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Brazil's Bourgeois Revolution?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Steven C. Topik
Steven C. Topik*
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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Extract

The centennial of the founding of the Brazilian Republic, which coincides with the bicentennial of France's republican revolution of 1789, has not aroused the same debates as the French Revolution. The extent to which France's eruption represented a bourgeois revolution has been much questioned. Indeed, bourgeois revolutions everywhere have been subject to greater scrutiny and skepticism. This debate has excited much less passion in Brazil.

Most historians have viewed the Brazilian Republic's birth as a rather unimportant event—and a failure. It was neither bourgeois nor a revolution. Rather, the overthrow of the Emperor on November 15, 1889 was a palace coup that replaced one authoritarian rural regime with another. According to this interpretation, no social change occurred as the population stood by “beastlike.” Historians often argue that although the army, which launched the coup, was able to maintain some autonomy in policy formulation for five years, it soon succumbed to the revived agrarian export elite, leaving behind few positive achievements. Yet at the time, the London Statesman declared that the overthrow of the Brazilian monarchy to be the world's most significant event in a very busy 1889. Historians are now starting to echo this sentiment, reasserting the importance of the early 1890s. Décio Saes, for instance, asserts that the 1889-1891 period marked the advent of the “bourgeois state” which confirmed on the political level the transformation set into motion by the emancipation of slaves in 1888.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 48 , Issue 2 , October 1991 , pp. 245 - 271
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1991

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References

* I would like to thank the National Endowment for the Humanities for a university teacher’s fellowship in 1990–1991 which made this article possible.

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35 Jornal do Commércio, September 8, 1889, found in the FCRB “Recortes” file. A Nação, cited in the Jornal do Commércio of August 30, 1889 made a similar comment.

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