Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T19:22:40.089Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Social Use and Value of Blue-Green Stone Mosaics at Sites within Canal System 2, Phoenix Basin, Hohokam Regional System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2021

Lindsay M. Shepard*
Affiliation:
SWCA Environmental Consultants, 5647 Jefferson Street NE, Albuquerque, NM87109, USA
Will G. Russell
Affiliation:
Logan Simpson Design, 51 W. 3rd Street #450, Tempe, AZ85281, USA
Christopher W. Schwartz
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ85287, USA
Robert S. Weiner
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street, 233 UCB, Boulder, CO80309-0233, USA
Ben A. Nelson
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ85287, USA
*
([email protected], corresponding author)

Abstract

The occurrence of nonlocal objects, raw materials, and ideas in the southwestern United States (U.S. SW) has long been recognized as evidence of interaction between prehispanic peoples of this region and those of greater Mesoamerica. Although many archaeologists have analyzed the directionality and potential means by which these objects and concepts moved across the landscape, few have assessed the degree to which Mesoamerican practices and traditional assemblages remained intact as the artifacts and ideas moved farther from their places of origin. The current study analyzes the distribution and deposition of blue-green stone mosaics, a craft technology that was well established in Mesoamerica by the Late Preclassic period (300 BC–AD 250) and spread to the U.S. SW by the start of the Hohokam Pioneer period (AD 475). We assess the spatial distribution, contextual deposition, and morphology of mosaics at sites within Hohokam Canal System 2, located in the Phoenix Basin of Arizona. We use these data to infer mosaics’ social value and function within Hohokam social structure. Analyses suggest that, although the technology of mosaic making may have originated in Mesoamerica, the contexts and ways in which mosaics were used in the Hohokam regional system were decidedly Hohokam.

La aparición de objetos no locales, materias primas e ideas en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos (SO de EE. UU.) ha sido reconocida hace mucho tiempo como evidencia de interacción entre los pueblos prehispánicos de esta región y los de la Gran Mesoamérica. Aunque muchos arqueólogos han analizado la direccionalidad y los medios potenciales por los cuales estos objetos y conceptos se movieron a través del paisaje, pocos han evaluado el grado en que las prácticas y conjuntos tradicionales mesoamericanas permanecieron intactos a medida que los artefactos e ideas se alejaron de sus lugares de origen. Este estudio analiza la distribución y la deposición de mosaicos de piedra azul-verde, una tecnología artesanal que estaba bien establecida en la Gran Mesoamérica en el período Preclásico Tardío (300 aC-dC 250) y se extendió al SO de EE. UU al comienzo del Período Hohokam Pioneer (dC 475). Evaluamos la distribución espacial, la deposición contextual y la morfología de los mosaicos en sitios dentro del Canal Sistema 2 de los Hohokam, ubicados en el Phoenix Basin del centro de Arizona. Estos datos se usan para inferir el valor social y la función de los mosaicos dentro de la estructura social de Hohokam. Los análisis sugieren que, si bien la tecnología de fabricación de mosaicos puede haberse originado en Mesoamérica, los contextos y las formas en que se utilizaron los mosaicos en la región de Hohokam fueron decididamente Hohokam.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abbott, David R. 2003a Ceramics, Communities, and Irrigation Management. In Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande, edited by Abbott, David R., pp. 148165. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2003b The Politics of Decline in Canal System 2. In Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande, edited by Abbott, David R., pp. 201228. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2006 Hohokam Ritual and Economic Transformation: Ceramic Evidence from the Phoenix Basin, Arizona. North American Archaeologist 27:285310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, David R. (editor) 2003 Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R., Smith, Alexa M., and Gallaga, Emiliano 2007 Ballcourts and Ceramics: The Case for Hohokam Marketplaces in the Arizona Desert. American Antiquity 72:461484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ackerly, Neal W., Howard, Jerry B., and McGuire, Randall H. 1987 La Ciudad Canals: A Study of Hohokam Irrigation Systems at the Community Level. Anthropological Field Studies No. 17. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Allen, Wilma, Michael Fink, T., and Mitchell, Douglas R. 1989 Results of the Grand Canal Project: Burial Descriptions. In Archaeological Investigations at the Grand Canal Ruins: A Classic Period Site in Phoenix, Arizona, Vol. 1, edited by Mitchell, Douglas R., pp. 75168. Publications in Archaeology No. 12. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Andrews, John P., and Bostwick, Todd W. 2000 Desert Farmers at the River's Edge: The Hohokam and Pueblo Grande. City of Phoenix, Parks, Recreation and Library Department, Pueblo Grande Museum and Archaeological Park, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Bayman, James M. 2001 The Hohokam of Southwest North America. Journal of World Prehistory 15:257311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Lane Anderson 2005 Secondary Burial Practices in Hohokam Cremation. In Interacting with the Dead: Perspectives on Mortuary Archaeology for the New Millennium, edited by Rakita, Gordon F. M., Buikstra, Jane E., Beck, Lane A., and Williams, Sloan R., pp. 150154. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Cable, John S., Hoffman, Daren S., Doyel, David E., and Ritz, Frank 1985 City of Phoenix, Archaeology of the Original Townsite: Block 24 East. Publications in Archaeology No. 8. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Cartwright, Caroline, Stacey, Rebecca, and McEwan, Colin 2012 Mastering Materials: Comparative Properties of Raw Materials on Turquoise Mosaics and Their Significance for Mosaic Technology. In Turquoise in Mexico and North America: Science, Conservation, Culture and Collections, edited by King, Jonathan C. H., Carocci, Max, Cartwright, Caroline, McEwan, Colin, and Stacey, Rebecca, pp. 714. Archetype Publications, London.Google Scholar
Costin, Cathy Lynne 1991 Craft Specialization: Issues in Defining, Documenting, and Explaining the Organization of Production. In Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 3, edited by Schiffer, Michael B., pp. 156. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Crown, Patricia L. 2016 Just Macaws: A Review for the U.S. Southwest/Mexican Northwest. Kiva 82:331363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crown, Patricia L., and Fish, Suzanne K. 1996 Gender and Status in the Hohokam Pre-Classic to Classic Transition. American Anthropologist 98:803817.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crown, Patricia L., and Hurst, W. Jeffrey 2009 Evidence of Cacao Use in the Prehispanic American Southwest. PNAS 106:21102113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Peso, Charles C., Rinaldo, John B., and Fenner, Gloria J. 1974 Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Grand Chichimeca, Vols. 4–8. Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona.Google Scholar
Downum, Christian E. (editor) 1998 The Pueblo Grande Platform Mound Compound. Archaeology of the Pueblo Grande Platform Mound and Surrounding Features, Vol. 4, Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 1. Pueblo Grande Museum, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1979 The Prehistoric Hohokam of the Arizona Desert: The Archaeological Record Sheds Some Light on the Cultural Growth and Change Undergone by the Hohokam over 1,700 Years. American Scientist 67:544554.Google Scholar
Dreiss, Meredith L., and Edgar Greenhill, Sharon 2008 Chocolate: Pathway to the Gods. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Effland, Richard W. Jr. 1988 An Examination of Hohokam Mortuary Practice from Casa Buena. In Excavations at Casa Buena: Changing Hohokam Land Use along the Squaw Peak Parkway, Vol. 2, edited by Howard, Jerry B., pp. 693794. Publications in Archaeology No. 11. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Feest, Christian 2012 Mexican Turquoise Mosaics in Vienna. In Turquoise in Mexico and North America: Science, Conservation, Culture and Collections, edited by King, Jonathan C. H., Carocci, Max, Cartwright, Caroline, McEwan, Colin, and Stacey, Rebecca, pp. 103116. Archetype Publications, London.Google Scholar
Fowler, Don D., and Wilcox, David R. (editors) 2003 Philadelphia and the Development of Americanist Archaeology. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Frazier, Jack, and Ishihara-Brito, Reiko 2012 The Occurrence of Tortoiseshell on a Pre-Hispanic Maya Mosaic Mask. Antiquity 86:825837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamboa Cabezas, Luis Manuel 2007 El palacio quemado, Tula: Seis décadas de investigaciones. Arqueología Mexicana 15(85):4347.Google Scholar
Hackbarth, Mark R. (editor) 2012 The CityScape Project: Archaeological Investigations of Pueblo Patricio and Block 22 in the Original Phoenix Townsite, Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. LSD Technical Reports in Prehistory 6. Logan Simpson Design, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1945 The Excavation of Los Muertos and Neighboring Ruins in the Salt River Valley, Southern Arizona. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 24, No. 1, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1976 The Hohokam, Desert Farmers and Craftsmen: Excavations at Snaketown, 1964–1965. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hays-Gilpin, Kelley, and Hill, Jane H. 2000 The Flower World in Prehistoric Southwest Material Culture. In The Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare, and Exchange across the American Southwest and Beyond, edited by Hegmon, Michelle, pp. 411428. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Healy, Paul F., and Blainey, Marc G. 2011 Ancient Maya Mosaic Mirrors: Function, Symbolism, and Meaning. Ancient Mesoamerica 22:229244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedquist, Saul L. 2017 A Colorful Past: Turquoise and Social Identity in the Late Prehispanic Western Pueblo Region, A.D. 1275–1400. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary W. 1993 Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade, and Power. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Henderson, T. Kathleen (editor) 2003 Hohokam Farming on the Salt River Floodplain: Excavations at the Sky Harbor Airport North Runway. Anthropological Papers No. 42. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Hill, J. Brett, Clark, Jeffery J., Doelle, William H., and Lyons, Patrick D. 2004 Prehistoric Demography in the Southwest: Migration, Coalescence, and Hohokam Population Decline. American Antiquity 69:689716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, C. Marshall 1988 Lithic Technology and Tool Production at Casa Buena. In Excavations at Casa Buena: Changing Hohokam Land Use along the Squaw Peak Parkway, Vol. 1, edited by Howard, Jerry B., pp. 358458. Publications in Archaeology No. 11. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Hosler, Dorothy 1994 The Sounds and Color of Power: The Sacred Metallurgical Technology of Ancient West Mexico. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Howard, Jerry B. (editor) 1988 Excavations at Casa Buena: Changing Hohokam Land Use along the Squaw Peak Parkway. 2 vols. Publications in Archaeology No. 11. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Howard, Jerry B. 1993 A Paleohydraulic Approach to Examining Agricultural Intensification in Hohokam Irrigation Systems. In Economic Aspects of Water Management in the Prehispanic New World, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L. and Isaac, Barry L., pp. 263324. Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement 7. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Howard, Jerry B. 2000 Quantitative Approaches to Spatial Patterning in the Hohokam Village: Testing the Village Segment Model. In The Hohokam Village Revisited, edited by Doyel, David, Fish, Suzanne K., and Fish, Paul, pp. 167196. Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fort Collins, Colorado.Google Scholar
Howard, Jerry B. 2006 Hohokam Irrigation Communities: A Study of Internal Structure, External Relationships and Sociopolitical Complexity. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Huffman, John W. 1925 Turquoise Mosaics from Casa Grande. Art and Archaeology 20(2):8288.Google Scholar
Hunt, Robert C., Guillet, David, Abbott, David R., Bayman, James, Fish, Paul, Fish, Suzanne, Kintigh, Keith, and Neely, James A. 2005 Plausible Ethnographic Analogies for the Social Organization of Hohokam Canal Irrigation. American Antiquity 70:433456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, Susan E. 2000 Some Aspects of the Aztec Religion in the Hopi Kachina Cult. Journal of the Southwest 42:897926.Google Scholar
Jernigan, E. Wesley 1978 Jewelry of the Prehistoric Southwest. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Kelly, Isabel T., Officer, James E., and Haury, Emil W. 1978 The Hodges Ruin: A Hohokam Community in the Tucson Basin. Anthropological Papers 30. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
King, Jonathan C. H., Carocci, Max, Cartwright, Caroline, McEwan, Colin, and Stacey, Rebecca (editors) 2012 Turquoise in Mexico and North America: Science, Conservation, Culture and Collections. Archetype Publications, London.Google Scholar
Kopytoff, Igor 1986 The Cultural Biography of Things: Commoditization as Process. In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, edited by Appadurai, Arjun, pp. 6491. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landis, Daniel G. 1989 The Lithic Assemblages of El Caserío. In El Caserío: Colonial Period Settlement along the East Papago Freeway, edited by Mitchell, Douglas R., pp. 103142. Publications in Archaeology No. 14. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Lesure, Richard 1999 On the Genesis of Value in Early Hierarchical Societies. In Material Symbols: Culture and Economy in Prehistory, edited by Robb, John E., pp. 2355. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois.Google Scholar
Mabry, Jonathan B. 1998 Archaeological Investigations of Early Village Sites in the Middle Santa Cruz Valley. Anthropological Papers 19. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mabry, Jonathan B. 2000 The Red Mountain Phase and the Origins of Hohokam Villages. In The Hohokam Village Revisited, edited by Doyel, David E., Fish, Suzanne K., and Fish, Paul R., pp. 3763. Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fort Collins, Colorado.Google Scholar
MacGregor, Gavin 1999 Making Sense of the Past in the Present: A Sensory Analysis of Carved Stone Balls. World Archaeology 31:258271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maldonado Cárdenas, Rubén 2002 Las Paletas del Infiernillo, Michoacán-Guerrero y los Hohokam del Suroeste de los Estados Unidos. In El pasado arqueológico de Guerrero, edited by Niederberger, Christine and Reyna Robles, Rosa María, pp. 151173. Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos, Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero and Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Martin, Maria 2007 Pueblo Grande (AZ U:9:1[ASM]): Unit 14, Washington Park Development Area: SSI SunAmerica Inc. Data Recovery, Field Specimen (FS) Data. The Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR). DOI:10.6067/XCV8NS0S8T, accessed May 19, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masse, Bruce 1981 Prehistoric Irrigation Systems in the Salt River Valley, Arizona. Science 214:408415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathien, Frances Joan 1997 Ornaments of the Chaco Anasazi. In Ceramics, Lithics, and Ornaments of Chaco Canyon: Analysis of Artifacts from the Chaco Project, 1971–1978, pp. 11191220. Publications in Archaeology 18G. National Park Service, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Mathiowetz, Michael, Schaafsma, Polly, Coltman, Jeremy, and Taube, Karl 2015 The Darts of Dawn: The Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli Venus Complex in the Iconography of Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. Journal of the Southwest 57:1102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattson, Hannah V. 2016 Ornaments as Socially Valuable Objects: Jewelry and Identity in the Chaco and Post-Chaco Worlds. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 42:122139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEwan, Colin, Middleton, Andrew, Cartwright, Caroline, and Stacey, Rebecca 2006 Turquoise Mosaics from Mexico. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.Google Scholar
McGuire, Randall H. 1980 The Mesoamerican Connection in the Southwest. Kiva 46:338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuire, Randall H. 1992 Death, Society, and Ideology in a Hohokam Community. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
McGuire, Randall H. 2011 Pueblo Religion and the Mesoamerican Connection. In Religious Transformation in the Late Pre-Hispanic Pueblo World, edited by Glowacki, Donna M. and Keuren, Scott Van, pp. 2349. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Midvale, Frank 1968 Prehistoric Irrigation in the Salt River Valley, Arizona. Kiva 34:2832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Virginia E. 2018 The Castillo-Sub at Chichen Itza. In Landscapes of the Itza: Archaeology and Art History at Chichen Itza and Neighboring Sites, edited by Wren, Linnea, Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, Nygard, Travis, and Spencer, Kaylee, pp. 171197. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 2004 The Establishment and Defeat of Hierarchy: Inalienable Possessions and the History of Collective Prestige Structures in the Pueblo Southwest. American Anthropologist 106:238251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 2008 Remembering While Forgetting: Depositional Practices and Social Memory at Chaco. In Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices, edited by Mills, Barbara J. and Walker, William H., pp. 81108. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., and Walker, William H. (editors) 2008 Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R. 1989 The Grand Canal Ground Stone Assemblage. In Archaeological Investigations at the Grand Canal Ruins: A Classic Period Site in Phoenix, Arizona, Vol. 1, edited by Mitchell, Douglas R., pp. 443468. Publications in Archaeology No. 12. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R. (editor) 1988 Excavations at La Lomita Pequeña: A Santa Cruz/Sacaton Phase Hamlet in the Salt River Valley. Publications in Archaeology No. 10. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R. (editor) 1989a El Caserío: Colonial Period Settlement along the East Papago Freeway. Publications in Archaeology No. 14. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R. (editor) 1989b Archaeological Investigations at the Grand Canal Ruins: A Classic Period Site in Phoenix, Arizona, Vol. 1. Publications in Archaeology No. 12. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R. (editor) 1990 The La Lomita Excavations: 10th Century Hohokam Occupation in South-Central Arizona. Publications in Archaeology No. 15. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Nelson, Ben A. 2006 Mesoamerican Objects and Symbols in Chaco Canyon Contexts. In The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon: An Eleventh-Century Pueblo Regional Center, edited by Lekson, Stephen H., pp. 339371. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Linda M., and Neitzel, Jill 1984 Canal Irrigation and Sociopolitical Organization in the Lower Salt River Valley: A Diachronic Analysis. In Prehistoric Agricultural Strategies in the Southwest, edited by Fish, Suzanne and Fish, Paul, pp. 161178. Anthropological Research Papers No. 33, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Parsons, Elsie Clews 1933 Some Aztec and Pueblo Parallels. American Anthropologist 35:611631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pepper, George Hubbard 1920 Pueblo Bonito. Anthropological Papers Vol. 27. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Prufer, Keith M., and Jeffrey Hurst, W. 2007 Chocolate in the Underworld Space of Death: Cacao Seeds from an Early Classic Mortuary Cave. Ethnohistory 52:273301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Glen 1998 War and Water: An Ecological Perspective on Hohokam Irrigation. Kiva 63:263301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizo, Michael 1998 Scarlet Macaw Production and Trade at Paquimé, Chihuahua. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Schieber de Lavarreda, Christa 2003 Una nueva ofrenda en Tak'alik Ab'aj: El Entierro 1. En XVI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2002, edited by Laporte, Juan P., Arroyo, Bárbara, Escobedo, Héctor, and Mejía, Héctor, pp. 784792. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Kelly J. (editor) 2009 Excavations at the Mound 3 Precinct, Southeast Cemetery, Las Colinas, Arizona, T:12:10 (ASM): The Advanced Mobile Storage Monitoring Project, 1641 North 25th Drive, Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. Roadrunner Publications in Archaeology No. 17. Roadrunner Archaeology and Consulting, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Spielmann, Katherine A. 2002 Feasting, Craft Specialization, and the Ritual Mode of Production in Small-Scale Societies. American Anthropologist 104:195207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, Tammy, and Foster, Michael S. 1994 Miscellaneous Artifacts. In Material Culture, edited by Foster, Michael S., pp. 203262. Pueblo Grande Project Vol. 4. Publications in Archaeology No. 20, Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Suarez, Rebeca B. 2013 Ritual Equivalency of Macaws and Copper Bells in Mesoamerica and the Southwestern United States. Honors thesis, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Thomas, Nicholas 1991 Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Turney, Omar 1929 Prehistoric Irrigation. Arizona State Historian, Phoenix.Google Scholar
VanPool, Christine S., and Newsome, Elizabeth 2012 The Spirit in the Material: A Case Study of Animism in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 77:243262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, William H. 1999 Ritual, Life Histories, and the Afterlives of People and Things. Journal of the Southwest 41:383405.Google Scholar
Walker, William H. 2008 Practice and Nonhuman Social Actors: The Afterlife Histories of Witches and Dogs in the American Southwest. In Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices, edited by Mills, Barbara J. and Walker, William H., pp. 137157. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Wallace, Henry D. 2014 Ritual Transformation and Cultural Revitalization: Explaining Hohokam in Pre-A.D. 1000 Southeastern Arizona. In Between Mimbres and Hohokam: Exploring the Archaeology and History of Southeastern Arizona and Southwestern New Mexico, edited by Wallace, Henry D., pp. 433499. Anthropological Papers No. 52. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Waters, Michael R., and Ravesloot, John C. 2001 Landscape Change and the Cultural Evolution of the Hohokam along the Middle Gila River and Other River Valleys in South-Central Arizona. American Antiquity 66:285299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weigand, Phil C., and Harbottle, Garman 1993 The Role of Turquoise in the Ancient Mesoamerican Trade Structure. In The American Southwest and Mesoamerica: Systems of Prehistoric Exchange, edited by Ericson, Jonathan E. and Baugh, Timothy G., pp. 159177. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer, Boston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weigand, Phil C., Harbottle, Garman, and Sayre, Edward V. 1977 Turquoise Sources and Source Analysis: Mesoamerica and the Southwestern U.S.A. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by Earle, Timothy K. and Ericson, Jonathon E., pp. 1534. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiner, Annette B. 1985 Inalienable Wealth. American Ethnologist 12:210227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1979 The Hohokam Regional System. In An Archaeological Test of Sites in the Gila Butte-Santan Region, South-Central Arizona, by Rice, Glen, Wilcox, David, Rafferty, Kevin, and Schoenwetter, James, pp. 77116. Anthropological Research Papers No. 18, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1987 Frank Midvale's Investigation of the Site of La Ciudad. Office of Cultural Resource Management, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1991 The Mesoamerican Ballgame in the American Southwest. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L. and Wilcox, David R., pp. 101125. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodbury, Richard B. 1960 The Hohokam Canals at Pueblo Grande, Arizona. American Antiquity 26:267270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Shepard et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Shepard et al. supplementary material(File)
File 42 KB
Supplementary material: File

Shepard et al. supplementary material

Table S2

Download Shepard et al. supplementary material(File)
File 29.7 KB
Supplementary material: File

Shepard et al. supplementary material

Table S3

Download Shepard et al. supplementary material(File)
File 43 KB