Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 458
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
June 2012
Print publication year:
2010
Online ISBN:
9780511761034

Book description

The Trouble with the Congo suggests a new explanation for international peacebuilding failures in civil wars. Drawing from more than 330 interviews and a year and a half of field research, it develops a case study of the international intervention during the Democratic Republic of the Congo's unsuccessful transition from war to peace and democracy (2003–6). Grassroots rivalries over land, resources, and political power motivated widespread violence. However, a dominant peacebuilding culture shaped the intervention strategy in a way that precluded action on local conflicts, ultimately dooming the international efforts to end the deadliest conflict since World War II. Most international actors interpreted continued fighting as the consequence of national and regional tensions alone. UN staff and diplomats viewed intervention at the macro levels as their only legitimate responsibility. The dominant culture constructed local peacebuilding as such an unimportant, unfamiliar, and unmanageable task that neither shocking events nor resistance from select individuals could convince international actors to reevaluate their understanding of violence and intervention.

Awards

Winner of the 2012 Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order

Winner of the 2011 Chadwick F. Alger Prize, International Studies Association

Reviews

‘The Trouble with the Congo is a magnificent accomplishment and is must-reading for anyone interested in whether, why, and how the international community might be able to reduce the cases of violence around the world. Scholars will admire how Autesserre uses a combination of theoretical analysis and ethnography to show us how two different worlds collide, and how peacebuilders do not see the collision even on impact. My hope is that practitioners will take to heart the book’s call for critical self-reflection and use its insights for more effective policy prescriptions. Wonderfully written, the book delivers a cool but passionate analysis, born from Autesserre’s courage, commitment to Congolese, and sincere desire not to simply identify criticisms of peacebuilding but to suggest ways in which it can improve its craft to help the people on the ground.’

Michael Barnett - University of Minnesota

‘What happens when international peacebuilding is culturally focused at the national level, yet most conflict takes place at the local level? Using extensive, painstakingly collected evidence, Autesserre shows that the macro-micro mismatch is not only a methodological shortcoming but also a grave policy failure. By helping to frame a nasty concatenation of local conflicts as a ‘postconflict situation’, this policy focus ended up exacerbating the war and its attendant human suffering. At once a gripping account of war and failed peace in the Congo and a strikingly lucid and original examination of the causes of peacebuilding failure in civil war, this book demonstrates why deep contextual knowledge remains an essential precondition of theoretical innovation.’

Stathis N. Kalyvas - Yale University

‘Autesserre’s book stands as a major contribution to our understanding of the roots of conflict in eastern Congo and the failure of the UN Mission in the Congo (MONUC) to effectively restore peace. She develops a highly original and theoretically innovative framework for reconceptualizing both the nature of conflict in eastern Congo and how to deal with it. This book will be read with considerable interest, and no little trepidation, by UN officials and international peacemakers in general, as well as by students of international relations and African politics.’

Rene Lemarchand - Emeritus Professor, University of Florida

‘This is a disturbing book about a failure that is not acknowledged as a failure, about intervention strategies that do not address key sources of deadly violence, and about the trained incapacity of diplomats who look solely to national agreements and processes to end long-standing wars. This is a book that aims to challenge and change peacebuilding orthodoxy.’

Stephen John Stedman - Stanford University

'A brilliant new book by Barnard Professor Séverine Autesserre.'

Source: Foreign Policy

'… a powerful, perceptive book whose subtitle signifies its central argument: wars have local roots; therefore, the peace process must be localized, and would-be peace builders need to engage conflicted societies at every level … the culmination of years of fieldwork and research, more than 330 extended interviews, and several articles … offers new ways of understanding and resolving civil wars and of understanding why peacebuilding efforts have often foundered. [Autesserre's] case study of the failed international intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo … underscores the incongruence between the complex grassroots bases of the conflict and the predominantly state-centric, top-down approaches of the UN and other external actors. This reconceptualization of civil wars and international peace-building modalities leads logically to … policy recommendations to guide future peacemaking enterprises … should be on the must-read list for scholars, advanced students, and international policy professionals … highly recommended …'

Source: Choice

'Autesserre’s recommendations, which open up new avenues of thinking about bottom-up peacebuilding strategies, contribute to the establishment of preconditions for a radical change not only in culture but also in action.'

Geoffroy Matagne Source: African Security Review

'The main virtue of the book is that it uncovers a major blind spot in the work of international peacebuilding bureaucracies: conflict resolution at the local level.'

Thorsten Benner Source: Survival: Global Politics and Strategy

'The Trouble with [the] Congo is an exemplar piece of research and an excellent example of the deeper insights that can be gained from qualitative studies of the micro-dynamics of civil war spearheaded by Stathis Kalyvas and his colleagues at Yale University. Autesserre’s book offers the most succinct yet complete account available in English of the Congolese conflict and the international intervention and it provides a fresh perspective on the micro-foundations not only of the sources of conflict but also of the sources of imperfect intervention strategies.'

Christof P. Kurz Source: Journal of Politics

'Drawing from a great variety of qualitative sources, and most notably, years of ethnographic work and more than 330 interviews, Autesserre links the collective international neglect of local conflict dynamics to the presence of a dominant international peacebuilding culture, which she defines broadly as the shared set of 'ideologies, rules, rituals, assumptions, definitions, paradigms, and standard operating procedures' that shape international actors’ 'parameters of acceptable action' in the field … [her] rigorous empirical analysis has successfully positioned the previously widely neglected issue of local conflict at the forefront of contemporary debate on international intervention - the litmus test of a scholarly work of exceptional quality and international relevance.'

Lisa Karlborg Source: African Studies Review

'Readers eager to understand the origins and persistence of the deadliest conflict since World War II have a valuable new resource grounded in a powerful critique.'

A. Carl LeVan Source: Political Science Quarterly

'Séverine Autesserre has written a brilliant book on peace-building in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It has already won a major academic prize, and easily deserves the further accolades it is sure to garner. The book will be of enormous interest to students of the multiple conflict in the DRC and to practitioners of peacemaking throughout the world. It also serves as a model for excellence in qualitative research design. The study has the potential to change substantially the culture and practice of peacemaking for the better if policymakers are willing to hear the heartfelt and constructive criticism embodied in this analysis.'

John F. Clark Source: Perspectives on Politics

'In this impressive volume, Séverine Autesserre [offers] a compelling and engaging account … Her analysis is clear and its implications are highly relevant for making sense of other peacebuilding failures in troubled states. Along the way, she provides a great deal of rich detail about specific forces needed to understand the long term violence in the Congo's eastern provinces.'

Marc Howard Ross Source: Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflicts

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Bibliography
Abdullah, Ibrahim. 1997. “Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front.” Africa Development 22 (3/4): 45–76.
Adam, Hussein. 2004. “Somalia: International Versus Local Attempts at Peacebuilding,” in Durable Peace: Challenges for Peacebuilding in Africa, eds. Taisier, M. Ali and Matthews, Robert O. (pp. 253–281). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Adam, Hussein. 2005. “Peace Making and Peace Building in Somalia: A Tale of Two Political Cultures.” Paper presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association Conference, November, Washington, D.C.
Adam, Hussein M. 2008. From Tyranny to Anarchy: The Somali Experience. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Adler, Emanuel. 1997. “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics.” European Journal of International Relations 3 (3): 319–363.
Alao, Abiodun, Olonisakin, Funmi, and Mackinlay, John. 1999. Peacekeepers, Politicians and Warlords: The Liberian Peace Process. New York: United Nations University Press.
,Amnesty International. 2003. On the Precipice: The Deepening Human Rights and Humanitarian Crisis in Ituri. New York: Amnesty International.
,Amnesty International. 2005. Democratic Republic of Congo: Arming the East. New York: Amnesty International.
Anderson, Mary B. 1999. Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace – or War. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Anderson, Mary, and Olson, Lara. 2003. Confronting War: Critical Lessons for Peace Practitioners. Cambridge, MA: The Collaborative for Development Action.
Autesserre, Séverine. 2006. “Local Violence, National Peace? Post-War ‘Settlement’ in the Eastern D.R. Congo (2003–2006).” African Studies Review 49 (3): 1–29.
Autesserre, Séverine. 2007. “Explaining Peace Building Failures: A Study of the Eastern D.R. Congo (2003–2006).” Review of African Political Economy 34 (113): 423–442.
Autesserre, Séverine. 2008. “The Trouble with Congo – How Local Disputes Fuel Regional Violence.” Foreign Affairs 87 (3): 94–110.
Autesserre, Séverine. 2009. “Hobbes and the Congo. Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention.” International Organization 63: 249–280.
Avruch, Kevin. 2004. “Culture as Context, Culture as Communication: Considerations for Humanitarian Negotiators.” Harvard Negotiation Law Review 9: 391–408.
Baaz, Maria Eriksson, and Stern, Maria. 2008. “Making Sense of Violence: Voices of Soldiers in the Congo (DRC).” Journal of Modern African Studies 46 (1): 57–86.
Badie, Bertrand. 1995. La Fin des Territoires: Essai sur le Désordre International et sur l'Utilité Sociale du Respect. Paris: Fayard.
Banégas, Richard, and Jewsiewicki, Bogumil (eds.). 2000. “RDC, La Guerre Vue D'en Bas. Special Issue.” Politique Africaine84.
Bangura, Yusuf. 1997. “Understanding the Political and Cultural Dynamics of the Sierra Leone War: A Critique of Paul Richards's Fighting for the Rain Forest.” Africa Development 22 (3/4): 117–148.
Barnett, Michael N. 2002. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Barnett, Michael N., and Finnemore, Martha. 2004. Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Barron, Patrick, Smith, Claire Q., and Woolcock, Michael. 2004. Understanding Local Level Conflict in Developing Countries: Theory, Evidence and Implications from Indonesia. Social development papers. Conflict prevention and reconstruction series. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Barston, R. P. 1988. Modern Diplomacy. New York: Longman.
Bax, Mart 2000. “Warlords, Priests and the Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: A Case-Study from Rural Bosnia Herzegovina.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 (1): 16–36.
Bayart, Jean-François. 1989. L'Etat en Afrique: la Politique du Ventre. Paris: Fayard.
Bayart, Jean-François. 1996. L'illusion Identitaire. Paris: Fayard.
Behrend, Heike. 1999. Alice Lakwena & the Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda, 1985–97. Oxford: James Currey.
Benson, Rodney. 2006. “News Media as a ‘Journalistic Field’: What Bourdieu Adds to New Institutionalism, and Vice Versa.” Political Communication (23): 187–202.
Berger, Carol. 2009. “The Unintended Consequences of UN Peacekeeping in Post-War Southern Sudan: Why Everyone Wants a Uniform.” Paper presented at the Symposium on Imperfect Duties? Humanitarian Intervention in Africa and the Responsibility to Protect in the Post-Iraq Era, March, De Pauw University, Indiana.
Berger, Peter L., and Luckmann, Thomas. 1967. The Social Construction of Reality; a Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Berkeley, Bill. 2001. The Graves Are Not Yet Full: Race, Tribe and Power in the Heart of Africa. New York: Basic Books.
Bigo, Didier. 1996. “Guerres, Conflits, Transnational et Territoire,” in L'international Sans Territoire, eds. Badie, Bertrand, Smouts, Marie-Claude, and Andreff, Wladimir (pp. 397–418). Paris: L'Harmattan.
Bigo, Didier. 2006. “Globalized (in)Security: The Field and the Ban-Opticon,” in Illiberal Practices of Liberal Regimes – the (in)Security Games, eds. Bigo, Didier and Tsoukala, Anastasia (pp. 5–49). Paris: L'Harmattan.
Boas, Morten. 2008. “‘Just Another Day’ – the North Kivu Security Predicament after the 2006 Congolese Elections.” African Security 1 (1): 53–68.
Boas, Morten. 2009. “Funérailles Pour un Ami: des Luttes de Citoyenneté dans la Guerre Civile Libérienne.” Politique Africaine (112): 36–51.
Boshoff, Henri. 2005. Update on the Status of Army Integration in the DRC. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1979. La Distinction: Critique Sociale du Jugement. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. 1992. An Agenda for Peace. Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping. New York: United Nations.
Braeckman, Colette. 1999. L'enjeu Congolais: L'Afrique Centrale Après Mobutu. Paris: Fayard.
Braeckman, Colette. 2003. Les Nouveaux Prédateurs: Politique Des Puissances En Afrique Centrale. Paris: Fayard.
Branch, Daniel. 2009. The Normalisation of Violence. Oxford Transitional Justice Research Working Paper Series, Oxford University.
Brewer, Cecily. 2008. “Good Intentions: The UN's Integrated DDR Dilemmas in Southern Sudan.” Unpublished Manuscript, Johns Hopkins University, on file with author.
Brittain, Victoria, and Conchiglia, Augusta. 2004. EU Security: The Great Lake. Study Group on Europe's Security Capabilities. London: London School of Economics – Center for the Study of Global Governance.
Bush, Robert A. Baruch. 2003. “Realizing the Potential of International Conflict Work: Connections between Practice and Theory.” Negotiation Journal (January): 97–103.
Carayannis, Tatiana. Forthcoming. Pioneers of Peacekeeping: The Story of the UN Operation in the Congo 1960–1965. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Carayannis, Tatiana, and Weiss, Herbert F. 2003. “The Democratic Republic of Congo: 1996–2002,” in Dealing with Conflict in Africa: The Role of the United Nations and Regional Organizations, ed. Boulden, Jane (pp. 253–303). London: Palgrave.
Carothers, Thomas. 2002. “The End of the Transition Paradigm.” Journal of Democracy 13 (2): 5–21.
Carpenter, R. Charli. 2003. “Women and Children First: Gender, Norms, and Humanitarian Evacuation in the Balkans 1991–5.” International Organization (57): 661–694.
Carpenter, R. Charli. 2006. Innocent Women and Children: Gender, Norms and the Protection of Civilians. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Cassanelli, Lee V. 1997. “Somali Land Resource Issues in Historical Perspective.” In Learning from Somalia, ed. Clarke, Walter and Herbst, Jeffrey (pp. 42–63). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
,Cellule Provinciale d'Appui à la Pacification and Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement. 2008. Rapports de l'Exercice Participatif d'Analyse des Conflits et Capacités de Paix pour la Planification du Développement dans la Province du Nord-Kivu. Goma: Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement.
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre. 1995. Les Médias du Génocide. Paris: Karthala.
Coles, Kimberley. 2007. Democratic Designs. International Intervention and Electoral Practices in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Conrad, Joseph. 1971 [1902]. Heart of Darkness. New York: Norton.
Cowan, Paul. 2005. The Peacekeepers. Montreal: National Film Board of Canada.
Curtis, Devon. 2001. Politics and Humanitarian Aid: Debates, Dilemmas and Dissension. HPG Report. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Daase, Christopher. 1999. “Spontaneous Institutions: Peacekeeping as an International Convention,” in Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space, eds. Haftendorn, Helga, Keohane, Robert O., and Wallander, Celeste A. (pp. 223–258). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dahl, Robert Alan. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Goede, Meike, and Borgh, Chris. 2008. “A Role for Diplomats in Postwar Transitions? The Case of the International Committee in Support of the Transition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” African Security 1 (2): 115–133.
Wall, Alenander. 1997. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Wall, Alenander. 2005a. “Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap.” London Review of Books 26 (15).
Waal, Alexander. 2005b. “Who Are the Darfurians? Arab and African Identities, Violence and External Engagement.” African Affairs 104 (415): 181–205.
Waal, Alexander. 2007. “Prospects for Peace in Darfur,” in War in Darfur and the Search for Peace, ed. Alex Waal, (pp. 367–392). Cambridge and London: Global Equity Initiative, Harvard University, and Justice Africa.
Zeeuw, Jeroen 2005. “Projects Do Not Create Institutions. The Record of Democracy Assistance in Post-conflict Societies.” Democratization 12 (4): 481–504.
Debos, Marielle. 2008. “Fluid Loyalties in a Regional Crisis: Chadian ‘Ex-Liberators’ in the Central African Republic.” African Affairs 107 (427): 225–241.
Deng, Francis M. 1995. War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Denich, Bette. 1994. “Dismembering Yugoslavia: Nationalist Ideology and the Symbolic Revival of Genocide.” American Ethnologist 21 (2): 367–390.
Dennys, Christian, and Zaman, Idrees. 2009. Trends in Local Afghan Conflicts – Synthesis Paper. Kabul, Afghanistan: Cooperation for Peace and Unity.
Des Forges, Alison. 1999. Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Diamond, Larry. 1996. “Democracy in Latin America: Degrees, Illusions, and Directions for Consolidation,” in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. Tom Farer, (pp. 52–104). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
DiMaggio, Paul, and Powell, Walter. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48 (2): 147–160.
Doom, Ruddy, and Gorus, Jan F. J. 2000. Politics of Identity and Economics of Conflict in the Great Lakes Region. Brussels: VUB University Press.
Doom, Ruddy, and Vlassenroot, Koen. 1999. “Kony's Message: A New Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda.” African Affairs 98: 5–36.
Downs, George, and Stedman, Stephen John. 2002. “Evaluation Issues in Peace Implementation,” in Ending Civil Wars. The Implementation of Peace Agreements, eds. John Stedman, Stephen, Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (pp. 43–69). London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Doyle, Michael W., Johnstone, Ian, and Orr, Robert C., eds. 1997. Keeping the Peace: Multidimensional UN Operations in Cambodia and El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Doyle, Michael W., and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. “International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis.” American Political Science Review 94 (4): 779–801.
Doyle, Michael W., and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2006. Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Drew, Elizabeth. 1994. On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Duffey, Tamara. 2000. “Cultural Issues in Contemporary Peacekeeping.” International Peacekeeping 7 (1); 142–168.
Duffield, Mark R. 2001. Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. New York: Zed Books.
Dunn, Kevin C. 2003. Imagining the Congo: The International Relations of Identity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Eden, Lynn. 2004. Whole World on Fire: Organizations, Knowledge, and Nuclear Weapons Devastation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Ellis, Stephen. 2002. “Cautions on Macro-Political Peacebuilding.” Paper presented at the symposium Democratization after War: State-Of-the-Art Thinking about Governance and Peacebuilding, Tinas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
Ellis, Stephen. 2005. “How to Rebuild Africa.” Foreign Affairs 84 (5): 135–148.
Englebert, Pierre, and Tull, Denis. 2008. “Postconflict Resolution in Africa: Flawed Ideas About Failed States.” International Security 32 (4): 106–139.
Fahey, Dan. 2009. “Guns and Butter: Uganda's Involvement in Northeastern Congo 2003–2009.” Paper presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association Conference, November, New Orleans.
Fanthrope, Richard. 2001. “Neither Citizen nor Subject? ‘Lumpen’ Agency and the Legacy of Native Administration in Sierra Leone.” African Affairs 100: 363–386.
Farah, Ahmed Yusuf. 2002. African Conflicts, Their Management, Resolution and Post Conflict Reconstruction. CODESRIA, Addis Ababa, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan009239.pdf.
Farah, Ahmed Yusuf, with Lewis, I.M. 1993. Somalia: The Roots of Reconciliation. London/Hargeisa: Action Aid.
Farah, Ahmed Yusuf, with Lewis, I.M. 1997Making Peace in Somaliland.” Cahiers d'Études Africaines 37 (146): 349–377.
Fearon, James D., and Laitin, David D. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75–90.
Fearon, James, and Wendt, Alexander. 2002. “Rationalism Versus Constructivism: A Skeptical View,” in Handbook of International Relations, eds. Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth (pp. 52–72). London: Sage Publications.
,Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme. 2009. République Démocratique du Congo: la Dérive Autoritaire du Régime. Paris:Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme.
Ferguson, James. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development,” Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fetherston, Betts and Nordstrom, Carolyn. 1995. “Overcoming Habitus in Conflict Management: UN peacekeeping and Warzone Ethnography.” Peace and Change 20 (1): 94–119.
Finnemore, Martha. 1996a. “Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Interventions,” in The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, ed. Katzenstein, Peter J. (pp. 107–126). New York: Columbia University Press.
Finnemore, Martha. 1996b. “Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology's Institutionalism.” International Organization 50 (2): 325–347.
Fitzduff, Niall, and Williams, Sue. 2007. How Did Northern Ireland Move toward Peace? Collaborative Learning Project. Cambridge, MA: Reflecting on Peace Practice Project.
Fortna, Virginia Page. 2004a. “Where Have All the Victories Gone? War Outcomes in Historical Perspective.” Paper presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association Conference, September, Chicago.
Fortna, Virginia Page. 2004b. Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Fortna, Virginia Page. 2008. Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Fujii, Lee Ann. 2008. “The Power of Local Ties: Popular Participation in the Rwandan Genocide.” Security Studies (17): 568–597.
Gambino, Anthony W. 2008. Congo. Securing Peace, Sustaining Progress. Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations Press.
Gilbert, Andrew. 2008. Foreign Authority and the Politics of Impartiality in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. PhD diss., University of Chicago.
Gilligan, Michael, and Stedman, Stephen John. 2003. “Where Do the Peacekeepers Go?International Studies Review 5 (4): 37–54.
,Global Witness. 2005. Under-Mining Peace. Tin: The Explosive Trade in Cassiterite in Eastern DRC. Washington, DC: Global Witness.
Grove, Brandon. 2005. Behind Embassy Walls: The Life and Times of an American Diplomat. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
Guilhot, Nicolas. 2005. The Democracy Makers: Human Rights and International Order. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hadjipavlou, Maria, and Kanol, Bülent 2008. Cumulative Impact Case Study. The Impacts of Peacebuilding Work on the Cyprus Conflict. Collaborative Learning Project. Cambridge, MA: Reflecting on Peace Practice Project.
Hamilton, Keith, and Langhorne, Richard. 1995. The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration. New York: Routledge.
Hansen, Lene. 2006. Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War. New York: Routledge.
Held, David. 2006. Models of Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Hergé, . 1930–1931. Tintin au Congo. Paris: Casterman.
Hochschild, Adam. 1998. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Hocking, Brian. 2004. “Privatizing Diplomacy? (ISP Policy Forum: The Privatization of Diplomacy and Security).” International Studies Perspectives 5 (2): 147–152.
Hoebeke, Hans, Carette, Stéphanie, and Vlassenroot, Koen. 2007. EU Support to the Democratic Republic of Congo. Paris: Centre d'Etudes Stratégiques. Bureau du Premier Ministre de la République Française.
Hoffman, Bruce. 2008. “The Myth of Grass-Roots Terrorism. Why Osama Bin Laden Still Matters.” Foreign Affairs 87 (3): 133–138.
Holbrooke, Richard C. 1998. To End a War. New York: Random House.
Holohan, Anne. 2005. Networks of Democracy: Lessons from Kosovo for Afghanistan, Iraq, and Beyond. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Holt, Victoria K., and Berkman, Tobias C. 2006. The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations. Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center.
Howard, Lise Morjé. 2008. UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
,Human Rights Watch. 1999. Democratic Republic of Congo: Casualties of War: Civilians, Rule of Law, and Democratic Freedoms. New York: Human Rights Watch.
,Human Rights Watch. 2000. Eastern Congo Ravaged: Killing Civilians and Silencing Protest. Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch.
,Human Rights Watch. 2002. The War within the War – Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo. Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch.
,Human Rights Watch. 2004. End Arm Flows as Ethnic Tensions Rise. Brussels: Human Rights Watch.
,Human Rights Watch. 2005. République Démocratique Du Congo – Attaque Contre Des Civils au Nord Kivu. Brussels: Human Rights Watch.
,Human Rights Watch. 2007. Human Rights Watch World Report 2007: Events of 2006. New York: Seven Stories Press.
,Human Rights Watch. 2008a. Ballots to Bullets: Organized Political Violence and Kenya's Crisis of Governance. New York: Human Rights Watch.
,Human Rights Watch. 2008b. We Will Crush You: The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Huntington, Samuel P. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 22–49.
Hutchinson, Sharon. 2001. “A Curse from God? Religious and Political Dimensions of the Post-1991 Rise of Ethnic Violence in South Sudan.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 39 (2): 307–331.
,International Crisis Group. 1999. The Agreement on a Cease-Fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Analysis of the Agreement and Prospects for Peace. Democratic Republic of Congo Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2000a. Indonesia's Maluku Crisis: The Issues. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2000b. Scramble for the Congo. Anatomy of an Ugly War. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2001. The Inter-Congolese Dialogue. Political Negotiation or Game of Bluff? Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2002. Storm Clouds over Sun City. The Urgent Need to Recast the Congolese Peace Process. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2003a. Congo Crisis: Military Intervention in Ituri. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2003b. The Kivus: The Forgotten Crucible of the Congo Conflict. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2004a. Back to the Brink in the Congo. Africa Briefing. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2004b. Liberia and Sierra Leone: Rebuilding Failed States. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2004c. Maintaining Momentum in the Congo: The Ituri Problem. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2005a. The Congo's Transition Is Failing: Crisis in the Kivus. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2005b. Congo: Deal with the FDLR Threat Now. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2006a. Congo's Elections: Making or Breaking the Peace. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2006b. Escaping the Conflict Trap: Promoting Good Governance in the Congo. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2006c. Katanga: The Congo's Forgotten Crisis. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2007a. Bringing Peace to North Kivu. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2007b. Darfur's New Security Reality. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2007c. Congo: Consolidating the Peace. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2008. Congo: Four Priorities for Sustainable Peace in Ituri. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group. 2009. Congo: Five Priorities for a Peacebuilding Strategy. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Rescue Committee. 2003. Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from a Nationwide Survey. New York: International Rescue Committee and Burnet Institute.
,International Rescue Committee. 2004. Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from a Nationwide Survey. Conducted April–July 2004. New York: International Rescue Committee and Burnet Institute.
,International Rescue Committee. 2005. Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from a Nationwide Survey. New York: International Rescue Committee and Burnet Institute.
,International Rescue Committee. 2007. Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Ongoing Crisis. New York: International Rescue Committee and Burnet Institute.
Ismail, Omer, and Fick, Maggie. 2009. Darfur Rebels 101. Washington, DC: Enough Project.
Jackson, Stephen. 2000. “‘Nos Richesses Sont Pillées!’ Economies de Guerre et Rumeurs de Crime au Kivu.” Politique Africaine 84: 117–135.
Jackson, Stephen. 2006. “Sons of Which Soil? The Language and Politics of Autochthony in Eastern D.R. Congo.” African Studies Review 49 (2): 95–123.
Johnston, Patrick. 2005. “Dynamics of Post-War and Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone.” Paper presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association Conference, Washington, D.C.
Jones, Bruce D. 2001. Peacemaking in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Jönsson, Christer, and Hall, Martin. 2005. Essence of Diplomacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kalere, Jean Migabo. 2002. Génocide au Congo? Analyse des Massacres de Populations Civiles. Brussels: Broederlijk Delen.
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2001. “ ‘New’ and ‘Old’ Civil Wars, a Valid Distinction?World Politics, 54 (1): 99–118.
Finnemore, Martha. 2003. “The Ontology of ‘Political Violence’: Action and Identity in Civil Wars.” Perspectives on Politics 1 (3): 475–494.
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kaplan, Robert. 1994a. “The Coming Anarchy.” The Atlantic Monthly, February.
Finnemore, Martha. 1994b. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey through History. New York: Vintage Books.
Kaplan, Robert D. 1996. The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century. New York: Random House.
Kasongo, Missak, and Sebahara, Pamphile. 2006. Le Désarmement, la Démobilisation et la Réinsertion des Combattants en RD Congo. Note d'Analyse. Brussels: GRIP.
Katz-Lavigne, Sarah. 2008. “Partial Peacebuilding and the Failure of Civilian Protection in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2003–2006.” MA thesis, London School of Economics, on file with author.
Kayser, Christiane. 2008. La Conférence De La Dernière Chance? Et Après? Echos de Goma et d'Ailleurs. Goma: Pole Institute.
Kim, Cheryl M. Lee, and Metrikas, Mark. 1997. “Holding a Fragile Peace: The Military and Civilian Components of UNTAC,” in Keeping the Peace, eds. Doyle, Michael W., Johnstone, Ian, and Orr, Robert C. (pp. 107–133). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kipp, Jacob, Grau, Lester, Prinslow, Karl, and Smith, Don. 2006. “The Human Terrain System: A Cords for the 21st Century.” Military Review (Sept-Oct).
Klopp, Jacqueline. 2002. “Can Moral Ethnicity Trump Political Tribalism? The Struggle for Land and Nation in Kenya.” African Studies Review 61 (2): 269–294.
Klopp, Jacqueline. 2009. “Kenya's Unfinished Agendas.” Journal of International Affairs 62 (2): 143–158.
Klopp, Jacqueline, Githinji, Patrick, and Karuoya, Keffa. 2009. “Internal Displacement and Local Peace-Building in Kenya: Challenges and Innovations.” Unpublished Manuscript, Columbia University/Internal Displacement Policy and Advocacy Center, on file with author.
Klopp, Jacqueline, and Kamungi, Prisca. 2007/2008. “Violence and Elections: Will Kenya Collapse?World Policy Review 24 (4): 11–18.
Klopp, Jacqueline, and Zuern, Elke. 2007. “The Politics of Violence in Democratization.” Comparative Politics 39 (2): 127–146.
Klotz, Audie, and Lynch, Cecelia. 2007. Strategies for Research in Constructivist International Relations. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Knox, Colin, and Quirk, Pádraic. 2000. Peace Building in Northern Ireland, Israel and South Africa. Transition, Transformation and Reconciliation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Krämer, Mario. 2006. “The Relations between Center and Periphery. Dynamics of Violence in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.” Paper presented at the Order, Conflict, and Violence Speaker Series, Yale University.
Krämer, Mario. 2007. Violence as Routine. Transformations of Local-Level Politics and the Disjunction between Centre and Periphery in Kwazulu-Natal (South Africa). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag (Siegener Beiträge zur Soziologie, vol. 8).
Kuper, Adam. 1999. Culture: The Anthropologists' Account. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lapid, Yosef, and Kratochwil, Friedrich V. 1996. The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Lederach, John Paul. 1995. Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation across Cultures. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
Lederach, John Paul. 1997. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.
Lemarchand, René. 1995. “Rwanda: The Rationality of Genocide.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion XXIII: 12–17.
Lemarchand, René. 2008. The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lemarchand, René. 2009. “Reflections on the Crisis in Eastern Congo,” in L'Afrique Des Grands Lacs – Annuaire 2008 – 2009, eds. Reyntjens, Filip and Marysse, Stefaan (pp. 105–123). Paris: L'Harmattan.
Lesch, Ann Mosely. 1998. The Sudan: Contested National Identities. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Lewer, Nick. 1999. International Non-Government Organisations and Peacebuilding – Perspectives from Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution. West Yorkshire, UK: University of Bradford. Department of Peace Studies. Centre for Conflict Resolution.
Lewis, I. M. 1993. Understanding Somalia: Guide to Culture, History and Social Institutions. London: Haan.
Licklider, Roy. 1995. “Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–1993.” American Political Science Review 89 (3): 681–687.
Lie, Jon Harald Sande, and Carvalho, Benjamin 2008. A Culture of Protection? Perceptions of the Protection of Civilians from Sudan. Oslo: Norwegian Institute for International Affairs (NUPI).
,Life and Peace Institute. 2004. Atelier de Planification des Partenaires de l'Institut Vie et Paix. Bukavu: Life and Peace Institute.
,Life and Peace Institute. 2006. Analyse des Dynamiques Locales de Cohabitation avec Groupes Armés FDLR à Bunyakiri, Hombo Nord, Hombo Sud et Chambucha. Bukavu: Life and Peace Institute.
Lyons, Terrence. 2002. “The Role of Postsettlement Elections,” in Ending Civil Wars. The Implementation of Peace Agreements, eds. Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (pp.215–237). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Lyons, Terrence. 2004. “Post-Conflict Elections and the Process of Demilitarizing Politics: The Role of Electoral Administration.” Democratization 11 (3): 36–62.
Lyons, Terrence. 2005. Demilitarizing Politics: Elections on the Uncertain Road to Peace. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Macrae, Joanna, and Leader, Nicholas. 2000. Shifting Sands: The Search for ‘Coherence’ between Political and Humanitarian Responses to Complex Emergencies. HPG Report. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Maindo Monga Ngonga, Alphonse 2000. “Survivre à la Guerre des Autres. Un Défi Populaire en RDC. RDC, la Guerre Vue d'en Bas.” Politique Africaine 84: 33–58.
Maindo Monga Ngonga, Alphonse 2007. Des Conflits Locaux à la Guerre Régionale en Afrique Centrale: Le Congo-Kinshasa Oriental 1996–2007. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Mamdani, Mahmood. 2001. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Mamdani, Mahmood. 2007. “The Politics of Naming: Genocide, Civil War, Insurgency.” London Review of Books 29 (5): 5–8.
Mamdani, Mahmood. 2009. Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics, and the War on Terror. New York: Pantheon Books.
Mampilly, Zachariah Cherian. 2007. Stationary Bandits: Understanding Rebel Governance. PhD diss., University of California–Los Angeles.
Mansfield, Edward D., and Snyder, Jack L. 2005. Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
March, James, and Olsen, Johan. 1984. “The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life.” American Political Science Review 78 (3): 734–749.
Marchal, Roland, and Messiant, Christine. 2002. “De l'Avidité des Rebelles. L'analyse Economique De La Guerre Civile Selon Paul Collier.” Critique Internationale 16: 58–69.
Marks, Susan Collin. 2000. Watching the Wind: Conflict Resolution During South Africa's Transition to Democracy. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.
Marx, Benjamin. 2008. “Elections, State Collapse, and Local Conflict in the Rift Valley. Kenya 2008.” Unpublished Manuscript, Columbia University, on file with author.
Mathieu, Paul, and Willame, Jean-Claude. 1999. Conflits et Guerres au Kivu et dans la Région des Grands Lacs: Entre Tensions Locales et Escalade Régionale. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Frontières, Médecins Sans. 2005. Rien de Nouveau en Ituri: La Violence Continue. Geneva: Médecins Sans Frontières.
Menkhaus, Ken. 1997. “International Peacebuilding and the Dynamics of Local and National Reconciliation in Somalia,” in Learning from Somalia, eds. Clarke, Walter and Herbst, Jeffrey (pp. 42–63). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Mitchell, Timothy 2002. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy; Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.
Mortimer, Edward. 1998. “Under What Circumstances Should the UN Intervene Militarily in a ‘Domestic’ Crisis?,” in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping for the New Century, eds. Otunnu, Olara A., Doyle, Michael W., and International Peace Academy (pp. 111–142). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Muana, Patrick. 1997. “The Kamajoi Militia: Violence, Internal Displacement and the Politics of Counter-Insurgency.” Africa Development 22 (3/4): 77–100.
Mugangu Matabaro, Séverin. 2008. “La Crise Foncière à l'Est de la RDC.” In L'Afrique des Grands Lacs – Annuaire 2007–2008, eds. Marysse, Stefaan, Reyntjens, Filip, and Vandegiste, Stef (pp. 385–414). Paris: L'Harmattan.
Nest, Michael, Grignon, François, and Kisangani, Emizet F. 2006. The Democratic Republic of Congo. Economic Dimensions of War and Peace. Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner.
Neumann, Iver B. 2002. “Returning Practice to the Linguistic Turn: The Case of Diplomacy.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 31 (3): 626–651.
Neumann, Iver B. 2008a. “Discourse Analysis: From Meta to Method,” in Qualitative Methods in International Relations, eds. Klotz, Audie and Prakash, Deepa (pp. 61–77). New York: Palgrave.
Neumann, Iver B. 2008b. “Globalisation and Diplomacy.” Unpublished Manuscript, Norwegian Institute for International Affairs, on file with author.
Ngbanda Nzambo, Honoré. 2004. Crimes Organisés en Afrique Centrale. Révélations sur les Réseaux Rwandais et Occidentaux. Paris: Duboiris.
Nicolson, Harold. 1988. Diplomacy. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University.
Ottaway, Marina. 2002. “Rebuilding State Institutions in Collapsed States.” Development and Change 33 (5): 1001–1023.
Ottaway, Marina. 2003. “Promoting Democracy after Conflict: The Difficult Choices.” International Studies Perspectives 4: 314–322.
Paris, Roland. 2003. “Peacekeeping and the Constraints of Global Culture.” European Journal of International Relations 9 (3): 441–473.
Paris, Roland. 2004. At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Patrick, Stewart, and Rice, Susan. 2008. Index of State Weakness in the Developing World. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
Perrot, Sandrine. 2008. “Les Sources de l'Incompréhension. Production et Circulation des Savoirs sur la Lord's Resistance Army.” In Politique Africaine 112: 140–160.
Perrot, Sandrine. Forthcoming. “Northern Uganda: A Forgotten Conflict, Again? The Role of External Actors in the Northern Uganda Conflict Resolution,” in The Lord's Resistance Army, War, Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda, eds. Tim Allen, and Koen Vlassenroot, . London: Zed Books.
,Pole Institute. 2004. Une Plaie Encore Ouverte: La Problématique des Violences Sexuelles au Nord Kivu. Regards Croisés. Goma: Pole Institute.
Pourtier, Roland. 2004. L'Economie Minière au Kivu et ses Implications Régionales (Version Provisoire) – Rapport Suite à Une Mission au Nord Kivu, au Sud Kivu, et au Rwanda. Paris: OCDE – Initiative for Central Africa / Initiative pour l'Afrique Centrale.
Power, Samantha. 2002. “A Problem from Hell:” America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Basic Books.
Prendergast, John. 1996. Frontline Diplomacy: Humanitarian Aid and Conflict in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Prendergast, John, and Plumb, Emily. 2002. “Building Local Capacity: From Implementation to Peace Building,” in Ending Civil Wars. The Implementation of Peace Agreements, eds. Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (pp. 237–349). London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Prunier, Gérard. 1995. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press.
Prunier, Gérard. 2008. Africa's World War. Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Przeworski, Adam. 1999. “Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense,” in Democracy's Value, eds. Shapiro, Ian and Hacker-Cordon, Casiano (pp. 12–17). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Putnam, Robert D., Leonardi, Robert, and Nanetti, Raffaella Y. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rajasingham-Senanayake, Darani. 2003. “Sri Lanka and the Violence of Reconstruction.” Development 48 (3): 111–120.
,Rassemblement Pour Le Progrès. Undated, probably 2001. Pour Que L'On N'Oublie Jamais. Brussels: Rassemblement pour le Progrès.
,Refugee International. 2008. DR Congo: Give Peacekeepers Political Support and an Achievable Mission. May. http://www. humansecuritygateway.com/documents/RI_DRC_GivePeacekeepers PoliticalSupport.pdf (accessed December 2009).
Regan, Patrick M. 2002. “Third-Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 55–73.
Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Reyntjens, Filip. 1999a. “Briefing: The Second Congo War: More Than a Remake.” African Affairs 98 (391): 241–250.
Reyntjens, Filip. 1999b. La Guerre des Grands Lacs: Alliances Mouvantes et Conflits Extraterritoriaux en Afrique Centrale. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Reyntjens, Filip. 2007. “Democratic Republic of Congo: Political Transition and Beyond.” African Affairs 106 (423): 307–317.
Reyntjens, Filip. 2009. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, Paul. 1996. Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth & Resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: International African Institute and James Currey.
Richards, Paul. 2005. No Peace, No War: An Anthropology of Contemporary Armed Conflicts. Oxford: James Currey.
Richmond, Oliver P. 2002. Maintaining Order, Making Peace. New York: Palgrave.
Richmond, Oliver P. 2005. The Transformation of Peace. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Richmond, Oliver P. 2008. Peace in International Relations. New York: Routledge.
Rieff, David. 2002. A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Romkema, Hans. 2004. Update on the DRC Transition: The Case of the Kivu Provinces. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies.
Rothchild, Donald. 1997. Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Rubinstein, Robert A. 2008. Peacekeeping under Fire: Culture and Intervention. Boulder CO: Paradigm Publishers.
Sageman, Marc. 2008. Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sageman, Marc, and Hoffman, Bruce. 2008. “Does Osama Still Call the Shots? Debating the Containment of Al Qaeda's Leadership.” Foreign Affairs 87 (4): 163–166.
Samset, Ingrid, and Madore, Yvon. 2006. Evaluation of the UNDP/UNOPS Peacebuilding and Community Development Project in Ituri, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Bergen, Norway: Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Samset, Ingrid, and Suhrke, Astri. 2007. “What's in a Figure? Estimating Recurrence of Civil War.” International Peacekeeping 14 (2): 195–203.
Satow, Ernest Mason. 1979. Satow's Guide to Diplomatic Practice. New York: Longman.
Schraeder, Peter. 2003. “Sapphire Anniversary Reflections on the Study of United States Foreign Policy Towards Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (1): 139–152.
Sebudandi, Christophe, and Icoyitungye, Juliette Kavabuha. 2008. Impact Cumulatif des Efforts de Paix au Burundi: Avancées et Fragilités. Collaborative Learning Project. Cambridge, MA: Reflecting on Peace Practice Project.
Sells, Michael. 1996. The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Shaw, Ibrahim Seaga. 2007. “Historical Frames and the Politics of Humanitarian Intervention: From Ethiopia, Somalia to Rwanda.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 5 (3): 351–371.
Silber, Laura, and Little, Allan. 1996. The Death of Yugoslavia. London: Penguin Books.
Simpson, Smith. 1972. Instruction in Diplomacy: The Liberal Arts Approach. Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science.
Sisk, Timothy, and Reynolds, Andrew (eds.). 1998. Elections and Conflict Management in Africa. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.
Snyder, Jack L. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: Norton.
Staibano, Carina. 2005. “Enhancing the UN Capacity. Part Two: The Democratic Republic of Congo: Enhancing UN Peacekeeping Capacity – Some Operational Aspects.” Unpublished Manuscript, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
Stedman, Stephen John. 1997. “Spoilers Problems in Peace Processes.” International Security 22 (2): 5–53.
Stedman, Stephen John. 2002. “Introduction,” in Ending Civil Wars. The Implementation of Peace Agreements, eds. Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (pp. 1–40). London: Lynne Rienner.
Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald S., and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (eds.) 2002. Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Straus, Scott. 2006. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Sundh, Lena. 2004. “Making Peace Keeping Missions More ‘Prevention Aware.’” Paper presented at the Stockholm International Forum 2004: Preventing genocide, Stockholm, Sweden.
Swidler, Ann. 1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” American Sociological Review 51 (2): 273–286.
Vie, Synergie. 2004. Mémoire sur les Entraves au Rapatriement des Groupes Armés Hutu Étrangers dans le Kivu. Bukavu, D.R. Congo: Synergie Vie.
Terlinden, Ulf, and Debiel, Tobias. 2004. “Deceptive Hope for Peace? The Horn of Africa between Crisis Diplomacy and Obstacles to Development.” Peace, Conflict and Development (4): 1–20.
Thayer, Charles Wheeler. 1974. Diplomat. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Touval, Saadia, and Zartman, I. William. 1985. International Mediation in Theory and Practice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Trefon, Theodore. 2004. Ordre et Désordre à Kinshasa: Réponses Populaires à la Faillite de l'Etat. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Tull, Denis M. 2005. The Reconfiguration of Political Order in Africa. A Case Study of North Kivu (DR Congo). PhD diss. Hamburg: Institut fur Africa-Kunde.
Tull, Denis, and Mehler, Andreas. 2005. “The Hidden Costs of Power-Sharing: Reproducing Insurgent Violence in Africa.” African Affairs 104 (416): 375–398.
Turner, Thomas. 2007. The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Turner, Thomas and Young, Crawford. 1985. The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsiu Press.
,UN Best Practice Unit. 2003. Handbook on United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations. New York: United Nations.
,UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC). 2004. Kivu Strategy and Kivu Offices Action Plans. Kinshasa (D.R. Congo): United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
,UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC). 2005a. Inter-Agency Internal Displacement Division (IDD) – Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (12–20 May 2005) – Final Report.
,UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC). 2005b. MONUC and the Bukavu Crisis. Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Best Practices Unit.
,UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2009. Population Movements in Eastern DR Congo, April–June 2009. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/LSGZ-7UKHCF-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf, accessed in October 2009.
,UN Panel of Inquiry. 2001a. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2001/357. New York: United Nations.
,UN Panel of Inquiry. 2001b. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2001/1072. New York: United Nations.
,UN Panel of Inquiry. 2002a. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2002/565. New York: United Nations.
,UN Panel of Inquiry. 2002b. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2002/1146. New York: United Nations.
,UN Panel of Inquiry. 2003. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2003/1027. New York: United Nations.
,UN Secretary-General. 1998. The Causes of Conflict and the Promotion of Durable Peace and Sustainable Development in Africa. Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2002. Twelfth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2003a. Fourteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2003b. Resolution 1493 (2003). New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2003c. Second Special Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2003d. Thirteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2003–2006a. Fourteenth to Twenty-Third Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2003–2006b. Resolutions 1711, 1671, 1653, 1649, 1635, 1621, 1616, 1596, 1592, 1565, 1555, 1552, 1533, 1522, 1501, 1499, 1493, 1489. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2004a. Fifteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2004b. Report of the Group of Experts Submitted through the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1533 (2004) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2004c. Sixteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2004d. Third Special Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005a. Eighteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005b. Nineteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005c. Report of the Group of Experts Submitted through the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1596 (2005) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005d. Report of the Security Council Mission to Central Africa, 4 to 11 November 2005. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005e. Resolution 1592 (2005). New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005f. Resolution 1621 (2005). New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005g. Resolution 1635 (2005). New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005h. Resolution 1649 (2005). New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005i. Seventeenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005j. Special Report of the Secretary-General on Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2005k. Twentieth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2006a. Report of the Group of Experts Submitted through the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1616 (2005) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2006b. Resolution 1671 (2006). New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2006c. Resolution 1711 (2006). New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2006d. Twenty-First Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2006e. Twenty-Second Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2006f. Twenty-Third Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2007a. Report of the Group of Experts Submitted through the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1698 (2006) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2007b. Resolution 1771 (2007). New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2007c. Twenty-Third Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2008. Report of the Group of Experts Submitted through the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Paragraph 18(d) of Security Council Resolution 1807 (2008) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2009. Resolution 1906 (2009). New York: United Nations.
,Union Paysanne Pour Le Développement Intégral and Life and Peace Institute. 2007. Violence et Insécurité à Nindja / Kaniola – Le Phénomène “Rasta.” Bukavu: Life and Peace Institute.
Uvin, Peter. 1998. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
Acker, Frank (ed.) 1999a. L'Afrique Des Grands Lacs. Annuaire 1998–1999. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Acker, Frank. 1999b. “La ‘Pembénisation’ Du Haut-Kivu: Opportunisme Et Droits Fonciers Revisités,” in L'Afrique Des Grands Lacs. Annuaire 1998–1999, ed. Marysse, Stefaan (pp. 1–35). Paris: L'Harmattan.
Acker, Frank, and Vlassenroot, Koen. 2000. “Youth and Conflict in Kivu: ‘Komona Clair’.” Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. Previously available at http://www.jha.ac, first accessed April 2002.
Hoyweghen, Saskia, and Vlassenroot, Koen. 2000. “Ethnic Ideology and Conflict in South Saharan Africa. The Culture Clash Revisited,” in Politics of Identity and Economics of Conflict in the Great Lakes Region, eds. Doom, Ruddy and Gorus, Jan F. J., Jan, F. J., (pp. 93–118). Brussels: VUB University Press.
Veit, Alexander. 2008. “Figuration of Uncertainty: Armed Groups and ‘Humanitarian’ Military Intervention in Ituri (Dr Congo).” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 2 (3): 291–307.
Veit, Alexander. 2009. “Intervention as Indirect Rule: The Politics of Civil War and State-Building in Ituri (Democratic Republic of Congo).” PhD diss., Humboldt University, Berlin.
Verhaegen, Benoît. 1967. Rebellions Au Congo. Brussels: Centre de Recherche et d'Information Socio-Politiques.
Vincent, John. 1974. Nonintervention and International Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Vinck, Patrick, Pham, Phuong, Baldo, Suliman, and Shigekane, Rachel. 2008. Living with Fear. A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes About Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Human Rights Center, University of California, Berkeley / Payson Center for International Development, Tulane University / International Center for Transitional Justice.
Vlassenroot, Koen. 2000. “The Promise of Ethnic Conflict: Militarization and Enclave Formation in South Kivu,” in Conflict and Ethnicity in Central Africa, ed. Goyvaerts, Didier (pp. 59–109). Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Culture of Asia and Africa.
Vlassenroot, Koen. 2002. “Citizenship, Identity Formation & Conflict in South Kivu: The Case of the Banyamulenge.” Review of African Political Economy 93/94: 499–516.
Vlassenroot, Koen, and Raeymaekers, Timothy. 2004a. Conflict and Social Transformation in Eastern D.R. Congo. Ghent, Belgium: Academia Press Scientific Publishers.
Vlassenroot, Koen, and Raeymaekers, Timothy. 2004b. “The Politics of Rebellion and Intervention in Ituri: The Emergence of a New Political Complex?African Affairs 103: 385–412.
Vlassenroot, Koen, and Romkema, Hans. 2002. “The Emergence of a New Order? Resources and War in Eastern Congo.” Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. Available at http://www.jha.ac/articles/a111.htm.
Walls, Michael. 2009. “The Emergence of a Somali State: Building Peace from Civil War in Somaliland.” African Affairs. Available at http://africacenter.org/2009/12/the-emergence-of-a-somali-state-building-peace-from-civil-war-in-somaliland/, accessed December 2009.
Walker, R. B. J. 1984. Culture, Ideology, and World Order. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Walter, Barbara F. 2002. Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Watson, Adam. 1991. Diplomacy: The Dialogue between States. London: Routledge.
Weaver, Catherine 2008. Hypocrisy Trap: The World Bank and the Poverty of Reform. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Weick, Karl E. 1995. Sensemaking in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Weinstein, Jeremy M. 2005. “Autonomous Recovery and International Intervention in Comparative Perspective.” Unpublished Manuscript, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC.
Willame, Jean-Claude. 1997. Banyarwanda et Banyamulenge: Violences Ethniques et Gestion de l'Identitaire au Kivu. Brussels: Institut Africain – CEDAF.
Willame, Jean-Claude. 2002. L'accord de Lusaka: Chronique d'une Négociation Internationale. Tervuren: Institut Africain – CEDAF.
Willame, Jean-Claude. 2007. Les Faiseurs de Paix au Congo. Gestion d'une Crise Internationale dans un État sous Tutelle. Brussels/Paris: Editions Complexes.
Wolters, Stephanie. 2004. Continuing Instability in the Kivus: Testing the DRC Transition to the Limits. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies.
Wolters, Stephanie, and Boshoff, Henri. 2006. The Impact of Slow Military Reform on the Transition Process. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies.
Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2000. Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Woodward, Susan. 1995. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Woodward, Susan. 1997. “Violence-Prone Area or International Transition? Adding the Role of Outsiders in Balkan Violence,” in Violence and Subjectivity, eds. Das, Veena, Kleinman, Arthur, et al., (pp. 19–45). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Woodward, Susan. 2006. Why State-Building? Toward a Conceptual Framework. Program on States and Security. New York: City University of New York.
Young, Crawford. 1967. “Significance of the 1964 Rebellion,” in Footnotes to the Congo Story, ed. Kitchen, Helen (pp. 526–543). New York: Walker and Company.
Young, Crawford. 1994. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Youngs, Richard. 2004. “Democratic Institution-Building and Conflict Resolution: Emerging EU Approaches.” International Peacekeeping 11 (3): 526–543.
Zartman, I. William. 1989. Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zartman, I. William, and Rasmussen, J. Lewis. 1997. Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.
Zartman, I. William, and Touval, Saadia. 1996. “International Mediation in the Post-Cold War Era,” in Managing Global Chaos, eds. Crocker, Chester, Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela (pp. 445–461). Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.