Element contents
Hare Krishna in the Twenty-First Century
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 July 2023
Summary
The Hare Krishna movement is a modern manifestation of the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition, which has its roots in sixteenth century West Bengal, India. The tradition was institutionalized in a modern form when it was registered as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in New York City in 1966 by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Its mission was to present bhakti-yoga (the yoga of devotion) to a Western audience. This Element introduces the historical origins of the movement and examines its beliefs and practices within the context of its institutional and community dynamics. It also considers the Hare Krishna movement's changing relationship with mainstream society and its shifting demographic makeup in tandem with key challenges and controversies that have beset the movement throughout its history. The Element concludes by considering how the movement's responses to a new set of issues and challenges are pivotal for its future direction in the twenty-first century.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009063623Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 31 August 2023
References
Gocara, Akincana. (2019). “ISKCON Performs the First Hare Krishna Gay Marriage Ceremony in Brazil.” AS IT IS, October 24. https://rfranco1008.blogspot.com/2019/10/iskcon-performs-first-hare-krishna-gay.html.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. (1986). “The Hare Krishna Movement in the USSR.” Religion in Communist Lands 14(3), 316–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Press, Associated. (1996). “Ex-Hare Krishna Leader Gets 20-Year Sentence.” New York Times, August 29. www.nytimes.com/1996/08/29/us/ex-hare-krishna-leader-gets-20-year-sentence.html.Google Scholar
Godhead, Back To. (1995). “Persecution in Armenia!” Back To Godhead, July 1. www.backtogodhead.in/persecution-in-armenia/.Google Scholar
News, BBC. (2011). “Russia Court Declares Hindu Book Bhagvad Gita Legal.” BBC News, December 28. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-16344615.Google Scholar
Trustees, BBT. (2008). “BBT Statement on Annotating Srila Prabhupada’s Books.” ISKCON News, July 2. https://iskconnews.org/bbt-statement-on-annotating-srila-prabhupadas-books/.Google Scholar
Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc. (no date). “Bhaktivedanta Vedabase.” https://vedabase.io/en/.Google Scholar
Bhaktivedanta Institute. (2021). “About Us.” http://binstitute.org/bhaktivedanta-institute/.Google Scholar
Blumetti, J. (2019). “‘It’s Latent Misogyny’: Hare Krishnas Divided over Whether to Allow Female Gurus.” Guardian, June 4. www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/04/hare-krishna-india-hinduism-florida-women.Google Scholar
Bromley, D. G. and Melton, J. G. (2012). “Reconceptualizing Types of Religious Organization: Dominant, Sectarian, Alternative, and Emergent Tradition Groups.” Nova Religio 15(3), 4–28. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.4.Google Scholar
Broo, M. (2003). As Good as God: The Guru in Gaudiya Vaisnavism. Åbo, Finland: Åbo Akademi University Press.Google Scholar
Bryant, E. F. and Ekstrand, M. L. (2004). The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Buniatyan, G. and Buniatyan, S. (2007). Salted Bread: A True Story. Badger, CO: Torchlight Publishing.Google Scholar
Burt, A. R. (2013). “Leading the Hare Krishna Movement: The Crisis of Succession in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, 1977–1987.” Ph.D. thesis. University of Leeds.Google Scholar
Burt, A. R. (2019). “An Uncertain Future: The Issue of Succession in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.” In Knott, K. and Francis, M., eds., Minority Religions and Uncertainty. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 86–99.Google Scholar
Čargonja, H. (2022). “Realisations, Arrangements, and Ecstasies: Narratives of Religious Experience in the Hare Kṛṣṇa Movement.” Journal of Hindu Studies 15(2), 121–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiac005.Google Scholar
Carrette, J. (2013). Selling Spirituality: The Silent Takeover of Religion. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Chatterji, A. P., Hansen, T. B., and Jaffrelot, C. (2019). Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190078171.001.0001.Google Scholar
Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 1, California. (1992). George v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness of California. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-court-of-appeal/1775782.html.Google Scholar
Crnic, A. (2009). “Cult versus Church Religiosity: Comparative Study of Hare Krishna Devotees and Catholics in Slovenia.” Social Compass 56(1), 117–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768608100346.Google Scholar
Daner, F. J. (1976). The American Children of Krishna: A Study of the Hare Krishna Movement. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Das, Kalyana Giriraj. (2022). “Omicron Variant of Corona Virus Hits ISKCON Temples.” ISKCON News, January 8. https://iskconnews.org/omicron-variant-of-corona-virus-hits-iskcon-temples/.Google Scholar
Das, R. P. (1996). “‘Vedic’ in the Terminology of Prabhupada and His Followers.” ISKCON Communications Journal 4(2). http://content.iskcon.org/icj/4_2/4_2vedic.html.Google Scholar
Dasa, Ajit Krishna. (no date). “About.” Arsa-Prayoga: Can We Change Srila Prabhupada’s Books? https://arsaprayoga.com/about/.Google Scholar
Dasa, Anuttama. (2022). “Devotees in Ukraine Continue on Despite Fears, Instability.” ISKCON News, February 25. https://iskconnews.org/devotees-in-ukraine-continue-on-despite-fears-instability/.Google Scholar
Dasa, Madhudvisa. (1998). “Is ISKCON Editing or Changing Prabhupada’s Books?” BookChanges.com. https://bookchanges.com/is-iskcon-editing-or-changing-prabhupada%e2%80%99s-books/.Google Scholar
Dasa, Ravindra Svarupa. (2014). Srila Prabhupada: The Founder-Acarya of ISKCON. ISKCON GBC Press. www.founderacharya.com/book/.Google Scholar
Dasa, Satyanarayana and Dasa, Kundali. (2019). In Vaikuntha Not Even the Leaves Fall: A Treatise on the Bondage of the Jiva. Vrindavan, India: Jiva Institute of Vaishnava Studies.Google Scholar
Dasa, Shukavak. (1986). “The Problem of Apostasy in Krishna Consciousness.” Vaishnava Journal 1(3–4), 39–42. http://www.prabhupadaconnect.com/VJ-3.pdf.Google Scholar
Dasa, Venkata Bhatta. (2009). “Hridayananda Goswami Clarifies Position on Sex and Marriage.” ISKCON News, April 18. https://iskconnews.org/hridayananda-goswami-clarifies-position-on-sex-and-marriage/.Google Scholar
Dasi, Kumari Kunti and Das, Madan Gopal. (2022). “Narayani Devi Dasi Initiates Her First Diksa Disciple.” ISKCON News, August 23. https://iskconnews.org/narayani-devi-dasi-initiates-her-first-diksa-disciple/.Google Scholar
Dasi, Visakha. (2000). “Women in ISKCON.” ISKCON Communications Journal 8(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/8_1/visakha.html.Google Scholar
Davie, G. (1990). “Believing without Belonging: Is This the Future of Religion in Britain?” Social Compass 37(4), 455–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776890037004004.Google Scholar
Devi Dasi, Radha. (1998). “Participation, Protection and Patriarchy: An International Model for the Role of Women in ISKCON.” ISKCON Communications Journal 6(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/6_1/6_1radha.html.Google Scholar
Dines, M. (2015). “The Sacralization of Straightedge Punk: Bhakti-yoga, Nada Brahma and the Divine Received Embodiment of Krishnacore.” Muzikološki Zbornik 50(2), 147–56. https://doi.org/10.4312/mz.50.2.147-156.Google Scholar
Dwyer, G. and Cole, R. J., eds. (2007). The Hare Krishna Movement: Forty Years of Chant and Change. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Dwyer, G. and Cole, R. J., eds. (2013). Hare Krishna in the Modern World. London: Arktos.Google Scholar
Ebaugh, H. R. (2004). “Religion across Borders: Transnational Religious Ties.” Asian Journal of Social Science 32(2), 216–31. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568531041705086.Google Scholar
Eidson, J. R., Feyissa, D., Fuest, V. et al. (2017). “From Identification to Framing and Alignment: A New Approach to the Comparative Analysis of Collective Identities.” Current Anthropology 58(3), 340–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/691970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eremenko, A. (2014). “Persecuted by Soviets, Russia’s Hare Krishnas Still Fight for Acceptance (Video).” Moscow Times, July 11. www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/07/11/persecuted-by-soviets-russias-hare-krishnas-still-fight-for-acceptance-video-a37234.Google Scholar
Fahy, J. (2017). “Failing Well: Accommodating Vices in an Ideal Vedic City.” HAU Journal of Ethnographic Theory 7(2), 331–50. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau7.2.030.Google Scholar
Fahy, J. (2018). “The Constructive Ambiguity of Vedic Culture in ISKCON Mayapur.” Journal of Hindu Studies 11(3), 234–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiy008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahy, J. (2019a). Becoming Vaishnava in an Ideal Vedic City. New York, NJ: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Fahy, J. (2019b). “Learning to Love Krishna: A Living Theology of Moral Emotions.” Ethnos 84(1), 142–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2017.1383500.Google Scholar
Farkas, J. (2021). “Eco Valley or New Vraja Dham? Competing Emic Interpretations of the Hungarian Krishna Valley.” Religions 12(8), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12080622.Google Scholar
Food for Life Global. (2022a). “About Food for Life Global.” Website. https://ffl.org/.Google Scholar
Food for Life Global. (2022b). “Response to Crisis in Ukraine,” March 1. https://ffl.org/projects/response-to-crisis-in-ukraine/.Google Scholar
Fox, M. (2011). “Swami Bhaktipada, Ex-Hare Krishna Leader, Dies at 74.” New York Times, October 24. www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/us/swami-bhaktipada-ex-hare-krishna-leader-dies-at-74.html.Google Scholar
Freeman, J. (1979). “Resource Mobilization and Strategy.” In Zald, M. N. and McCarthy, J. D., eds., The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control and Tactics. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers, pp. 167–89.Google Scholar
Fuller, J. D. (2005). “Reading, Writing, and Reclaiming: Bhaktivinoda Thakura and the Modernization of Gaudiya Vaishnavism.” Journal of Vaishnava Studies 13, 75–94.Google Scholar
GALVA-108. (2022). Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association (GALVA-108). Facebook page. www.facebook.com/galva108/.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. 1st ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1980a). Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta, Volume 1. Bhaktivedanta Vedabase. https://vedabase.io/en/library/spl/1/.Google Scholar
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1980b). Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta, Volume 2. Bhaktivedanta Vedabase. https://vedabase.io/en/library/spl/2/.Google Scholar
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1993a). Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta: A Biography of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. A Lifetime in Preparation, India 1896–1965. Mumbai: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.Google Scholar
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1993b). Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta: A Biography of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Only He Could Lead Them, San Francisco/India 1967. Mumbai: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.Google Scholar
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1993c). Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta: A Biography of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Planting the Seed, New York City 1965–66. Mumbai: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.Google Scholar
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1993d). Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta: A Biography of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Uniting Two Worlds 1975–77. Mumbai: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.Google Scholar
Goswami, Tamal Krishna. (1997). “The Perils of Succession: Heresies of Authority and Continuity in the Hare Krishna Movement.” ISKCON Communications Journal 5(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1perils.html.Google Scholar
Goswami, Tamal Krishna. (1999). TKG’s Diary: Prabhupada’s Final Days. 2nd ed. Dallas, TX: Pundits Press.Google Scholar
Goswami, Tamal Krishna. (2012). A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Edited by Schweig, G. M.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Govinda Valley. (no date). “Who We Are.” Website. www.govindavalley.com.au/who-we-are.Google Scholar
Greene, J. M. (2016). Swami in a Strange Land: How Krishna Came to the West. San Rafael, CA: Mandala Publishing.Google Scholar
Gusfield, J. (1981). “Social Movements and Social Change: Perspectives of Linearity and Fluidity.” In Kriesberg, L., ed., Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 317–39.Google Scholar
Haddon, M. (2013a). “Anthropological Proselytism: Reflexive Questions for a Hare Krishna Ethnography.” Australian Journal of Anthropology 24(3), 250–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/taja.12050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddon, M. (2013b). “Old, New, Borrowed, Blue: ISKCON’s Troubled History with Gaudiya Vaisnavism.” Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 4(2), 218–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddon, M. (2013c). “Speaking of Krishna: Rhetoric and Revelation in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON).” Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 4(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.5840/asrr20134118.Google Scholar
Hall, D. D. (1997). “Introduction.” In Hall, D. D., ed., Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. vii–xiv.Google Scholar
Hatton, T. J. (2015). “United States Immigration Policy: The 1965 Act and its Consequences.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 117(2), 347–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12094.Google Scholar
Heelas, P. and Woodhead, L., eds. (2005). The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion Is Giving Way to Spirituality. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hopkins, T. J. (1989). “The Social and Religious Background for Transmission of Gaudiya Vaishnavism to the West.” In Bromley, D. G. and Shinn, L. D., eds., Krishna Consciousness in the West. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, pp. 35–54.Google Scholar
Hopkins, T. J. (1998). “Why Should ISKCON Study Its own History?” ISKCON Communications Journal 6(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/6_2/62hopkins.html.Google Scholar
Hopkins, T. J. (1999). “Why Should ISKCON Study its own History? (Addendum).” ISKCON Communications Journal 7(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/7_1/71hopkins.html.Google Scholar
Hridayananda das Goswami. (2004). “Gay Monogamy by Hridayananda dasa Goswami.” ISKCON Media Vedic Library. https://sites.google.com/a/iskconmedia.com/docs/controversial/gay-monogamy-by-hridayananda-dasa-goswami.Google Scholar
Introvigne, M. (1997). “Religious Liberty in Western Europe.” ISKCON Communications Journal 5(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_2/5_2liberty.html.Google Scholar
Introvigne, M. (2021). “Russia Hit by European Court for Discriminating Krishnas, Unification Church,” November 29. https://bitterwinter.org/russia-hit-by-european-court/.Google Scholar
ISKCON. (2016a). “Govardhan Eco Village Maharashtra, ISKCON Centres.” Website. https://centres.iskcon.org/centre/govardhan-eco-village-maharashtra/.Google Scholar
ISKCON. (2016b). “ISKCON Centres: The Official Global Directory of Temples and Other Centres in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.” https://centres.iskcon.org/.Google Scholar
ISKCON Child Protection Office. (2018). “ISKCON Child Protection Office, History.” Website www.iskconchildprotection.org/-about.Google Scholar
ISKCON Communications Europe. (1994). “Persecution of Hare Krishna Members in Armenia.” ISKCON Communications Journal 2(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/2_2/armenia.html.Google Scholar
ISKCON Communications Journal. (1995). “Update on the Repression of Religious Freedom in Armenia.” ISKCON Communications Journal 3(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/3_1/ice.html.Google Scholar
ISKCON GBC. (2019). “GBC Approves Vaishnavi Diksa Gurus in ISKCON.” ISKCON News, October 18. https://iskconnews.org/gbc-approves-vaishnavi-diksa-gurus-in-iskcon/.Google Scholar
ISKCON GBC. (2022b). “List of Initiating Gurus in ISKCON.” https://gbc.iskcon.org/list-of-initiating-gurus-in-iskcon/.Google Scholar
ISKCON GBC Executive Committee. (2008). “GBC Statement Reaffirms Vaishnava Respect for Women.” ISKCON News, May 29. https://iskconnews.org/gbc-statement-reaffirms-vaishnava-respect-for-women/.Google Scholar
ISKCON Governing Body Commission. (1977). “GBC Meets with Srila Prabhupada.” Bhaktivedanta Archives, Sandy Ridge, NC.Google Scholar
ISKCON Governing Body Commission. (2015). “Joint Statement from the GBC and Hridayananda Das Goswami,” March 17. https://gbc.iskcon.org/statement-regarding-krishna-west/.Google Scholar
ISKCON News. (2013). “Moscow May Lose Its Sole Hare Krishna Temple.” ISKCON News, August 2. https://iskconnews.org/moscow-may-lose-its-sole-hare-krishna-temple/.Google Scholar
ISKCON News. (2021). “GBC Amends and Affirms Law Allowing Vaisnavis to Initiate.” ISKCON News, December 22. https://iskconnews.org/gbc-amends-and-affirms-law-allowing-vaisnavis-to-initiate/.Google Scholar
ISKCON News Staff. (2022a). “UPDATED: Verified Donations for Ukraine.” ISKCON News, April 28. https://iskconnews.org/verified-donations-for-ukraine/.Google Scholar
ISKCON News Staff. (2022b). “GBC Pauses Vaishnavi Diksa Gurus, Again.” ISKCON News, December 23. https://iskconnews.org/gbc-pauses-vaishnavi-diksa-gurus-again/.Google Scholar
ISKCON Relief. (2022). “ISKCON Relief Ukraine Report Week 16,” June 22. http://iskconrelief.org/iskcon-relief-ukraine-report-week-16/.Google Scholar
ISKCON Revival Movement. (2022c). “Back to Prabhupada.” Twitter. https://twitter.com/iskconIRMGoogle Scholar
Jakupko, D. V. (1986). “The Persecution of the Hare Krishna Movement in the U. S. S. R.” www.hkussr.com/hkdoc01sec1p1.htm.Google Scholar
Jenkins, J. C. (1983). “Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements.” Annual Review of Sociology 9, 527–53.Google Scholar
Jones, C. and Ryan, J. D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New York, NY: Facts On File.Google Scholar
Judah, S. (1974). Hare Krishna and the Counterculture. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Kamarás, I. (1999). “Devotees of Krishna in Hungary.” ISKCON Communications Journal 7(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/7_2/72kamaras.html.Google Scholar
Karapanagiotis, N. (2021). Branding Bhakti: Krishna Consciousness and the Makeover of a Movement. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Ketola, K. (2008). The Founder of the Hare Krishnas as Seen by Devotees: A Cognitive Study of Religious Charisma. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Knott, K. (1986). My Sweet Lord: The Hare Krishna Movement. Wellingborough, UK: The Aquarian Press.Google Scholar
Knott, K. (1993). “Contemporary Theological Trends in the Hare Krsna Movement: A Theology of Religions.” ISKCON Communications Journal 1(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/1_1/knott.html.Google Scholar
Knott, K. (1994). “Problems in the Interpretation of Vedic Literature: The Perennial Battle between the Scholar and the Devotee.” ISKCON Communications Journal 1(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/1_2/12knott.html.Google Scholar
Knott, K. (1995a). “Insider and Outsider Perceptions of Prabhupada.” ISKCON Communications Journal 5(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html.Google Scholar
Knott, K. (1995b). “Recent Statements about ISKCON.” ISKCON Communications Journal 3(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/3_1/knott.html.Google Scholar
Knott, K. (1995c). “The Debate about Women in the Hare Krishna Movement.” ISKCON Communications Journal 3(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/3_2/3_2knott.html.Google Scholar
Knott, K. (2004). “Healing the Heart of ISKCON: The Place of Women.” In Bryant, E. F. and Ekstrand, M. L., eds., The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 291–311.Google Scholar
Kramer, S. (2021). “Key Findings about the Religious Composition of India.” Pew Research Center, September 21. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/21/key-findings-about-the-religious-composition-of-india/.Google Scholar
Lawrence, B. B. (2002). New Faiths, Old Fears: Muslims and Other Asian Immigrants in American Religious Life. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/lawr11520.Google Scholar
Leman, J. and Roos, H. (2007). “The Process of Growth in Krishna Consciousness and Sacredness in Belgium.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 22(3), 327–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537900701637486.Google Scholar
Lestar, T. (2018). “Disconnecting from Technology on Hare Krishna Farms.” Human Geography 11(3), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/194277861801100304.Google Scholar
Lestar, T. (2020). “Religions Going Nuts? Faith-Based Veganism and Transformative Learning in the Context of Sustainability Transitions (Case 1: The Hare Krishna Movement).” Journal of Organizational Change Management 33(5), 805–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-09-2019-0274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J. R. and Lewis, S. M., eds. (2009). Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gaurangi, Lilamayi. (2015). “The Reassertion of Women Within ISKCON: Vaishnavis and Their Critics.” ISKCON Vaishnavi Ministry, May 8. https://vaishnaviministry.org/the-reassertion-of-women-within-iskcon-vaishnavis-and-their-critics/.Google Scholar
Loiwal, M. (2020). “Bengal: Iskcon Rath Yatra Goes digital, Will Cover 6 Continents in 24 Hours Tomorrow.” India Today, June 22. www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengal-mayapur-iskcon-rath-yatra-digital-continents-1691525-2020-06-22.Google Scholar
Lucia, A. (2015). “How ISKCON Took Hinduism to the US Heartland.” Scroll.in, January 17. https://scroll.in. http://scroll.in/article/700557/how-iskcon-took-hinduism-to-the-us-heartland.Google Scholar
Madsen, F. (2000). “Asrama, Yukta-vairagya et Structure d’organisation de l’ISKCON.” Social Compass 47(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776800047002004.Google Scholar
Mason, M., Singleton, A., and Webber, R. (2007). “The Spirituality of Young Australians.” International Journal of Children’s Spirituality 12(2), 149–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/13644360701467451.Google Scholar
McCarthy, J. D. and Zald, M. N. (1977). “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82(6), 1212–41. https://doi.org/10.1086/226464.Google Scholar
McCutcheon, R. T., ed. (1999). The Insider/Outsider Problem in the Study of Religion: A Reader. London: Cassell.Google Scholar
McGuire, M. B. (2008). Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/book/3374.Google Scholar
Melton, J. G. (1987). “How New Is New? The Flowering of the ‘New’ Religious Consciousness since 1965.” In Bromley, D. G. and Hammond, P. E., eds., The Future of New Religious Movements. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, pp. 46–56.Google Scholar
Melton, J. G. (2004). “Perspective: Toward a Definition of ‘New Religion’.” Nova Religio 8(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2004.8.1.73.Google Scholar
Melton, J. G. (2007a). “Introducing and Defining the Concept of a New Religion.” In Bromley, D. G., ed., Teaching New Religious Movements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 29–40.Google Scholar
Melton, J. G. (2007b). “Perspective: New New Religions: Revisiting a Concept.” Nova Religio 10(4), 103–12. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2007.10.4.103.Google Scholar
Mitsuhara, T. V. (2019). “Moving Toward Utopia: Language, Empathy, and Chastity among Mobile Mothers and Children in Mayapur, West Bengal.” Ph.D. thesis. University of California–Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Goswami, Mukunda. (1995). “NRM Is a Four-Letter Word: The Language of Oppression.” ISKCON Communications Journal 3(2), 73–5. https://content.iskcon.org/icj/3_2/3_2mg.html.Google Scholar
Muster, N. J. (2004). “Life as a Woman on Watseka Avenue: Personal Story I.” In Bryant, E. F. and Ekstrand, M. L., eds., The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 312–20.Google Scholar
Nye, M. (1996). “Hare Krishna and Sanatan Dharm in Britain: The Campaign for Bhaktivedanta Manor.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 11(1), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537909608580754.Google Scholar
Nye, M. (1998). “Minority Religious Groups and Religious Freedom in England: The ISKCON Temple at Bhaktivedanta Manor.” Journal of Church and State 40(2), 411–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/40.2.411.Google Scholar
Nye, M. (2001). Multiculturalism and Minority Religions in Britain: Krishna Consciousness, Religious Freedom and the Politics of Location. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
O’Connell, J. T. (2019). “Institutionalizing Prema-Bhakti.” In O’Connell, J. T. and Lutjeharms, R., eds., Caitanya Vaiṣṇavism in Bengal: Social Impact and Historical Implications. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 27–49.Google Scholar
Orchowski, M. S. (2015). The Law That Changed the Face of America: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Orsi, R. A. (2002). The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Partridge, C. H. (2005). The Re-Enchantment of the West: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture. London: T & T Clark.Google Scholar
Persson, A. (2019). Framing Social Interaction: Continuities and Cracks in Goffman’s Frame Analysis. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315582931.Google Scholar
Petrova, M. (2013). “Underground Hindu and Buddhist-Inspired Religious Movements in Soviet Russia.” Usuteaduslik Ajakiri 1(63), 99–115.Google Scholar
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (1971). Caitanya-bhāgavata, Antya-khaṇḍa 4.126. Los Angeles. https://vedabase.io/en/library/transcripts/710702cb-los-angeles/.Google Scholar
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (1976). “Letter to: All Governing Board Commissioners.” Bhaktivedanta Vedabase, May 19. https://vedabase.io/en/library/letters/letter-to-all-governing-board-commissioners/.Google Scholar
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (1977). Srimad-Bhagavatam. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc. https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/3/20/26/?query=homosexual#bb24381.Google Scholar
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (1992). Srila Prabhupada Siksamrta: Nectarian Instructions from the Letters of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.Google Scholar
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (2010). Bhagavad-gita As It Is. E-book. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.Google Scholar
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (2011). The Nectar of Instruction. E-book. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.Google Scholar
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (2012). The Nectar of Devotion: The Complete Science of Bhakti-Yoga. E-book. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.Google Scholar
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. and Goswami, Tamal Krishna. (1977). “Room Conversation.” Bhaktivedanta Vedabase, July 7. https://vedabase.io/en/library/transcripts/770707r1vrn/.Google Scholar
Pranskevičiūtė, R. and Juras, T. (2014). “Acting in the Underground: Life as a Hare Krishna Devotee in the Soviet Republic of Lithuania (1979–1989).” Religion and Society in Central and Eastern Europe 7(1), 9–21.Google Scholar
Radhadesh. (no date). “Radhadesh Chateau de Petite Somme.” Website. https://radhadesh.com/.Google Scholar
Robison, C. (2016). “Daiva Varṇāśrama Dharma and the Formation of Modern Vaiṣṇava Subjects in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Mumbai.” Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies 1(2). https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC200060.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (1982). “Recruitment Strategies, Ideology, and Organization in the Hare Krishna Movement.” Social Problems 29, 399–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (1985). Hare Krishna in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B., Jr. (1988). “Movement and Public in Conflict: Values, Finances and the Decline of Hare Krishna.” In Richardson, J. T., ed., Money and Power in the New Religions. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press, pp. 271–303.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (1989). “Factionalism, Group Defection, and Schism in the Hare Krishna Movement.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28, 162–79.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (1998). “Reactions of Hare Krishna Devotees to Scandals of Leaders’ Misconduct.” In Shupe, A. D., ed., Wolves within the Fold: Religious Leadership and Abuses of Power. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 101–17.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (1999). “Prabhupada Centennial Survey: A Summary of the Final Report.” ISKCON Communications Journal 7(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/7_1/71rochford.html.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2007a). Hare Krishna Transformed. New York, NY: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2007b). “Social Building Blocks of New Religious Movements: Organization and Leadership.” In Bromley, D. G. and Henking, S., eds., Teaching New Religious Movements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 159–85.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2009). “Succession, Religious Switching, and Schism in the Hare Krishna Movement.” In Lewis, J. R. and Lewis, S. M., eds., Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 265–86.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2016). “The Changing Faces of God: The Hinduization of the Hare Krishna Movement.” In Barker, E., ed., Revisionism and Diversification in New Religious Movements. London: Routledge, pp. 31–46.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2018). “Aligning Hare Krishna: Political Activists, Hippies, and Hindus.” Nova Religio 22(1), 34–58. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2020). “Boundary and Identity Work among Hare Krishna Children.” In Ridgely, S. B., ed., The Study of Children in Religions: A Methods Handbook. New York: New York University Press, pp. 95–107. https://doi.org/10.18574/9780814777466-009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. and Heinlein, J. (1998). “Child Abuse in the Hare Krishna Movement: 1971–1986.” ISKCON Communications Journal 6(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/6_1/6_1rochford.html.Google Scholar
Roof, W. C. (2001). Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers and the Remaking of American Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rose, K. S. (2020). “Lotuses in Muddy Water: Fracked Gas and the Hare Krishnas at New Vrindaban, West Virginia.” American Quarterly 72(3), 749–69. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2020.0043.Google Scholar
Shani, G. (2021). “Towards a Hindu Rashtra: Hindutva, Religion, and Nationalism in India.” Religion, State and Society 49(3), 264–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2021.1947731.Google Scholar
Sharma, S. (2014). Requesting Travel Restrictions Placed on HH Hridayananda Das Goswami to Be Lifted. Change.org. www.change.org/p/iskcon-gbc-requesting-travel-restrictions-placed-on-hh-hridayananda-das-goswami-to-be-lifted.Google Scholar
Sheludko, M. (2022). “Russo-Ukrainian War and Problems of Violence Justification among Russian and Ukrainian Vaishnavas.” Paper presented at The Intersection of Hinduism and Contemporary Society conference, Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies, June 2–3. https://ochs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Intersection-without-banner-art.pdf.Google Scholar
Shinn, L. D. (1987). The Dark Lord: Cult Images and the Hare Krishnas in America. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press.Google Scholar
Sinha, V. (2019). “Modern Hindu Diaspora(s).” In Brekke, T., ed., The Oxford History of Hinduism: Modern Hinduism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 179–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790839.003.0011.Google Scholar
Smullen, M. (2019). “New North Carolina School ‘Goloka’ Sees Rapid Growth.” ISKCON News, October 14. https://iskconnews.org/new-north-carolina-school-goloka-sees-rapid-growth,7124/.Google Scholar
Smullen, M. (2020). “Virtual Bhakti Retreat for Spanish Speakers Celebrates Tenth Installment.” ISKCON News, August 28. https://iskconnews.org/virtual-bhakti-retreat-for-spanish-speakers-celebrates-tenth-installment,7477/.Google Scholar
Smullen, M. (2021a). “ISKCON Communications Journal Returns to Cover Important Issues After 15-Year Hiatus.” ISKCON News, February 27. https://iskconnews.org/iskcon-communications-journal-returns-to-cover-important-issues-after-15-year-hiatus/.Google Scholar
Smullen, M. (2021b). “ISKCON Toronto to Hold Ratha-Yatra Drive-Thru Darshan.” ISKCON News, July 17. https://iskconnews.org/iskcon-toronto-to-hold-ratha-yatra-drive-thru-darshan,7915/.Google Scholar
Snow, D. A., Ekland-Olson, S., and Zurcher, L. A. (1980). “Social Networks and Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment.” American Sociological Review 45(5), 787–801. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094895.Google Scholar
Snow, D. A., Rochford, E. B. Jr., Worden, S. K., and Benford, R. D. (1986). “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51(5), 464–81.Google Scholar
Squarcini, F. (2000). “In Search of Identity within the Hare Krishna Movement: Memory, Oblivion and Thought Style.” Social Compass 47(2), 253–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776800047002008.Google Scholar
Sri Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir Temple of the Vedic Planetarium. (2013). “Founder’s Vision.” https://tovp.org/the-vision/.Google Scholar
Stark, R. (1996). “Why Religious Movements Succeed or Fail: A Revised General Model.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 11(2), 133–46.Google Scholar
Stark, R. and Finke, R. (2000). Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
United Nations. (no date). “LGBTQI+.” www.un.org/en/fight-racism/vulnerable-groups/lgbtqi-plus.Google Scholar
US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. (1993). United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Keith Gordon Ham, Justia. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/998/1247/48079/.Google Scholar
Ministry, Vaishnavi. (2021). “About Vaishnavi Ministry.” Website. https://vaishnaviministry.org/about-vaishnavi-ministry/.Google Scholar
Vande Berg, T. and Kniss, F. (2008). “ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement.” Sociological Quarterly 49(1), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00107.x.Google Scholar
VIHE. (2023). “Govardhana Retreat and Holy Name Retreat.” Website. https://vihe.org/retreats/.Google Scholar
Wilhelm, A. (2014). “Srila Prabhupada and the Gays, GALVA-108.” www.galva108.org/single-post/2014/05/07/srila-prabhupada-and-the-gays.Google Scholar
Witzel, M. (2003). “Vedas and Upanisads.” In Flood, G., ed., The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 68–98.Google Scholar
Zack, A. (2002). “A Dispute Resolution Programme for ISKCON.” ISKCON Communications Journal 10. https://content.iskcon.org/icj/10/01-zack.html.Google Scholar
Zaidman, N. (2000). “The Integration of Indian Immigrants to Temples Run by North Americans.” Social Compass 47(2), 205–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776800047002005.Google Scholar
Zald, M. N. and McCarthy, J. D., eds. (2017). Social Movements in an Organizational Society: Collected Essays. 1st ed. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Zeller, B. E. (2021). “New Religious Movement Responses to COVID: Frame Alignment Strategies and Social Context.” Approaching Religion 11(2), 62–81. https://doi.org/10.30664/ar.107731.Google Scholar
- 13
- Cited by