Element contents
Coffin Commerce
How a Funerary Materiality Formed Ancient Egypt
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 May 2021
Summary
This discussion will be centered on one ubiquitous and rather simple Egyptian object type – the wooden container for the human corpse. We will focus on the entire 'lifespan' of the coffin – how they were created, who bought them, how they were used in funerary rituals, where they were placed in a given tomb, and how they might have been used again for another dead person. Using evidence from Deir el Medina, we will move through time from the initial agreement between the craftsman and the seller, to the construction of the object by a carpenter, to the plastering and painting of the coffin by a draftsman, to the sale of the object, to its ritual use in funerary activities, to its deposit in a burial chamber, and, briefly, to its possible reuse.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108913881Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 10 June 2021
References
Allen, J. P. 1988. Genesis in Egypt: The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts. San Antonio, TX: Van Siclen Books for Yale Egyptological Seminar, Yale University.Google Scholar
Allen, J. P. 2006. The Egyptian Coffin Texts, Volume 8: Middle Kingdom Copies of Pyramid Texts. Vol. 132, Oriental Institute Publications. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Amenta, A. and Guichard, H. (eds.) 2017. Proceedings First Vatican Coffin Conference 19–22 June 2013. Vatican City: Edizioni Musei Vaticani.Google Scholar
Appadurai, A. 1986. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arbuckle MacLeod, C. Forthcoming. “Transformations in the materiality of death: rishi coffins and the Second Intermediate Period.” In Amenta, A. and Capozzo, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the Second Vatican Coffins Conference. Rome: Musei Vaticani.Google Scholar
Arnold, J. and Lang, U. 2007. Changing American home life: trends in domestic leisure and storage among middle-class families. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28, 23–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Assmann, J. 2005. Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Aston, D. A. 2009. Burial Assemblages of Dynasty 21–25. Chronology – Typology – Developments. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, A. 2014. Contending with illness in Ancient Egypt: a textual and osteological study of health care at Deir el-Medina. PhD thesis: University of California Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Barwik, M. 1999. Typology and dating of the “white”-type anthropoid coffins of the early XVIIIth Dynasty. Études et Travaux, 18, 7–33.Google Scholar
Baxandall, M. 1972. Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-Century Italy: A Primer in the Social History of Pictorial Style. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayer-Niemeier, E., Borg, B., Burkard, G. et al. 1993. Skulptur, Malerei, Papyri und Särge. Melsungen: Gutenberg.Google Scholar
Bettum, A. 2011. Faces within faces: The symbolic function of nested yellow coffins in Ancient Egypt. PhD thesis: University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Bierbrier, M. L. 1982. The Tomb Builders of the Pharaohs, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Bierbrier, M. L. 2001. The Tomb of Sennedjem. In Weeks, K. R. (ed.) Valley of the Kings: The Tombs and the Funerary Temples of Thebes West. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. and Parry, J. 1982. Death and the Regeneration of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boivin, N. 2008. Material Cultures, Material Minds: The Impact of Things on Human Thought, Society, and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Translated by R. Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Broekman, G. P. F., Cooney, K. M., Amenta, A., et al. (eds.) 2018. The Coffins of the Priests of Amun: Egyptian Coffins from the 21st Dynasty in the Collection of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden. Leiden: Sidestone; Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.Google Scholar
Bruyère, B. 1929. Rapport Sur Les Fouilles de Deir el Médineh (1928). Vol. 6. Fouilles de L’Institut français d’archéologie orientale. Cairo: L’Institut français d’archéologie orientale.Google Scholar
Bruyère, B. 1937. Rapport Sur Les Fouilles de Deir el Médineh (1934–1935). Deuxième Partie: La Nécropole De L’Est. Cairo: L’Institut français d’archéologie orientale.Google Scholar
Bruyère, B. 1959a. La Tombe n° 1 de Sen-nedjem à Deir el Médineh, Cairo: L’Institut français d’archéologie orientale.Google Scholar
Bruyère, B. 1959b. La Tombe no. I de Sennedjem à Deir el Médineh, Cairo: L’Institut français d’archéologie orientale.Google Scholar
Bryce, T. 2003. Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bryce, T. 2009. The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burkard, G. 2003. “… Die im Dunkeln sieht man nicht”: Waren die Arbeiter im Tal der Könige privilegierte Gefangene? In Bommas, M., Guksch, H. and Hofmann, E. (eds.) Grab und Totenkult im Alten Ägypten. München: Beck, 128–46.Google Scholar
Cavilier, G. 2017. The Butehamun Project: research on the funerary equipment. In Amenta, A. and Guichard, H. (eds.) Proceedings of the First Vatican Conference 19–22 June 2013. Vatican City: Edizioni Musei Vaticani, 97–100, 576–7.Google Scholar
Černý, J. 1939. Late Ramesside Letters. Brussels: Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth.Google Scholar
Černý, J. 1973. Community of Workmen at Thebes in the Ramesside Period. Cairo: L’Institut français d’archéologie orientale.Google Scholar
Chauvet, V. 2008. Decoration and architecture: the definition of private tomb environment. In D’Auria, S. H. (ed.) Servant of Mut: Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini. Leiden: Brill, 44–52.Google Scholar
Ciampini, E. M. 2017. Notes on the inscribed Old and Middle Kingdom coffins in the Egyptian Turin Museum. In Guidotti, M. C. and Rosati, G. (eds.) Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Egyptologists, Florence Egyptian Museum, Florence, August 23–30, 2015. Oxford: Archeopress, 103–6.Google Scholar
Clark, J. E. and Parry, W. J. 1990. Craft specialization and cultural complexity. Research in Economic Anthropology, 12, 289–346.Google Scholar
Cline, E. 2014. 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cline, E. H. 1994. Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum.Google Scholar
Cline, E. H. and O’Connor, D. B. 2012. The sea peoples. In Cline, E. H. and O’Connor, D. (eds.) Ramesses III: The Life and Times of Egypt’s Last Hero. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 180–208.Google Scholar
Connor, S. 2018. Sculpture workshops: who, where and for whom? In Moreno García, J. C., Quirke, S., Miniaci, G. and Stauder, A. (eds.) The Arts of Making in Ancient Egypt: Voices, Images, and Objects of Material Producers 2000–1550 BC. Leiden: Sidestone, 11–30.Google Scholar
Cooney, K. M. 2007. The Cost of Death: The Social and Economic Value of Ancient Egyptian Funerary Art in the Ramesside Period. Leiden: Egyptologische Uitgaven.Google Scholar
Cooney, K. M. 2008a. The fragmentation of the female: re-gendered funerary equipment as a means of rebirth. In Graves-Brown, C. (ed.) Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 1–25.Google Scholar
Cooney, K. M. 2008b. Profit or exploitation? The production of private Ramesside tombs within the West Theban funerary economy. Journal of Egyptian History, 1, 79–115.Google Scholar
Cooney, K. M. 2011. Changing burial practices at the end of the New Kingdom: defensive adaptations in tomb commissions, coffin commissions, coffin decoration, and mummification. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 47, 3–44.Google Scholar
Cooney, K. M. 2014a. Ancient Egyptian funerary arts as social documents: social place, reuse, and working towards a new typology of 21st Dynasty coffins. In Sousa, R. (ed.) Body, Cosmos, and Eternity: New Research Trends in the Iconography and Symbolism of Ancient Egyptian Coffins. Oxford: Archaeopress, 45–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooney, K. M. 2014b. Private sector tomb robbery and funerary arts reuse according to West Theban documentation. In Toivari-Viitala, J., Vartiainen, T. and Uvanto, S. (eds.) Deir El Medina Studies: Helsinki June 24–26 2009, Proceedings. Helsinki: The Finnish Egyptological Society, Occasional Publications 2, 16–28.Google Scholar
Cooney, K. M. Forthcoming-a. Making Egypt great again: Egypt under the Ramessides. In Moeller, N., Potts, D. T. and Radner, K. (eds.) The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cooney, K. M. Forthcoming-b. Recycling for Death: A Social History of Ancient Egypt Through Coffins of Dynasties 19–22. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Costin, C. L. 1991. Craft specialization: issues in defining, documenting, and explaining the organization of production. In Schiffer, M. B. (ed.) Archaeological Method and Theory. Tucson: University of Arizona, 1–56.Google Scholar
Costin, C. L. and Wright, R. P. (eds.) 1998. Craft and Social Identity, Archaeological papers of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 8. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association.Google Scholar
Cowan, R. S. 1983. More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Davies, B. G. 1999. Who’s Who at Deir el-Medina: A Prospographic Study of the Royal Workmen’s Community. Leiden: Egyptologische Uitgaven.Google Scholar
Davies, B. G. 2018. Life Within the Five Walls: A Handbook to Deir el-Medina. Wallasey, UK: Abercromby Press.Google Scholar
Demarée, R. J., Mathieu, B. and Černý, J. 2001. A Community of Workmen at Thebes in the Ramesside Period. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.Google Scholar
DeMarrais, E., Gosden, C. and Renfrew, C. 2004. Rethinking Materiality: The Engagement of Mind with the Material World. Oakville, CT: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Dorn, A. 2011. Arbeiterhütten im Tal der Könige: Ein Beitrag zur Altägyptischen Sozialgeschichte Aufgrund von Neuem Quellenmaterial aus der Mitte der 20. Dynastie (ca. 1150 v. chr.). Vol. 23, 3 vols, Aegyptiaca Helvetica. Basel: Schwabe.Google Scholar
Drews, R. 1995. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe of ca. 1200. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Eaton-Krauss, M., Wagdy, A. E.-G. M., Chmeis, Z. and Lakomy, K. C. 2016. “Der Löwe auf dem Schlachtfeld”: das Grab KV 36 und die Bestattung des Maiherperi im Tal der Könige. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Editor, . 2019. This is what American weddings look like today. Brides [online]: www.brides.com/gallery/american-wedding-study [accessed September 21, 2019].Google Scholar
Elias, J. P. and Lupton, C. 2019. Regional identification of Late Period coffins from Northern Upper Egypt. In Strudwick, H. and Dawson, J. (eds.) Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Past – Present – Future. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 175–184.Google Scholar
Emanuel, J. P. 2017. Black Ships and Sea Raiders: The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Context of Odysseus’ Second Cretan Lie. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Eyre, C. J. 1979. A ‘Strike’ Text from the Theban Necropolis. Glimpses of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honour of H. W. Fairman. Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips.Google Scholar
Frandsen, P. J. 1990. Editing reality: the Turin Strike Papyrus. In Israelit-Groll, S. (ed.) Studies in Egyptology Presented to Miriam Lichtheim. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 166–99.Google Scholar
Ge, ßler-Löhr, B. 1981. Ägyptische Kunst im Liebieghaus. Frankfurt am Main: Museum alter Plastik.Google Scholar
Grajetzki, W. 2003. Burial Customs in Ancient Egypt: Life in Death for Rich and Poor. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Grajetzki, W. 2007. Box coffins in the late Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period. Egitto e Vicino Oriente, 30, 41–54.Google Scholar
Grajetzki, W. 2010. Class and society: position and possessions. In Wendrich, W. (ed.) Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 180–99.Google Scholar
Gutgesell, M. 1982. Die Struktur der pharaonischen Wirtshaft – eine Erwiderung. Gottinger Miszellen, 56, 95–109.Google Scholar
Gutgesell, M. 1989. Arbeiter und Pharaonen: Wirtschafts und Sozialgeschichte im Alten Ägypten. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg.Google Scholar
Haring, B. J. J. 2006. The Tomb of Sennedjem (TT1) in Deir el-Medina: Palaeography. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.Google Scholar
Hawary, A. E. 2018. Epistemological things! Mystical things! Towards an ancient Egyptian ontology. In Moreno García, J. C., Quirke, S., Miniaci, G. et al. (eds.) The Arts of Making in Ancient Egypt: Voices, Images, and Objects of Material Producers 2000–1550 BC. Leiden: Sidestone, 67–80.Google Scholar
Hayes, W. C. 1959. The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art II. The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675–1080 BC). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press for the Metropolitan Museum of Art.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 2012. Entangled: An Archaeology of the Relationships Between Humans and Things. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Iacono, F. 2019. The Archaeology of Late Bronze Age Interaction and Mobility at the Gates of Europe: People, Things and Networks Around the Southern Adriatic Sea. London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar
Janssen, J. J. 1988. On prices and wages in Ancient Egypt. Altorientalische Forschungen, 15, 10–23.Google Scholar
Janssen, J. J. 1992. The year of the strikes. Bulletin de la Société d’Égyptologie Genève, 16, 41–9.Google Scholar
Janssen, J. J. 1997. Village Varia: Ten Studies on the History and Administration of Deir el-Medina. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, M. 2001. Catalogue Egypt III. Coffins, Mummy Adornments and Mummies From the Third Intermediate, Late, Ptolemaic and the Roman Periods (1080 BC–AD 400). Copenhagen: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.Google Scholar
Jurman, C. 2018. To show and to designate: attitudes towards representing craftsmanship and material culture in Middle Kingdom elite tombs. In Moreno García, J. C., Quirke, S., Miniaci, G. and Stauder, A. (eds.) The Arts of Making in Ancient Egypt: Voices, Images, and Objects of Material Producers 2000–1550 BC. Leiden: Sidestone, 101–116.Google Scholar
Kanawanti, N. 2005. Decoration of burial chambers, sarcophagi and coffins in the Old Kingdom. In Bedier, S., Daoud, K. and Abd el-Fattah, S. (eds.) Studies in Honor of Ali Radwan. Cairo: Conseil Suprême des Antiquités.Google Scholar
Keller, A. C. 1984. How many draughtsmen named Amenhotep? A study of some Deir el-Medina painters. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 21, 119–29.Google Scholar
Keller, A. C. 1991. Royal painters: Deir el-Medina in Dynasty XIX. In Bleiberg, E. and Freed, R. (eds.) Fragments of a Shattered Visage: Proceedings of the International Symposium of Ramesses the Great. Memphis: Memphis State University, 50–86.Google Scholar
Keller, C. A. 2001. A family affair: the decoration of Theban Tomb 359. In Davies, W. V. (ed.) Colour and Painting in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press, 73–93.Google Scholar
Keller, C. A. 2003. Un artiste égyptien à l’œuvre: le dessinateur en chef Amenhotep. In Andreu, G. (ed.) Deir el-Médineh et la Vallée des Rois: la vie en Egypte au temps des pharaons du Nouvel Empire. Actes du colloque organisé par le Musée du Louvre, les 3 et 4 mai 2002. Paris: Khéops; Musée du Louvre, 83–114.Google Scholar
Knapp, A. B. and Manning, S. W. 2016. Crisis in context: the end of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. American Journal of Archaeology, 120, 99–149.Google Scholar
Kramer-Hajos, M. 2016. Mycenaean Greece and the Aegean World: Palace and Province in the Late Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lakomy, K. C. 2016. Der Löwe auf dem Schlachtfeld: Das Grab KV 36 und die Bestattung des Maiherperi im Tal der Könige. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Latour, B. and Porter, C. 1993. We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. 1986. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. 1975. Ancient Egyptian Literature. Vol. I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Malafouris, L. 2013. How Things Shape the Mind: A Theory of Material Engagement. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Manassa, C. and Darnell, J. C. 2004. The Enigmatic Netherworld Books of the Solar-Osirian Unity: Cryptographic Compositions in the Tombs of Tutankhamun, Ramesses VI and Ramesses IX. Göttingen: Academic Press; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Mandeville, R. 2014. Wage Accounting in Deir el-Medina. Wallasey, UK: Abercromby Press.Google Scholar
McDowell, A. G. 1999. Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meskell, L. 1999. Archaeologies of life and death. American Journal of Archaeology, 103, 181–99.Google Scholar
Miniaci, G., Moreno García, J. C., Quirke, S. and Stauder, A. (eds.) 2018. The Arts of Making in Ancient Egypt: Voices, Images, and Objects of Material Producers 2000–1550 BC. Leiden: Sidestone.Google Scholar
Müller, M. 2004. Der Turiner Streikpapyrus (pTurin 1880). In Wilhelm, G. and Janowski, B. (eds.) Texte zum Rechts- und Wirtschaftsleben. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 165–84.Google Scholar
Murray, S. 2017. The Collapse of the Mycenaean Economy: Imports, Trade, and Institutions, 1300–700 BCE. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Myśliwiec, K. 2014. The dead in the marshes: reed coffins revisited. In Jucha, M. A., Dębowska-Ludwin, J. and Kołodziejczyk, P. (eds.) Aegyptus Est Imago Caeli: Studies Presented to Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz on His 60th Birthday. Krakow: Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow; Archaeologica Foundation, 105–13.Google Scholar
Niwiński, A. 1987. Sarcophagi, stelae and funerary papyri of the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period. In Donadoni-Roveri, A.-M. (ed.) Egyptian Civilization: Religious Beliefs. Milan: Electa Spa; Istituto Bancario San Paolo, 212–25.Google Scholar
Niwiński, A. 1987–1988. The Solar-Osirian Unity as principle of the Theology of the “State of Amen” in Thebes in the 21st Dynasty. Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux, 30, 89–107.Google Scholar
Niwiński, A. 1988. Twenty-First Dynasty Coffins from Thebes: Chronological and Typological Studies. Mainz am Rhein: Phillip von Zabern.Google Scholar
Niwiński, A. 1996. Coffins from the tomb of Iurudef – a reconsideration. The problem of some crude coffins from the Memphite area and Middle Egypt. Bibliotheca Orientalis, 53, 324–63.Google Scholar
Olsen, B. 2010. In Defense of Things: Archaeology and the Ontology of Objects. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Onderka, P. and Toivari-Viitala, J. 2014. Eastern Cemetery reconsidered. In Onderka, P. (ed.) The Deir el-Medina and Jaroslav Černý Collections. Prague: National Museum.Google Scholar
Ostrand, K. 2013. Revisiting TT8: intact private tomb of Kha & Merit at Deir el Medina. KMT, 24, 18–38.Google Scholar
Park, A. 2019. Here’s how much the average wedding in 2018 cost – and who paid, Brides [online]: www.brides.com/story/american-wedding-study-how-much-average-wedding-2018-cost [accessed September 21, 2019].Google Scholar
Parkinson, R. B. 2010. Egypt: a life before the afterlife. The Guardian, November 5, 2010.Google Scholar
Peet, T. E. 1930. The Great Tomb-Robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty, Being a Critical Study with Translations and Commentaries of the Papyri in Which They are Recorded. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Peterková Hlouchová, M. 2017. New finds from Greco-Roman Period decorated wooden coffins from Abusir South. In Dębowska-Ludwin, J., Rosińska-Balik, K., Walsh, C. and Chyla, J. M. (eds.) Current Research in Egyptology 2016: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Symposium; Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, 4–7 May 2016. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 136–49.Google Scholar
Pfoh, E. 2016. Syria-Palestine in the Late Bronze Age: An Anthropology of Politics and Power. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Quirke, S. 2013. Going Out in Daylight – prt m hrw: The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead; Translation, Sources, Meaning. London: Golden House Publications.Google Scholar
Raven, M. J. 1991. The Tomb of Iurudef: A Memphite Official in the Reign of Ramesses II. London: Egypt Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Raven, M. J. 2017. Third Intermediate Period burials in Saqqara. In Guichard, H. and Amenta, A. (eds.) Proceedings First Vatican Coffin Conference 19–22 June 2013. Vatican City: Edizioni Musei Vaticani, 419–24.Google Scholar
Raven, M. J., Aston, D. A., Taylor, J. H. et al. 1998. The date of the secondary burials in the Tomb of Iurudef at Saqqara. Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, 78, 7–30.Google Scholar
Reid, D. M. 2002. Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rigault, P. and Thomas, C. 2018. The Egyptian craftsman and the modern researcher: the benefits of archeometrical analyses. In Moreno García, J. C., Quirke, S., Miniaci, G. and Stauder, A. (eds.) The Arts of Making in Ancient Egypt: Voices, Images, and Objects of Material Producers 2000–1550 BC. Leiden: Sidestone, 211–23.Google Scholar
Romer, J. 1988. Who made the private tombs of Thebes? In Lorton, B. B. A. D. (ed.) Essays in Egyptology in Honor of Hans Goedicke. San Antonio, TX: Van Sicklen, pp. 211–32.Google Scholar
Rondano, V. 2020. The economy of human resilience: exploring economic growth during political instability in Ancient Egypt. PhD thesis: University of California Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Sanjaume, S. I. 2006. La Tomba de Sennedjem a Deir-el-Medina TT1. PhD thesis: University of Barcelona.Google Scholar
Scalf, F. (ed.). 2017. Book of the Dead: Becoming God in Ancient Egypt, Vol. 39, Oriental Institute Museum Publications. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Schiaparelli, E. 1927. La tomba intatta dell’architetto Cha. Relazione sui lavori della missione archeologica italiana in Egitto (anni 1903–1920). Turin: Giovanni Chiantore.Google Scholar
Smith, S. T. 1992. Intact tombs of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Dynasties from Thebes and the New Kingdom burial system. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo (DAIK) (Mainz/Cairo/Berlin/Wiesbaden), 48, 193–231.Google Scholar
Smith, S. T. and Buzon, M. R. 2014a. Colonial entanglements: “Egyptianization” in Egypt’s Nubian empire and the Nubian Dynasty. In Anderson, J. R. and Welsby, D. A. (eds.) The Fourth Cataract and Beyond: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference for Nubian Studies. Leuven: Peeters, 431–42.Google Scholar
Smith, S. T. and Buzon, M. R. 2014b. Identity, commemoration, and remembrance in colonial encounters: burials at Tombos during the Egyptian New Kingdom Nubian Empire and its aftermath. In Porter, B. W. and Boutin, A. T. (eds.) Remembering the Dead in the Ancient Near East: Recent Contributions from Bioarchaeology and Mortuary Archaeology. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 185–215.Google Scholar
Steiner, F. 1999. On the process of civilization. In Fardon, A. J. A. R. (ed.) Orientpolitik, Value, and Civilization: Franz Baermann Steiner, Selected Writings II. Oxford: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Strutner, S. 2015. America has more self-storage facilities than McDonald’s, because apparently we’re all hoarders. Huffington Post [online]: www.huffpost.com/entry/self-storage-mcdonalds_n_7107822 [accessed September 14, 2019].Google Scholar
Takahashi, K., Nishisaka, A., Abe, Y. et al. 2013. アメンヘテプ3 世王墓壁画に使用された顔料の化学分析 [Chemical analysis of the pigments used in the wall paintings of the royal tomb of Amenophis III]. The Journal of Egyptian Studies, 19, 58–96.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. H. 1985. The development of Theban coffins during the Third Intermediate Period: a typological study. Unpublished dissertation, Birmingham University.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. H. 1989. Egyptian Coffins, Shire Egyptology 11. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. H. 1999. The burial assemblage of Henutmehyt: inventory. In Davies, W. V. (ed.) Studies in Egyptian Antiquities: A Tribute to T. G. H. James. London: British Museum, 59–72.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. H. 2001. Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. H. (ed.) 2010. Journey Through the Afterlife: Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. London and Cambridge, MA: British Museum Press; Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Valbelle, D. 1985. Les ouvriers de la tombe: Deir el-Médineh à l’époque ramesside, Bibliothèque d’étude 96. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.Google Scholar
Van Walsem, R. 1997. The Coffin of Djedmonthuiufankh in the National Museum of Antiquities at Leiden. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Van Walsem, R. 2000. Deir el Medina as the place of origin of the Coffin of Anet in the Vatican (Inv.: XIII.2.1, XIII.2.2). In Demarée, R. J. and Egberts, A. (eds.) Deir el Medina in the Third Millennium AD. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 337–49.Google Scholar
Vassilika, E. (ed.) 2010. The Tomb of Kha the Architect. Turin and Florence: Fondazione Museo delle Antichità; Scala.Google Scholar
Velde, H. T. 1971. Some remarks on the structure of Egyptian divine triads. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 57, 80–6.Google Scholar
Wenger, E. 1998. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Willems, H. 1988. Chests of Life: A Study of the Typology and Conceptual Development of Middle Kingdom Standard Class Coffins. Leiden: Ex Oriente Lux.Google Scholar
Yasur-Landau, A. 2010. The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zivie, A.-P. 2003. Un détour par Saqqara: Deir el Médineh et la nécropole memphite. Deir el Médineh et la Vallée des Rois: La vie en Égypte au temps des pharaons du Nouvel Empire. Actes du colloque organisé par le musée du Louvre les 3 et 4 mai 2002. Paris: Khéops; Musée du Louvre.Google Scholar
- 14
- Cited by