions and Codices. American Antiquity 48:347353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bricker, Victoria R. 1988 A Phonetic Glyph for Zenith: Reply to Closs. American Antiquity 53:394400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brotherston, Gordon 1976 Mesoamerican Description of Space II: Signs for direction. Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv (N.F.) 2:3962.Google Scholar
Brotherston, Gordon, and Ades, Dawn 1975 Mesoamerican Description of Space I: Myths; Stars and Maps; and Architecture. Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv (N.F.) 1:279305.Google Scholar
Carlson, John B., and Landis, Linda C. 1985 Bands, Bicephalic Dragons, and Other Beasts: The Skybandin Maya Art and Iconography. In Fourth Palenque Round Table, 1980, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 115140. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Carmean, Kelli 1990 The Ancient Households of Sayil: A Study of Wealth in Terminal Classic Maya Society. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Carmean, Kelli 1991 Architectural Labor Investment and Social Stratification at Sayil, Yucatán, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 2:151165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramon, Carrasco V. 1991 Formación sociopolítica en el Puuc: El sacbe Uxmal-Nohpat-Kabah. Paper presented at the 3rd Mesa Redonda de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Guiona, Spain.Google Scholar
Ramon, Carrasco V., and Boucher, Sylviane 1990 El palacio de Sayil (estructura 2B1): Un estudio cronológico. In Mesoamérica y norte de México, siglos IX-XII, vol. 1, coordinated by Federica Sodi Miranda, pp. 5985. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 1982 Yucatecan Influence in Terminal Classic Belize. American Antiquity 47:596609CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Closs, Michael F. 1988 A Phonetic Version of the Maya Glyph for North. American Antiquity 53:386393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1973 The Maya Scribe and His World. The Grolier Club, New York.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1978 Lords of the Underworld: Masterpieces of Classic Maya Ceramics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Coggins, Clemency C. 1980 The Shape of Time: Some Political Implications of a Four-Part Figure. American Antiquity 45:727739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coggins, Clemency C. 1988 Reply to: A Phonetic Version of the Maya Glyph for North. American Antiquity 53:401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davoust, Michel 1980 Les premiers chefs mayas de Chichen Itza. Mexicon 2:2529.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 1984 Conclusiones y especulaciones. Proyecto El Mirador de la Harvard University, 1982–1983. Mesoamerica 7:138150.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 1986 The Archaeology of Santa Lelicia and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Publication No. 52. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 1992 Ideology in Ancient Maya Cultural Evolution: The Dynamicsof Galactic Politics. In Ideology and Pre-Columbian Civilizations, edited by Demarest, Arthur A. and Conrad, Geoffrey, pp. 135158. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
de Montmollin, Olivier 1988 Scales of Settlement Study for Complex Societies: Analytic Issues from the Classic Maya Area. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:151168.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P. 1989 Archaeological Investigations at Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico: Intersite Reconnaissance and Soil Studies During the 1987 Field Season. Anthropological Papers No. 2. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P. 1990a Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Puuc Region, Yucatan, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Minnesota. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P. 1990b Puuc Ecology and Settlement Patterns. Paper presented at the First Maler Symposium on the Archaeology of Northwest Yucatan, Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P. 1991 Soils and Settlement in the Sayil Valley: A Preliminary Assessment. In The Ancient Maya City of Sayil: The Mapping of a Puuc Region Center, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy and Tourtellot, Gair, pp. 2027. Publication No. 60. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P. 1992 Lords of the Hills: Ancient Maya Settlement in the Puuc Region, Yucatan, Mexico. Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P. 1994 Sayil and the Garden Cities of the Puuc. In Archaeological Investigations at Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy and Tourtellot, Gair. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, in press.Google Scholar
Foncerrada de Molina, Marta 1965 La escultura arquitectónica de Uxmal. Estudios y Fuentes del Arte en México No. 20. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.Google Scholar
Fox, John W. 1987 Maya Postclassic State Formation: Segmentary Lineage Migration in Advancing Frontiers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Fox, John W. 1989 On the Rise and Fall of Tulans and Maya Segmentary States. American Anthropologist 91:656681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Richard 1977 Urban Anthropology. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A. 1986 Maya Warfare: An Example of Peer Polity Interaction. In Peer Polity Interaction and the Development of Sociopolitical Complexity, edited by Renfrew, Colin and Cherry, John, pp. 93108. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A. 1987 Children of First Father's Skull: Terminal Classic Warfare in the Northern Maya Lowlands and the Transformations of Kingship and Elite Hierarchies. Paper Presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., and Schele, Linda 1988 Kingship in the Late Preclassic Lowlands: The Instruments and Places of Ritual Power. American Anthropologist 90:547567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garza Terrazona, Sylvia, and Kurjack, Edward B. 1980 Atlas arqueológico del estado de Yucatán. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico.Google Scholar
Gendrop, Paul 1983 Los estilos Río Bec, Chenes, y Puuc en la arquitectura maya. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.Google Scholar
Gossen, Gary H. 1974 Chamulas in the World of the Sun: Time and Space in a Maya Oral Tradition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Graham, Ian 1992 Uxmal. Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, vol. 4, pt. 2. Peabody Muséum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai 1990 Hieroglyphic Sources for the History of Northwest Yucatan. Paper presented at the First Maler Symposium on the Archaeology of Northwest Yucatan, Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1984 An Example of Homophony in Maya Script. American Antiquity 49:790805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1993 Hieroglyphs and History at Dos Pilas: Dynastic Politics of the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., and Stuart, David S. 1989 The Way Glyph: Evidence for “Co-Essences” Among the Classic Maya. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing No. 30. Center for Maya Research, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Huchim Herrera, José, and Pinto, Ivan Sanchez y 1989 Una interpretación de balance hidrico en el asentamiento prehispánico de Uxmal. Paper presented at the 21st Mesa Redonda de la Sociedad Mexicana de Antropologlia, Mérida.Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher, and Satterthwaite, Linton 1982 The Monuments and Inscriptions of Tikal: The Carved Monuments. University Museum Monograph No. 44, Tikal Report No. 33, pt. A. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, David H. 1982 Notes on Puuc Inscriptions and History. In The Puuc: New Perspectives, supplement 1, edited by Mills, Lawrence. Scholarly Studies in the Liberal Arts No. 1. Central College, Pella, IA.Google Scholar
Kepecs, Susan, Feinman, Gary, and Boucher, Sylviane 1993 Chichen Itza and Its Hinterlands: A World Systems Perspective. Paper presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, St. Louis.Google Scholar
Killion, Thomas W., Sabloff, Jeremy, Tourtellot, Gair, and Dunning, Nicholas 1989 Intensive Surface Collection of Residential Clusters at Terminal Classic Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 18:273294.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff Karl 1986 Some Comments on Uxmal Inscriptions. Mexicon 8:9395.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff Karl 1987 The House of the Governor. University of Oklahoma, Norman.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff Karl 1990 The Puuc as Seen from Uxmal. Paper presented at the First Maler Symposium on the Archaeology of Northwest Yucatan, Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff Karl 1991 A Preliminary Report on the 1988 Field Season at the Nunnery Quadrangle, Uxmal, Yucatan, Mexico. Mexicon 12:2733.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff Karl, Más, Heber Ojeda, and Rubio, Alfredo Barrera 1993 1992 Archaeological Excavations of a Round Structure at Uxmal: A Preliminary Report and Implications for Northern Maya Culture History. Paper presented at the Eighth Mesa Redonda de Palenque, Palenque.Google Scholar
Krochock, Ruth 1988 The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions and Iconography of the Temple of the Four Lintels and Related Monuments, Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Kubler, George 1977 Aspects of Classic Maya Rulership on Two Inscribed Vessels. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology No. 18. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kubler, George 1984 The Art and Architecture of Ancient America. 3rd ed.Pelican, Harmondsworth, England.Google Scholar
Kurbjuhn, Kornelia 1985 Man in the Turtle, Man in the Snail: A Study of Occupants of Turtle and Snail Shells in Maya Art. In Fifth Palenque Round Table, 1983, vol. 7, edited by Fields, Virginia M., pp. 159170. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Kurjack, Edward B., and Andrews V, E. Wyllys 1976 Early Boundary Maintenance in Northwest Yucatan, Mexico. American Antiquity 41:318325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurjack, Edward B., and Terrazona, Sylvia Garza 1981 Pre-Columbian Community Form and Distribution in the Northern Maya Area. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 287309. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Kurjack, Edward B., Terrazona, Sylvia Garza, and Lucas, Jerry 1979 Archaeological Settlement Patterns and Modern Geographyin the Hill Country of Yucatan. In The Puuc: New Perspectives, edited by Mills, Lawrence, pp. 3645. Scholarly Studies in the Liberal Arts No. 1. Central College, Pella, Iowa.Google Scholar
Kurjack, E.B., Cardenas, R. Maldonado, and Robertson, M. Greene 1991 Ballcourts of the Northern Maya Lowlands. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L. and Wilcox, David R., pp. 145160. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, Weldon 1980 The, Sun, Moon, and Venus at Uxmal. American Antiquity 45:7986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, Charles E. 1986 The Chronology of Chichen Itza: A Review of the Literature. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Andrews V, E. Wyllys, pp. 141196. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Lincoln, Charles E., and Lincoln, Elena K. 1991 Towards a New Definition of Ceramic Components at Chichen Itza. Paper presented at the 47th International Congress of Americanists, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1993 Ancient Maya Political Organization. In New Perspectives on Maya Civilization: Lowland Societies in the Eighth Century A.D., edited by Sabloff, Jeremy and Henderson, John. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Matheny, Ray T. 1978 Northern Maya Water-control Systems. In Pre-Hispanic Maya Agriculture, edited by Harrison, Peter D. and Turner, B.L. II, pp. 185210. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter 1985 Maya Early Classic Monuments and Inscriptions. In A Consideration of the Early Classic Period in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Willey, Gordon R. and Mathews, Peter, pp. 554. Publication No. 10. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Maudslay, Alfred P. 18891902 Archaeology. 4 vols. Biologia Centrali-Americana. R.H. Porter, and Dulau, London.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1990 Water Storage in the Puuc Region of the Northern Maya Lowlands: A Key to Population Estimates and Architectural Variability. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick and Rice, Don S., pp. 263284. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Miller, Arthur G. 1974 The Iconography of the Temple of the Diving God, Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 167186. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1946 The Ancient Maya. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA.Google Scholar
Piña Chan, R. 1963 Informe preliminar sobre Mul-Chic, Yucatán. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia época 6(15):99118.Google Scholar
Pollock, Harry E.D. 1980 The Puuc: An Architectural Survey of the Hill Country of Yucatan and Northern Campeche, Mexico. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 19. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Prem, Hanns J. 1991 The Xkipche Archaeological Project. Mexicon 13:6263.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1950 A Study of Classic Maya Sculpture. Publication No. 593. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1970 On Two Inscriptions at Chichen Itza. In Monographs and Papers in Maya Archaeology, edited by Bullard, William R., pp. 5768. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography No. 61. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M., Bey, George J., and Péraza, Carlos 1991 An Itza Empire in Northern Yucatan? A Neighboring View. Paper presented at the 47th International Congress of Americanists; New Orleans.Google Scholar
Rivera Dorado, Miguel 1989 Excavaciones arqueológicas en Oxkintoc, Yucatán. Mexicon 11:96102.Google Scholar
Rivera Dorado, Miguel 1991 1990 Field Season at Oxkintok. Mexicon 13:23.Google Scholar
Robicsek, Francis, and Hales, Donald 1981 The Maya Book of the Dead: The Ceramic Codex. University of Virginia Art Museum, Charlottesville.Google Scholar
Robles Castellanos, Fernando, and Andrews, Anthony P. 1986 A Review and Synthesis of Recent Postclassic Archaeology in Northern Yucatan. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy and Andrews V, E. Wyllys, pp. 5398. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Roys, Ralph L. 1967 The Chilam Balam of Chumayel. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Ruppert, Karl 1935 The Caracal at Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico. Publication No. 454. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Ruz Lhuiller, Alberto 1955 Uxmal: Temporada de trabajos 1951–1952. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 8:4967.Google Scholar
Ruz Lhuiller, Alberto 1959 Guía oficial de Uxmal. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A., and Tourtellot, Gair 1991 The Ancient Maya City of Sayil: The Mapping of a Puuc Region Center. Publication No. 60. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Sáenz, Cesar A. 1975 Cerámica de Uxmal, Yucatán. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia de Mexico época 7(5):171186.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Webster, David 1988 The Mesoamerican Urban Tradition. American Anthropologist 90:521546CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Freidel, David 1990 A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. William Morrow, New York.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Freidel, David 1991 The Courts of Creation: Ballcourts, Ballgames, and Portals to the Maya Otherworld. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by Scarborough, Vernon and Wilcox, David, pp. 289316. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Miller, Mary Ellen 1986 The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Kimball Art Museum, Fort Worth.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Stuart, David 1985 Te-Tun as the Glyph for “Stela.” Copan Mosaics Project Copan Note No. 1. University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Seler, Eduard 1917 Die Ruinen von Uxmal. Phil.- Hist. Klasse Nr. 3. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.Google Scholar
Seler, Eduard 1960 Gesammelte A bhandlungen zur Amerikanischen Sprach-und Altertumskunde. 5 vols. Akademische Druck- u Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria.Google Scholar
Smith, A.L. 1982 Major Architecture and Caches. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 1568. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 15. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Smyth, Michael P., and Dore, Christopher D. 1992 Large-site Archaeological Methods at Sayil, Yucatán, Mexico:Investigating Community Organization at a Prehispanic Maya Center. Latin American Antiquity 3:321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smyth, Michael P., Dore, Christopher, and Dunning, Nicholas 1994 Interpreting Prehistoric Settlement Patterns: Lessons from a Lowland Maya Center in the North. Journal of Field Archaeology, in press.Google Scholar
Sosa, John M. 1986 Maya Concepts of Astronomical Order. In Symbol and Meaning Beyond the Closed Community: Essays in Mesoamerican Ideas, edited by Gossen, Gary H., pp. 185196. Studies on Culture and Society No. 1. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Southall, Aiden W. 1956 Alur Society: A Study in Processes and Types of Domination. Heffer, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Southall, Aiden W. 1988 The Segmentary State in Africa and Asia. Comparative Studies in Society and History 30:5282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spero, Joanne M. 1987 Lightning Men and Water Serpents: A Comparison of Mayanand Mixe-Zoquean Beliefs. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Spinden, Herbert J. 1913 A Study of Maya Art: Its Subject Matter and Historical Development. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography Vol. 6. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1974 Marital Alliance in the Political Integration of Mixtec Kingdoms. American Anthropologist 76:297311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sprajc, Ivan 1989 Venus, lluvia, y maíz: Simbolismo y astronomía en la cosmovisión mesoamericana. Unpublished Master's thesis, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.Google Scholar
Stephens, John Lloyd 1843 Incidents of Travel in Yucatan. 2 vols. Harper and Rowe, New York.Google Scholar
Stone, Andrea J. 1989 Disconnection, Foreign Insignia, and Political Expansion: Teotihuacan and Warrior Stelae of Piedras Negras. In Mesoamerica After the Decline of Teotihuacan, edited by Diehl, Richard A. and Berlo, Janet C., pp. 153172. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1987 Blood Symbolism in Maya Iconography. In Maya Iconography, edited by Benson, Elizabeth and Griffin, Gillet, pp. 175221. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley J. 1976 World Conqueror and World Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand against a Historical Background. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology No. 15. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley J. 1977 The Galactic Polity: The Structure of Traditional Kingdomsin Southeast Asia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 293:6997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, Carolyn 1982 The Maya Cauac Monster's Formal Development and Dynastic Contexts. In Pre-Columbian Art History: Selected Readings, edited by Cordy-Collins, Alana, pp. 3354. Peek Publications, Palo Alto, CA.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1985 The Classic Maya Maize God: A Reappraisal. In Fifth Palenque Round Table, 1983, vol. 7, edited by Fields, V.M., pp. 171182. Precolumbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1989 Ritual Humor in Classic Maya Religion. In Word and Image in Maya Culture, edited by Hanks, William F. and Rice, Don S., pp. 351382. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1992 The Temple of Quetzalcoatl and the Cult of Sacred War at Teotihuacan. Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics 21:5387.Google Scholar
Taylor, Dicey 1979 The Cauac Monster. In Tercera Mesa Redonda de Palenque, vol. 4, edited by Robertson, Merle Greene and Jeffers, Donald, pp. 7989. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, Monterey, CA.Google Scholar
Taylor, Walter 1941 The Ceremonial Bar and Associated Features in Maya Ornamental Art. American Antiquity 7:4163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1934 Sky Bearers, Colors and Directions in Maya and Mexican Religion. Publication No. 436, Contribution No. 10. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1960 Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: An Introduction. 2nd ed.University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1966 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1970 Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1973 Maya Rulers of the Classic Period and the Divine Right of Kings. In The Iconography of Middle American Sculpture, pp. 5271. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair, and Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1990 Puuc Development as Seen from Sayil. Paper Presented at theFirst Maler Symposium on the Archaeology of Northwest Yucatan, Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair, Sabloff, Jeremy, and Carmean, Kelli 1992 “Will the Real Elites Please Stand Up?”: An Archaeological Assessment of Maya Elite Behavior in the Terminal Classic Period. In Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment, edited by Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arien F., pp. 8098. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair, Sabloff, Jeremy, Smyth, Michael, Whitley, L. Val, Walling, Stanley, Negrón, Tomas Gallareta, Alvarez, Carlos Pérez, Andrews, George, and Dunning, Nicholas 1988 Mapping Community Patterns at Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico: The 1985 Season. Journal of New World Archaeology 7(2–3):124.Google Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1957 Chichen Itza and Its Cenote of Sacrifice: A Comparative Study of Contemporaneous Maya and Toltec. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vols. 1112. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Villacorta, Juan Antonio, and Villacorta, Carlos A. 1930 Códices mayas. Guatemala.Google Scholar
Vlcek, David T., Terrazona, Sylvia Garza, and Kurjack, Edward B. 1978 Contemporary Maya Farming and Ancient Settlements: Some Disconcerting Evidence. In Pre-Hispanic Maya Agriculture, edited by Harrison, Peter D. and Turner, B.L. II, pp. 211223. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Vogt, Evon Z. 1976 Tortillas for the Gods: A Symbolic Analysis of Zinacanteco Rituals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Webb, Malcolm C. 1975 The Flag follows Trade: An Essay on the Necessary Interactions of Military and Commercial Factors in State Formation. In Ancient Civilizations and Trade, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C., pp. 155209. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Wren, Linnea, and Schmidt, Peter 1991 Elite Interaction During the Terminal Classic Period: New Evidence from Chichen Itza. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick, pp. 199225. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Zapata Péraza, Renée L. 1986 Los chultunes de la región serrana de Yucatán. Cuadernos de la Arquitectura Mesoamericana 8:1724.Google Scholar
Zapata Péraza, Renée L. 1991 Exploraciones recientes en Kanki, Campeche, Mexico. Mexicon 13:5155.Google Scholar