Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:01:14.232Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in the Problems of God

The Problem of Animal Pain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 January 2024

Victoria Campbell
Victoria Campbell
Affiliation:
Global Methodist Church

Summary

In this Element atheists cite animal pain as compelling evidence against the existence of the loving God portrayed in the Judeo-Christian Bible. William Rowe, Paul Draper, Richard Dawkins and others claim widespread unnecessary suffering exists in nature and challenge theism with the Evidential Problem of Natural Evil. This Element engages the scientific literature in order to evaluate the validity of those claims and offers a theodicy of God's providential care for animals through natural pain mitigating processes.
Get access

Keywords

animal painsufferingtheodicyevil(Richard) Dawkins
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in the Problems of God
Online ISBN: 9781009270717
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 01 February 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, Marilyn McCord (1999). Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
American Veterinary Medical Association (2020). AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition. Online: www.avma.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Guidelines-on-Euthanasia-2020.pdf (accessed October 24, 2022).Google Scholar
Arnold, Bill T. (2013). Genesis, New Cambridge Bible Commentary, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arnold, Bill T., and Strawn, Brent A., eds. (2016). The World Around the Old Testament: The People and Places of the Ancient Near East, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.Google Scholar
Aronson, Dina (2009). “Cortisol – Its Role in Stress, Inflammation, and Indications for Diet Therapy,” Today’s Dietitian 11, 38. Online: www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/111609p38.shtml (accessed October 9, 2017).Google Scholar
Aubert, Agnès, Costalat, Robert, Magistretti, Pierre J., and Pellerin, Luc (2005). “Brain Lactate Kinetics: Modeling Evidence for Neuronal Lactate Uptake upon Activation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 16448–16453.Google Scholar
Augustine (1982). The Literal Meaning of Genesis, Ancient Christian Writers 41–42, Taylor, John H. (trans.), 2 vols., New York: Newman.Google Scholar
Baird, Robin W., and Dill, Lawrence M. (1995). “Occurrence and Behaviour of Transient Killer Whales: Seasonal and Pod-Specific Variability, Foraging Behavior, and Prey Handling,” Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, 1300–1311.Google Scholar
Barbour, Ian G. (1997). Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues, San Francisco: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Barkley, Yvonne (2019). “Wildfire and Wildlife Habitat” (27 August), U.S. Cooperative Extension website. Online: https://surviving-wildfire.extension.org/wildfire-and-wildlife-habitat/#Wildlife_and_Fire (accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Basbaum, Allan I., and Fields, Howard L. (1984). “Endogenous Pain Control Systems: Brainstem Spinal Pathways and Endorphin Circuitry,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 7, 309–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basbaum, Allan I., Bautista, Diana M., Scherrer, Grégory, and Julius, David (2009). “Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Pain,” Cell 139, 267–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bimson, John J. (2006). “Reconsidering a ‘Cosmic Fall’,” Science & Christian Belief 18, 63–81.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, Philip (1975). A Book of Jewish Concepts, New York: Hebrew Publishing.Google Scholar
Blocher, Henri (1984). In the Beginning: The Opening Chapters of Genesis, Preston, David G. (trans.), Leicester: InterVarsity.Google Scholar
Blomqvist, Gunnar, Gjedde, Albert, Gutniak, Mark et al. (1991). “Facilitated Transport of Glucose from Blood to Brain in Man and the Effect of Moderate Hypoglycaemia on Cerebral Glucose Utilization,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 18, 834–837.Google Scholar
Bonnet, V. H., Anna, W. Schoettle, and Wayne, D. Shepperd (2005). “Postfire Environmental Conditions Influence the Spatial Pattern of Regeneration for Pinus ponderosa,” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, 37–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borsook, David, Moulton, Eric A., Schmidt, Karl F., and Becerra, Lino R. (2007). “Neuroimaging Revolutionizes Therapeutic Approaches to Chronic Pain,” Molecular Pain 3, no pages.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, Gregory A. (2001) Satan and the Problem of Evil: Constructing a Trinitarian Warfare Theodicy, Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity.Google Scholar
Brand, Paul, and Yancey, Philip (1997). The Gift of Pain: Why We Hurt and What We Can Do About It, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.Google Scholar
Brown, Matthew (2012). “Dead Livestock, Devastation Left in Wake of Western Fires,” Billings Gazette (July 26). Online: http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/dead-livestock-devastation-left-in-wake-of-western-fires/article_48f1f91d-d247-5df4-8ff1-78dee1f9d93d.html (accessed January 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Bruce, Frederick F. (1963). The Epistle of Paul to the Romans, Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, London: Tyndale.Google Scholar
Buckareff, Andrei (2000). “Divine Freedom and Creaturely Suffering in Process Theology: A Critical Appraisal,” Sophia 39, 56–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Ryan K., and Finn, David P. (2009). “Stress-Induced Analgesia,” Progress in Neurobiology 88, 184–202.Google Scholar
Calvin, John (1849). Commentaries on the Epistle of Paul to the Romans, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Owen, John (trans., ed.), Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society. Online: www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom38.xii.vi.html (accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Canada Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (CSSCLCA) (2003a). “Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Issue 7 – Evidence for February 12, 2003,” Senate of Canada website. Online: https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/SEN/Committee/372/lega/07eva-e?Language=EandParl=37andSes=2andcomm_id=11 (accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Canada Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (CSSCLCA) (2003b) “Do Invertebrates Feel Pain?” Senate of Canada website. Online: https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/372/lega/witn/shelly-e.htm (accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Casey, Kenneth L., and Tran, Tuan D. (2006). “Cortical Mechanisms Mediating Acute and Chronic Pain in Humans.” In Cervero, Fernando and Jensen, Troels S. (eds.), Pain. Vol. 81 of Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 159–177.Google Scholar
Cervero, Fernando, and Merskey, Harold (1996). “What Is a Noxious Stimulus?” The Journal of Pain 5, 157–161.Google Scholar
Chadwick, Douglas H. (2005). “Investigating a Killer,” National Geographic 207, 86–105.Google Scholar
Chang, Chi-Ru (1996). “Ecosystem Responses to Fire and Variations in Fire Regimes,” Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress. Vol. II of Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options, Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, pp. 1071–1099.Google Scholar
Chavalas, Mark W., and Younger, K. Lawson Jr., eds. (2002). Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.Google Scholar
Church of Satan website. Online: www.churchofsatan.com/ (accessed May 21, 2021).Google Scholar
Clarke, Donald D., and Sokoloff, Louis (1994). “Circulation and Energy Metabolism of the Brain.” In Siegel, George J., Agranoff, Bernard W., Albers, R. Wayne, and Molinoff, Perry B. (eds.), Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects, New York: Raven, pp. 645–680.Google Scholar
Creegan, Nicola H. (2013). Animal Suffering and the Problem of Evil, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cryer, Philip E. (1999). “Symptoms of Hypoglycemia, Thresholds for Their Occurrence, and Hypoglycemia Unawareness,” Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America 28, 495–500.Google Scholar
Cryer, Philip E. (2007) “Hypoglycemia, Functional Brain Failure, and Brain Death,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 117, 868–870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daily Mail Reporter (2009). “Pictured: The Moment a Whale Delivers a Deadly ‘Karate Chop’ Blow to a Killer Shark,” Daily Mail (November 27). Online: www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1231454/Killer-whales-Death-karate-chop-deadly-tactic-used-orcas-sharks.html (accessed July 16, 2022).Google Scholar
Darwin, Charles (2009). On the Origin of Species: By Means of Natural Selection, 6th ed., Auckland: Floating Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, Richard (2008). River Out of Eden, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Deane-Drummond, Celia (2008). “Shadow Sophia in Christological Perspective: The Evolution of Sin and the Redemption of Nature,” Theology & Science 6, 13–32.Google Scholar
Deane-Drummond, Celia (2009). Christ and Evolution: Wonder and Wisdom, Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.Google Scholar
Delumeau, Jean (2000). History of Paradise: The Garden of Eden in Myth and Tradition, Matthew O’Connell (trans.), Champaign: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Dougherty, Trent (2014). The Problem of Animal Pain: A Theodicy for All Creatures Great and Small, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Draper, Paul (1989). “Pain and Pleasure: An Evidential Problem for Theists,” Noûs 23, 331–350.Google Scholar
Draper, Paul (2007) “Natural Selection and the Problem of Evil,” Secular Web: Internet Infidels website. Online: https://infidels.org/library/modern/paul_draper/evil.html (accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Dunbar, Robin I. M. (2003). “The Social Brain: Mind, Language, and Society in Evolutionary Perspective,” Annual Review of Anthropology 32, 163–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrlich, Paul R., Dobkin, David S., and Wheye, Darryl (1988). “Precocial and Altricial Young,” Stanford University website. Online: https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Precocial_and_Altricial.html (accessed July 16, 2022).Google Scholar
Eisemann, Craig H., Wayne, K., Jorgensen, David J. Merritt et al. (1984). “Do Insects Feel Pain? – A Biological View,” Experientia 40, 164–167.Google Scholar
Engstrom, R. Todd (2010). “First-Order Fire Effects on Animals: Review and Recommendations,” Fire Ecology 6, 115–130.Google Scholar
Estes, James A., Terborgh, John, Brashares, Justin S. et al. (2011). “Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth,” Science 333, 301–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, Michael W. (2000). Psychology: A Student’s Handbook. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology.Google Scholar
Febbraio, Mark A., Lambert, D. L., Starkie, Rebecca L., Proietto, Joseph, and Hargreaves, Mark (1998). “Effect of Epinephrine on Muscle Glycogenolysis during Exercise in Trained Men,” Journal of Applied Physiology 84, 465–470.Google Scholar
Fein, Alan (2014). “Nociceptors and the Perception of Pain.” Online: https://health.uconn.edu/cell-biology/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2017/10/Revised-Book-2014.pdf (accessed July 12, 2022).Google Scholar
Foltz, Eldon L., and White, Lowell E. Jr. (1962). “Pain ‘Relief’ by Frontal Cingulumotomy,” Journal of Neurosurgery 19, 89–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garland, Eric L. (2012). “Pain Processing in the Human Nervous System: A Selective Review of Nociceptive and Biobehavioral Pathways,” Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 39, 561–571.Google Scholar
Genovart, Meritxell, Negre, Nieves, Tavecchia, Giacomo et al. (2010). “The Young, the Weak and the Sick: Evidence of Natural Selection by Predation,” PLoS ONE 5, e9774.Google Scholar
Gleitman, Henry, Gross, James, and Reisberg, Daniel (2010). Psychology, 8th ed., New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Goodson, James L. (2005). “The Vertebrate Social Behavior Network: Evolutionary Themes and Variations,” Hormones and Behavior 48, 11–22.Google Scholar
Grau, James W., Hyson, Richard L., Maier, Steven F., Madden, John IV, and Barchas, Jack D. (1981). “Long-Term Stress-Induced Analgesia and Activation of the Opiate System,” Science 213, 1409–1411.Google Scholar
Green, Joel B. (2017). “Adam, What Have You Done?” In Cavanaugh, William T. and Smith, James K. (eds.), Evolution and the Fall, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, pp. 98–116.Google Scholar
Griffin, David R. (1981). “Creation Out of Chaos and the Problem of Evil.” In Davis, Stephen T. (ed.), Encountering Evil: Live Options in Theodicy, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, pp. 101–136.Google Scholar
Griffin, David R. (2004) God, Power, and Evil: A Process Theodicy, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox.Google Scholar
Gunkel, Hermann (1997). Genesis, Biddle, Mark E. (trans.), Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.Google Scholar
Gunkel, Hermann (2006) Creation and Chaos in the Primeval Era and the Eschaton: A Religio-Historical Study of Genesis 1 and Revelation 12, Whitney, K. William, Jr. (trans.), Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Güntürkün, Onur, and Bugnyar, Thomas (2016). “Cognition Without Cortex,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20, 291–303.Google Scholar
Halloran, John A. (2006). Sumerian Lexicon: A Dictionary Guide to the Ancient Sumerian Language. Los Angeles, CA: Logogram.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Victor P. (1990). The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1–17, New International Commentary on the Old Testament, Harrison, Roland K. and Robert, L. Hubbard (eds.), Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Hanlon, Roger T., and Messenger, John B. (1996). Cephalopod Behaviour, Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter (1989). “Theodicy and Animal Pain,” Philosophy 64, 79–92.Google Scholar
Hartshorne, Charles (1984). Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes, Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Hassiem, Achmat (2010). “Experience: A Great White Shark Ate My Leg,” The Guardian (October 15). Online: www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/16/experience-shark-attack-paralympian (accessed July 15, 2022).Google Scholar
Heimlich-Boran, James R. (1988). “Behavioral Ecology of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in the Pacific Northwest,” Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, 565–578.Google Scholar
Hesiod (2008). Theogony and Works and Days, West, Martin L. (trans.), New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hess, Richard S., and Tsumura, David T., eds. (1994). I Studied Inscriptions from Before the Flood: Ancient Near Eastern, Literary, and Linguistic Approaches to Genesis 1–11, Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Hick, John (2010). Evil and the Love of God, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hill, Carol A. (2000). “The Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 52, 31–46.Google Scholar
Holekamp, Kay E., Smale, Laura, Berg, R., and Cooper, S. M. (1997). “Hunting Rates and Hunting Success in the Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta),” Journal of Zoology 242, 1–15.Google Scholar
Inagaki, Tristen K., and Eisenberger, Naomi I. (2013). “Shared Neural Mechanisms Underlying Social Warmth and Physical Warmth,” Psychological Science 24, 2272–2280.Google Scholar
International Association for the Study of Pain (2011). “Part III: Pain Terms: A Current List with Definitions and Notes on Usage.” In Harold Merskey and Nikolai Bogduk (eds.), Classification of Chronic Pain, 2nd ed. Online: www.iasp-pain.org/publications/free-ebooks/classification-of-chronic-pain-second-edition-revised/ (accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Iwaniuk, Andrew N., and Nelson, John E. (2003). “Developmental Differences Are Correlated with Relative Brain Size in Birds: A Comparative Analysis,” Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, 1913–1928.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, Thorkild (1981). “The Eridu Genesis,” Journal of Biblical Literature 100, 513–529.Google Scholar
James, Michael S. (2000). “Animals Co-exist with Wildfires,” ABC News (August 26). Online: http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=119700 (accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Jarvis, Erich D. (2009). “Bird Brain: Evolution.” In Squire, Larry R. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Vol. 2, Oxford: Oxford Academic, pp. 209–215.Google Scholar
Jarvis, Erich D., Güntürkün, Onur, Bruce, Laura et al. (2005). “Avian Brains and A New Understanding of Vertebrate Brain Evolution,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, 151–159.Google Scholar
Johnston, Philip S. (2002). Shades of Sheol: Death and Afterlife in the Old Testament, Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity.Google Scholar
Brian, Key, Arlinghaus, Robert, and Browman, Howard I. (2016). “Insects Cannot Tell Us Anything about Subjective Experience of the Origin of Consciousness,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, E3813.Google Scholar
King James, I. (2008). Demonology. Las Vegas, NV: Forgotten Books.Google Scholar
Kitcher, Philip (2013). “Some Answers, Admissions, and Explanations.” In Kaiser, Marie I. and Seide, Ansgar (eds.), Pragmatic Naturalism, Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag, pp. 175–205.Google Scholar
Koenig, Harold G. (2007). “Altruistic Love and Physical Health.” In Post, Stephen G. (ed.), Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 422–441.Google Scholar
Komarek, Sr., Edwin V. (1969) “Fire and Animal Behavior.” In Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: No.9., Tallahassee, FL, pp. 160–207. Online: http://talltimbers.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Komarek1969_op.pdf (accessed November 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Komarek, Sr., Edwin V. (1985) “Wildlife and Fire Research: Past, Present, and Future.” In USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-186, Ogden, UT – Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (July), pp. 1–7. Online: www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr186.pdf (accessed November 15, 2023).Google Scholar
Kuhse, Helga and Singer, Peter, eds. (1999). Bioethics: An Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kuře, Josef, ed. (2011). Euthanasia: The “Good Death” Controversy in Humans and Animals, Rijeka, Croatia: InTech.Google Scholar
Lack, David (1947). “The Significance of Clutch-Size, Part 1,” Ibis 89, 302–352.Google Scholar
Lack, David (1948) “The Significance of Clutch-Size, Part 2,” Ibis 90, 25–45.Google Scholar
Lam, Joseph (2010). “The Biblical Creation in Its Ancient Near Eastern Context,” BioLogos website (April 21). Online: https://biologos.org/uploads/projects/lam_scholarly_essay.pdf (accessed August 9, 2022).Google Scholar
Lentile, Leigh B., Smith, Frederick W., and Shepperd, Wayne D. (2005). “Patch Structure, Fire-Scar Formation, and Tree Regeneration in a Large Mixed-Severity Fire in the South Dakota Black Hills, USA,” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, 2875–2885.Google Scholar
Lewis, Clive S. (2001). The Problem of Pain, New York: HarperSanFrancisco.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Matthew D. (2013). Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect, New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Michael (1998). “Are Animals Fallen?” In Linzey, Andrew and Yamamoto, Dorothy (eds.), Animals on the Agenda: Questions about Animals for Theology and Ethics, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, pp. 147–160.Google Scholar
Lubow, Jeffery M., Piñón, Ivan G., Avogaro, Angelo et al. (2006). “Brain Oxygen Utilization Is Unchanged by Hypoglycemia in Normal Humans: Lactate, Alanine, and Leucine Uptake Are Not Sufficient to Offset Energy Deficit,” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 290, E149–E153.Google Scholar
MacLean, Paul D. (1985). “Brain Evolution Relating to Family, Play, and the Separation Call,” Archives of General Psychiatry 42, 405–417.Google Scholar
Maier, Steven F. (1989). “Determinants of the Nature of Environmentally Induced Hypoalgesia,” Behavioral Neuroscience 103, 131–143.Google Scholar
Maier, Steven F., Davies, Susan, Grau, James W., et al. (1980). “Opiate Antagonists and Long-Term Analgesic Reaction Induced by Inescapable Shock in Rats,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 94, 1172–1183.Google Scholar
Main, Douglas (2015). “Scientists Explain Video of Orca Punting a Seal 80 Feet in Air,” Newsweek (October 29). Online: www.newsweek.com/scientists-explain-video-orca-punting-seal-80-feet-air-388554 (accessed July 26, 2022).Google Scholar
Mascall, Eric L. (1956). Christian Theology and Natural Science, New York: Ronald.Google Scholar
Matheson, Thomas (2002). “Invertebrate Nervous Systems.” In Fullerlove, Gina (ed.), Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, London: Nature Publishing Group, pp. 1–6.Google Scholar
May, Robert M. (1998). “How Many Species Are There on Earth?” Science 241, 1441–1449.Google Scholar
McDaniel, Jay B. (1989). Of God and Pelicans: A Theology of Reverence for Life, Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox.Google Scholar
McDaniel, Jay B. (1998) “Can Animal Suffering Be Reconciled with Belief in an All-Loving God?” In Linzey, Andrew and Yamamoto, Dorothy (eds.), Animals on the Agenda: Questions about Animals for Theology and Ethics, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, pp. 161–170.Google Scholar
Melzack, Ronald, and Dennis, Stephen G. (1978). “Neurophysiological Foundations of Pain.” In Sternbach, Richard A. (ed.), The Psychology of Pain, New York: Raven, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar
Middleton, J. Richard (2017). “Reading Genesis 3 Attentive to Human Evolution.” In Evolution and the Fall, William, T. Cavanaugh and James, K. Smith (eds.), Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, pp. 67–97.Google Scholar
Miller, Kenneth R. (2007). Finding Darwin’s God: A Scientist’s Search for Common Ground between God and Evolution, New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Miller, Michael W., Swanson, Heather M., Wolfe, Lisa L. et al. (2008). “Lions and Prions and Deer Demise,” PLoS ONE 3, e4019.Google Scholar
Moberly, R. Walter, L. (1988). “Did the Serpent Get It Right?” Journal of Theological Studies 39, 1–27.Google Scholar
Mock, Douglas W. (1984). “Infanticide, Siblicide, and Avian Nestling Mortality.” In Hausfater, Glenn and Hrdy, Sarah B. (eds.), Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives, New York: Aldine, pp. 3–30.Google Scholar
Mock, Douglas W., Drummond, Hugh, and Stinson, Christopher H. (1990). “Avian Siblicide,” American Scientist 78, 438–449.Google Scholar
Molina, Patricia E. (2003). “Endogenous Opioid Analgesia in Hemorrhagic Shock,” Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care 54, 126–132.Google Scholar
Molina, Patricia E. (2006). “Opioids and Opiates: Analgesia with Cardiovascular, Haemodynamic and Immune Implications in Critical Illness,” Journal of Internal Medicine 259, 138–154.Google Scholar
Moritz, Joshua M. (2014). “Animal Suffering, Evolution, and the Origins of Evil: Toward a ‘Free Creatures’ Defense,” Zygon 49, 348–380.Google Scholar
Mosley, Craig (2011). “Pain and Nociception in Reptiles,” Analgesia and Pain Management 14, 45–60.Google Scholar
Murray, Michael J. (2011). Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Newton, Ian (1977). “Breeding Strategies in Birds of Prey,” Living Bird 16, 51–82.Google Scholar
Oden, Thomas C. (1992). Classical Christianity: A Systematic Theology, New York: HarperOne.Google Scholar
Osborn, Ronald E. (2014). Death Before the Fall: Biblical Literalism and the Problem of Animal Suffering, Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic.Google Scholar
Page, Ruth (1996). God and the Web of Creation. London: SCM.Google Scholar
Panksepp, Jaak, Herman, Barbara H., Conner, R., Bishop, P., and Scott, J. P. (1978). “The Biology of Social Attachments: Opiates Alleviate Separation Distress,” Biological Psychiatry 13, 607–618.Google Scholar
Panksepp, Jaak, Herman, Barbara H., Vilberg, Thomas, Bishop, P., and DeEskinazi, Fatima G. (1980). “Endogenous Opioids and Social Behavior,” Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews 4, 473–487.Google Scholar
Peacocke, Arthur (1993). Theology for a Scientific Age: Being and Becoming – Natural, Divine, and Human, Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.Google Scholar
Peacocke, Arthur (2001) “The Cost of New Life.” In Polkinghorne, John (ed.), The Work of Love: Creation as Kenosis, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, pp. 21–42.Google Scholar
Peterson, Michael, Hasker, William, Reichenbach, Bruce, and Basinger, David (2009). Reason and Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, 4th ed., New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pinnock, Clark H. (2001). Most Moved Mover: A Theology of God’s Openness, Carlisle: Paternoster.Google Scholar
Plantinga, Alvin (2011). Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion, and Naturalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Plotnik, Joshua M. (2014). “Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Reassure Others in Distress,” PeerJ 2, e278.Google Scholar
Poinar, George Jr., and Poinar, Roberta (2008). What Bugged the Dinosaurs?: Insects, Disease, and Death in the Cretaceous, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Polkinghorne, John (2004). Science and the Trinity: The Christian Encounter with Reality, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Polkinghorne, John (2010) “The Universe as Creation.” In Peterson, Michael, Hasker, William, Reichenbach, Bruce, and Basinger, David (eds.), Philosophy of Religion: Selected Readings, 4th ed., New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 551–559.Google Scholar
Polkinghorne, John, ed. (2001). The Work of Love: Creation as Kenosis, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Price, Theodore J., and Dussor, Gregory (2014). “Evolution: The Advantage of ‘Maladaptive’ Pain Plasticity,” Current Biology 24, R384–R386.Google Scholar
Rainville, Pierre, Duncan, Gary H., Price, Donald D., Carrier, Benoît, and Catherine Bushnell, Mary (1997). “Pain Affect Encoded in Human Anterior Cingulate but Not Somatosensory Cortex,” Science 277, 968–971.Google Scholar
Reece, Jane B., Taylor, Martha R., Simon, Eric J., and Dickey, Jean L. (2011). Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 7th ed., New York: Pearson.Google Scholar
Reeder, DeeAnn M., and Kramer, Kristin M. (2005). “Stress in Free-Ranging Mammals: Integrating Physiology, Ecology, and Natural History,” Journal of Mammalogy 86, 225–235.Google Scholar
Rivat, Cyril, Laboureyras, Emilie, Laulin, Jean-Paul et al. (2007). “Non-nociceptive Environmental Stress Induces Hyperalgesia, Not Analgesia, in Pain and Opioid-Experienced Rats,” Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 2217–2228.Google Scholar
Robbins, Frank Egleston (1912). “The Influence of Greek Philosophy on the Early Commentaries of Genesis,” American Journal of Theology 16, 218–240.Google Scholar
Rollin, Bernard E. (2009). “Ethics and Euthanasia,” Canadian Veterinary Journal 50, 1081–1086.Google Scholar
Rolston, Holmes III (1987). Science and Religion: A Critical Survey, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Rolston, Holmes III (2003) “Naturalizing and Systematizing Evil.” In Drees, Willem B. (ed.), Is Nature Ever Evil? Religion, Science, and Value, London: Routledge, pp. 67–86.Google Scholar
Rose, James D., Arlinghaus, Robert, Cooke, Steven J. et al. (2014). “Can Fish Really Feel Pain?” Fish and Fisheries 15, 97–133.Google Scholar
Rowe, William L. (1979). “The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism,” American Philosophical Quarterly 16, 335–341.Google Scholar
Sauer, James A. (1996). “The River Runs Dry: Creation Story Preserves Historical Memory,” Biblical Archaeology Review 22, 52–57, 64.Google Scholar
Scheiber, Isabella B. R., Weiß, Brigitte M., Kingma, Sjouke A., and Komdeur, Jan (2017). “The Importance of the Altricial-Precocial Spectrum for Social Complexity in Mammals and Birds: A Review,” Frontiers in Zoology 14, 3. Online: https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12983-016-0185-6 (accessed November 15, 2023).Google Scholar
Schneider, John R. (2020). Animal Suffering and the Darwinian Problem of Evil, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schurr, Avital (2006). “Lactate: The Ultimate Cerebral Oxidative Energy Substrate,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 26, 142–152.Google Scholar
Sharim, J., and Pouratian, N. (2016). “Anterior Cingulotomy for the Treatment of Chronic Intractable Pain: A Systematic Review,” Pain Physician Journal 19, 537–550.Google Scholar
Smith, Douglas W., and Ferguson, Gary (2005). Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone, Guilford, CT: Lyons Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Jane A. (1991). “A Question of Pain in Invertebrates,” Institute for Laboratory Animals Journal 33, 25–31.Google Scholar
Sollereder, Bethany N. (2019). God, Evolution, and Animal Suffering: Theodicy Without a Fall, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Southgate, Christopher (2008). The Groaning of Creation: God, Evolution, and the Problem of Evil. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox.Google Scholar
Starck, J. Matthais (1993). “Evolution of Avian Ontogenies,” Current Ornithology 10, 275–366.Google Scholar
State Government of Victoria, Australia (2014). “Shock,” Department of Health website. Online: www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/shock (accessed July 15, 2022).Google Scholar
Talbot, Jeanne D., Marrett, Sean, Evans, Alan C. et al. (1991). “Multiple Representations of Pain in Human Cerebral Cortex,” Science 251, 1355–1358.Google Scholar
Tooley, Michael (2019). The Problem of Evil, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Towler, Dwight A., Havlin, Carolyn E., Craft, Suzanne, and Cryer, Philip (1993). “Mechanism of Awareness of Hypoglycemia. Perception of Neurogenic (Predominantly Cholinergic) Rather than Neuroglycopenic Symptoms,” Diabetes 42, 1791–1798.Google Scholar
Trethowan, Illtyd (1954). An Essay in Christian Philosophy, London: Longmans, Green & Co.Google Scholar
Tsevat, Matitiahu (1980). “The Meaning of the Book of Job.” In The Meaning of the Book of Job and Other Biblical Studies: Essays on the Literature and Religion of the Hebrew Bible, New York: Ktav, pp. 1–37.Google Scholar
Tsumura, David (2005). Creation and Destruction: A Reappraisal of the Chaoskampf Theory in the Old Testament, Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Ugolino di Monte Santa Maria (1998). Little Flowers of St. Francis, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, W. Heywood (trans.), New York: Vintage Books, Chapter 16. Online: https://ccel.org/ccel/ugolino/flowers/flowers.iii.xvi.html (accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
University of Miami (2018). “Predatory Behavior of Great White Sharks,” Shark Research website. Online: https://sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu/research/projects/great-white-predation (accessed July 15, 2022).Google Scholar
University of Utah (2010). “How Cells Communicate During Fight or Flight” (September 2), Genetic Science Learning Center website. Online: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/fight_flight/ (accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
U.S. National Academy of Sciences (USNAS) (2009). Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Animals, Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
U.S. National Park Service (2017). “Video: Living with Fire in the Grand Canyon,” U.S. National Park Service website (April 24). Online: www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=3A09C7DC-1DD8-B71B-0B409785F7F0A07C (accessed July 14, 2022).Google Scholar
Venema, Dennis R., and McKnight, Scot (2017). Adam and the Genome: Reading Scripture after Genetic Science, Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos.Google Scholar
Viney, Donald (2018). “Process Theism.” In Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition). Online: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-theism/ (accessed January 22, 2020).Google Scholar
Visser, Ingrid N., Carlsson, Olle G. L., Imberti, Santiago et al. (2008). “Antarctic Peninsula Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Hunt Seals and a Penguin on Floating Ice,” Marine Mammal Science 24, 225–234.Google Scholar
Vogl, Richard J. (1973). “Effects of Fire on the Plants and Animals of a Florida Wetland,” The American Midland Naturalist 89, 334–347.Google Scholar
von Rad, Gerhard (1961). Genesis, Old Testament Library, Marks, John H. (trans.), Philadelphia, PA: Westminster.Google Scholar
Waal, Frans de (2013). The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates, New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Wager, Tor D., Atlas, Lauren Y., Lindquist, Martin A. et al. (2013). “An fMRI-Based Neurologic Signature of Physical Pain,” The New England Journal of Medicine 368, 1388–1397.Google Scholar
Walton, John H. (1990). Ancient Israelite Literature in Its Cultural Context: A Survey of Parallels between Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.Google Scholar
Walton, John H. (2009). The Lost World of Genesis One: Ancient Cosmology and the Origins Debate, Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity.Google Scholar
Walton, John H. (2011) Genesis 1 as Ancient Cosmology, Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Walton, John H. (2018) Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids, MI: BakerAcademic.Google Scholar
Watkins, Linda R., and Mayer, David J. (1982). “Organization of Endogenous Opiate and Nonopiate Pain Control Systems,” Science 216, 1185–1192.Google Scholar
Wenham, Gordon J. (1994) “Sanctuary Symbolism in the Garden of Eden Story.” In Hess, Richard S. and Tsumura, David T. (eds.), I Studied Inscriptions from Before the Flood: Ancient Near Eastern, Literary, and Linguistic Approaches to Genesis 1–11, Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 399–404.Google Scholar
Wenham, Gordon J. (2014) Genesis 1–15. Word Biblical Commentary 1, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan.Google Scholar
David, Werther, and Linville, Mark D., eds. (2012). Philosophy and the Christian Worldview: Analysis, Assessment and Development, New York: Continuum International.Google Scholar
Wesley, John (1872). “The General Deliverance.” Sermon 60 in The Sermons of John Wesley, Thomas Jackson (ed.), Wesley Center Online website. Online: http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/sermon-60-the-general-deliverance/ (accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Westermann, Claus (1994). Genesis 1–11, Continental Commentaries, Scullion, John J. (trans.), Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.Google Scholar
White, Joël, Leclaire, Sarah, Kriloff, Marion et al. (2010). “Sustained Increase in Food Supplies Reduces Broodmate Aggression in Black-Legged Kittiwakes,” Animal Behaviour 79, 1095–1100.Google Scholar
White, Lois, Duncan, Gena, and Baumle, Wendy (2013). Medical Surgical Nursing: An Integrated Approach, 3rd ed., Clifton, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.Google Scholar
Wiebe, Karen L., and Bortolotti, Gary R. (2000). “Parental Interference in Sibling Aggression in Birds: What Should We Look For?” Ecoscience 7, 1–9.Google Scholar
Wiley, Tatha (2002). Original Sin: Origins, Developments, Contemporary Meanings, New York: Paulist.Google Scholar
Winnie, John Jr., and Creel, Scott (2017). “The Many Effects of Carnivores on Their Prey and Their Implications for Trophic Cascades, and Ecosystem Structure and Function,” Food Webs 12, 88–94.Google Scholar
Witherington, Ben III (2006). New Testament History: A Narrative Account, Grand Rapids, MI: BakerAcademic.Google Scholar
Wolde, Ellen van (2015). “‘Creation Out of Nothing’ and the Hebrew Bible.” In Creation Stories in Dialogue: The Bible, Science, and Folk Traditions, Biblical Interpretation Series 139, Culpepper, Alan and van der Watt, Jan G. (eds.), Leiden: Brill, pp. 157–176.Google Scholar
Wolff, Hans W. (1981). Anthropology of the Old Testament, Kohl, M. (trans.), London: SCM Press.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Problem of Animal Pain
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Problem of Animal Pain
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Problem of Animal Pain
Available formats
×