Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T05:55:49.306Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Culture-Inclusive Theories

An Epistemological Strategy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 August 2019

Kwang-Kuo Hwang
Affiliation:
Research Center for Cultural China

Summary

The author proposes an epistemological strategy to resolve controversial issues in the indigenous psychology (IP) movement. These include the nature of IPs, scientific standards, cultural concepts, philosophy of science, mainstream psychology, generalization of findings, and the isolation and independence of IPs. The approach includes a two-step strategy for construction of culture-inclusive theories, based on a Mandala model of self and a Face and Favor model for social interaction, and the use of these models to develop culture-inclusive theories for Confucian morphostasis. The author has successfully used this strategy, and encourages others to use it to construct their own culture-inclusive theories.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108759885
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 05 September 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, C. A. (2012). From “either-or” to “when and how”: A context-dependent model of culture in action. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 42(2): 155180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adair, J. G. (1996). The indigenous psychology bandwagon: Cautions and considerations. In Pandey, J., Sinha, D., & Bhawuk, D. P. S. (Eds.), In Asian contributions to cross-cultural psychology, 5058. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Adair, J. G. (2006). Creating indigenous psychologies: Insights from empirical social studies of the science of psychology. In Kim, U., Yang, K.-S., & Hwang, K.- K. (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp. 467485). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adair, J. G., Puhan, B. N., & Vohra, N. (1993). Indigenization of psychology: Empirical assessment of progress in Indian research. International Journal of Psychology, 28, 149169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allwood, C. M. (2013). The role of culture and understanding in research. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 2(5): 111.Google Scholar
Allwood, C. M. (2018). The nature and challenges of indigenous psychologies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ames, R. T. (2013). Confucian role ethics and Deweyan democracy: A challenge to the ideology of individualism. Presented at International Conference on Confucianism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: Global and East Asian Perspectives. Institute for Advanced studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, NTU, Taiwan.Google Scholar
Archer, M. S. (1996). Culture and agency: The place of culture in social theory (Revised edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, M. S. (2005). Structure, culture and agency. In Jacobs, M. D. & Hanrahan, N. W., (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to the sociology of culture (pp. 1734). UK: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Archer, M. S. & Elder-Vass, D. (2012). Cultural system or norm circles? An exchange. European Journal of Social Theory, 15, 93115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azuma, H. (1984). Psychology in a non-Western culture: the PhilippinesInternational Journal of Psychology, 19(1–4): 4555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B. & Kunzmann, U. (2004). Two faces of wisdom: Wisdom as a general theory of knowledge and judgment about excellence in mind and virtue vs. wisdom as everyday realization in people and products. Human Development, 47, 290299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (1990). Toward a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development1, 87120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., Dittmann-Kohli, F., & Dixon, R. A. (1984). New perspectives on the development of intelligence in adulthood: Toward a dual-process conception and a model of selective optimization with compensation. Life-Span Development and Behavior6, 3376.Google Scholar
Basalla, G. (1967). The spread of western science. Science156(3775): 611622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, J. W. (1989). Imposed etics-emics-derived etics: The operationalization of a compelling idea. International Journal of Psychology, 24, 721735.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., & Dasen, P. R. (1992). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., & Triandis, H. (2006). Culture. In Pawlik, K. & d’Ydewalle, G. (Eds.), Psychological concepts: An international historical perspective (pp.4762). Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Bhaskar, R. A. (1975). A realist theory of science, London: Verso.Google Scholar
Bhaskar, R. A. (1978). The possibility of naturalism. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Bond, M. H., (2010). The Oxford handbook of Chinese psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1990). In other words: Essays towards a reflexive sociology. Trans. by A. Mattew. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, R. (1984). The limits of rationality: An essay on the social and moral thought of Max Weber. London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Clayton, V. P. (1982). Wisdom and intelligence: The nature and function of knowledge in the later years. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 15, 315321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, M. (1996). Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cole, M., & Parker, M. (2011). Culture and cognition. In Keith, K. D. (Ed.), Cross-cultural psychology: Contemporary themes and perspectives (pp. 133159). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
de Souza, D. E. (2014). Culture, context and society: The underexplored potential of critical realism as a philosophical framework for theory and practice. Asian Journal of Social Psychology17(2): 141151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudgeon, P. (2017). Editorial Australian indigenous psychology. Australian Psychologist, 52, 251254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enriquez, V. (1977). Filipino psychology in the third world. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 10, 318.Google Scholar
Enriquez, V. G. (1993). Developing a Filipino psychology. In Kim, U. & Berry, J. W. (Eds.), Indigenous psychologies research and experience in cultural context (pp. 152169). Newbury ParkSage Publications.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1964). Social anthropology and other essays. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Fiske, A. P. (1992). The four elementary forms of social life: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99, 689723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foucault, Michel (1966). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. Trans. by A. Sheridan-Smith. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Gergen, K. (2009). Relational being: beyond self and community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1993). New rules of sociological method: A positive critique of interpretative sociologies (2nd ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Greenfield, P. M. (2000). Three approaches to the psychology of culture: Where do they come from? Where can they go? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3(3), 223240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, G. G. (1989). Concepts of individual, self, and person in description and analysis. American Anthropologist, 91, 599612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidegger, M. (1966). Discourse on thinking. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Hempel, C. G. (1965). Aspects of scientific explanation. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hempel, C. G. (1966). Philosophy of natural science. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Ho, D. Y. F. (1988). Asian psychology: A dialogue on indigenization and beyond. In Paranjpe, A. C., Ho, D. Y. F., & Rieber, R. W. (Eds.), Asian contributions to psychology (pp. 5377). New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Ho, D. (1993). Relational orientation in Asian social psychology. In Kim, U. & Berry, J. W. (Eds.), Indigenous psychologies: Research and experience in cultural context. Newbury Park: Sage.Google Scholar
Ho, D. Y. F. (1998). Indigenous psychologies: Asian perspectivesJournal of Cross-Cultural Psychology2988103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work related values. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Hong, Y. (2009). A dynamic constructivist approach to culture: Moving from describing culture to explaining culture. In Wyer, R. S., Chiu, C.-Y., & Hong, Y. –Y. (Eds.), Understanding culture: Theory, research and application (pp. 323). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Husserl, E. (1970). The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology: An introduction to phenomenological philosophy. Trans. by E. Hysserl. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (1987). Face and Favor: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 944974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (1988). Confucianism and East Asian modernization (in Chinese). Taipei: Chu-Liu Book Co.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (1995). Knowledge and action: A social-psychological interpretation of Chinese cultural tradition (In Chinese). Taipei: Sin-Li.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2000). The discontinuity hypothesis of modernity and constructive realism: The philosophical basis of indigenous psychology. Hong Kong Journal of Social Sciences, 18, 132.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2001). The logic of social sciences (in Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological Publishing.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2003a). The logic of social sciences (2nd ed.; in Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological Publishing.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2003b). Critique of the methodology of empirical research on individual modernity in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 241262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2003c). In search of a new paradigm for cultural psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 287291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2005). From anticolonialism to postcolonialism: The emergence of Chinese indigenous psychology in Taiwan. International Journal of Psychology, 40(4): 228238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2006). Constructive realism and Confucian relationalism: An epistemological strategy for the development of indigenous psychology. In Kim, U., Yang, K. S., & Hwang, K. K. (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: understanding people in context (pp. 73108). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2009). Confucian relationalism: Philosophical reflection, theoretical construction and empirical research (in Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological Publishing.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2011a). The Mandala model of self. Psychological Studies, 56(4): 329334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2011b). A proposal for scientific revolution in psychology (in Chinese). Taipei: Psychological Publishing.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2011c). Reification of culture in indigenous psychologies: Merit or mistake? Social Epistemology, 25(2): 125131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2012). Foundations of Chinese psychology: Confucian social relations. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2013). The construction of culture-inclusive theories by multiple philosophical paradigms. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective2 (7): 4658.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2015). Cultural system vs. pan-cultural dimensions: Philosophical reflection on approaches for indigenous psychology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 45 (1): 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K (2016). Philosophical switch for the third wave of psychology in the age of globalization. In Tsuda, A. & Hwang, K. K. (Eds). Japanese Psychological Research. Special Issue: The Construction of Culture-Inclusive Approaches in Psychology. 58(2): 97109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2017a). Confucian ethical healing and psychology of self-cultivationResearch in the Social Scientific Study of Religion28, 60.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2017b). Dialects for the subjectivity of Confucian cultural system. Taipei: Wunan Book.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2017c). Intellectual intuition and Kant’s epistemologyAsian Journal of Social Psychology20(2): 150154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2018a). Logic of social sciences (4th ed.) (in Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological Publishing.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2018b). Inner sageliness and outer kingliness: The accomplishment and unfolding of Confucianism. Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological Publishing.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K., & Yang, C. F. (2000) (Eds.). Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3(3): 183297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, K. K., & Yang, K. S. (1972). Studies on individual modernity and social orientationBulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica32, 245278.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K., Shiah, Y. J., & Yit, K. T. (2017). Eastern philosophies and psychology: Towards psychology of self-cultivation. Frontiers in psychology8, 1083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffe, A. (1964). Symbolism in the visual arts. In Jung, C. G., (Ed.), Man and His Symbols. New York: Dell Publishing.Google Scholar
Jahoda, G. (2016). On the rise and decline of ‘indigenous psychology’. Culture & Psychology22(2): 169181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaspers, K. (1953). The origin and goal of history. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Jullien, F.(1998). Un sage est sans idée ou l’autre de la philosophie. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Jung, C.G. (1964). Man and his symbols. New York : Anchor Press.Google Scholar
Kant, I. (1781/1965). Critique of pure reason. Trans. by N. K. Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Kim, U. (2000). Indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychology: A theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological analysis. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3(3): 265287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, U. (2001). Culture, science, and indigenous psychologies. In Matsumoto, D. (Ed.), The handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 5176). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kim, U. E., & Berry, J. W. (1993). Indigenous psychologies: Research and experience in cultural context. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Kim, U., & Park, Y. S. (2006). The scientific foundation of indigenous and cultural psychology. In Indigenous and Cultural Psychology (pp. 2748),Boston, MA: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, U., Park, Y. S., & Park, D. (2000). The challenge of cross-cultural psychology: The role of the indigenous psychologies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 6375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, U., Yang, K. S., & Hwang, K. K. (2006). Contributions to indigenous and cultural psychology. In Indigenous and Cultural Psychology (pp. 325). Springer, Boston, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, D. A. (1990). Conceptualizing wisdom: The primacy of affect-cognition relations. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 279323). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, D. A. (2000). Wisdom as a classical source of human strength: Conceptualization and empirical inquiry. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 83101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, T. (1987). What are scientific revolutions? In Krüger, L., Datson, L. J., and Heidelberger, M. (Eds.), The probabilistic revolution (pp. 722). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kwok, D. W. Y. (1965/1987). Scientism in Chinese thought, 1900–1950. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lakatos, I. (1970). Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A. (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakatos, I. (1971). History of science and its rational reconstructions. In PSA 1970 (pp. 91136). Springer, Dordrecht.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laudan, L. (1977). Progress and its problems: Toward a theory of scientific growth. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Lee, Y. T. (2011). Book review (Review of the book The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Psychology). International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 11(2): 269272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leong, F. T., & Blustein, D. L. (2000). Toward a global vision of counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist28(1): 59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leventhal, G. S. (1976). The distribution of reward and resources in groups and organizations. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 9) (pp. 91131). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equality theory? In Gergen, K. J., Greenberg, M. S., & Willis, R. H. (Eds.), Social exchange: Advance in theory and research (pp. 2755). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1976). Tristes Tropiques. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Levy-Bruhl, L. (1910/1966). How natives think. Trans. by L. A. Clare. New York: Washington Square Press.Google Scholar
Lin, Y. S. (1979). The crisis of Chinese consciousness: Radical anti-traditionalism in the May fourth era. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Marsella, A. J. (1998). Toward a global community psychology: Meeting the needs of changing world. American Psychologist 53 (12): 12821291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, M. W., Chiu, C. Y., & Liu, Z. (2015). Polycultural psychologyAnnual Review of Psychology66, 631659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Needham, J. (1969). Grand titration: Science and society in east and west. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Needham, J. (1978). Clerks and craftsman: China and the west: Lectures and addresses on the history of science and technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1972). The Principle of genetic epistemology. Trans. by W. Mays. London: Knowledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Poortinga, Y. H. (1996). Indigenous psychology: Scientific ethnocentrism in a new guise? In Pandey, J., Sinha, D. & Bhawuk, D. P. S. (Eds.), Asian contributions to cross-cultural psychology (pp. 5971). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Poortinga, Y. H. (1999). Do differences in behavior imply a need for different psychologies? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48(4): 419432.Google Scholar
Popper., K. (1963). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Popper, K. (1972). Objective knowledge: An evolutionary approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlick, M. (1936). Meaning and verification. The Philosophical Review, 45, 339369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, V. (1994). Confucianism, Taoism and constructive realism. Bruck: WUV-Universitäsverlag.Google Scholar
Shweder, R. A. (1990). Cultural psychology: What is it? In Stigler, J.W.Shweder, R.A., & Herdt, G. (Eds.), Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development (pp. 14). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shweder, R. A. (1996). The “mind” of cultural psychology. In Baltes, P. and Staudinger, U. (Eds.), Interactive minds: Life-span perspectives on the social foundations of cognition (pp. 430436). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shweder, R. A. (2000). The psychology of practice and the practice of the three psychologies. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 207222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shweder, R. A., Goodnow, J., Hatano, G., LeVine, R. A., Markus, H., & Miller, P. (1998). The cultural psychology of development: One mind, many mentalities. In Damon, W. & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 865937). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Sinha, D. (1984). Psychology in the context of third world development. International Journal of Psychology, 19, 1729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, D. (1986). Psychology in a third world country: The Indian experience. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2000). Intelligence and wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Handbook of Intelligence (pp. 629647). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stotland, E., & Canon, L. K. (1972). Social psychology: A cognitive approach. Philadelphia: Saunders Limited.Google Scholar
Sundararajan, L. (2015). Indigenous psychology: Grounding science in culture, why and how? Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour45(1): 6481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundararajan, L., Misra, G., & Marsella, A. J. (2013). Indigenous approaches to assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. In Paniagua, F. A. & Yamada, A.-M. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural mental health (pp. 6988). Oxford: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundararajan, L., Kim, U., & Park, Y.-S. (2017). Indigenous psychologies. In Stein, J. (Ed.), Reference module in neuroscience and biobehavioral psychology (pp. 17). AmsterdamElsevier.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (1989). Sources of the self: The making of the modern identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (1992). Modernity and the rise of the public sphere. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Stanford University. Vol. 14, pp. 203260.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51, 407415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (2000). Dialectics between cultural and cross-cultural psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 185195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tu, W. M. (1998). Probing the three bonds and five relationships in Confucian humanism. In De Vos, G. A. (Ed.), Confucianism and the family (pp. 121136). Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive culture: Researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom (Vol. 2). London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Vaisey, S. (2010). What people want: Rethinking poverty, culture, and educational attainment. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 629, 75101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallner, F. (1994). Constructive realism: Aspects of a new epistemological movement. Wien: W. Braumuller.Google Scholar
Wallner, F. G., & Jandl, M. J. (2006). The importance of constructive realism for the indigenous psychologies approach. In Kim, U., Yang, K. S., & Hwang, K. K. (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology (pp. 4972). Boston, MA: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, B. J., & Middleton, J. R. (1984). The transforming vision: Shaping a Christian world view. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press.Google Scholar
Weber, E. U., & Morris, M. W. (2010). Culture and judgment and decision making: The constructivist turnPerspectives on Psychological Science5(4): 410419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weber, M. (1921/1963). The sociology of religion. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1930/1992). The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. Trans. by T. Parsons. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1922). Tractatus logico-philosophicus, with an introduction by B. Russell; trans. by D. F. Pears and B. F. McGuinnies. London: Routledge & Kegan Raul.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1945/1958). Philosophical investigation. Ed. & trans. by Anscombe, G. E. M.. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Yang, K. S. (1993). Why do we need to develop an indigenous Chinese psychology? Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 1, 688. (In Chinese).Google Scholar
Yang, K.S. (1997). Indigenizing westernized Chinese psychology. In Bond, M. H. (Ed.), Working at the interface of cultures: Eighteen lives in social science (pp. 6276). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Yang, K. S. (2003). Methodological and theoretical issues on psychological traditionality and modernity research in an Asian society: In response to Kwang-Kuo Hwang and beyond. Asian Journal Social Psychology, 6, 287288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, K. S. (2012). Indigenous psychology, westernized psychology, and indigenized psychology: A non-western psychologistChang Gung Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences5(1): 132.Google Scholar
Yang, K. S. & Wen, C.I. (1982). The sinicization of research in social and behavioral science. Taipei: Academia sinica: Institute of Ethnology.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Culture-Inclusive Theories
  • Kwang-Kuo Hwang, Research Center for Cultural China
  • Online ISBN: 9781108759885
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Culture-Inclusive Theories
  • Kwang-Kuo Hwang, Research Center for Cultural China
  • Online ISBN: 9781108759885
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Culture-Inclusive Theories
  • Kwang-Kuo Hwang, Research Center for Cultural China
  • Online ISBN: 9781108759885
Available formats
×