References
Acerbi, C. (2002) ‘Spectral measures of risk: a coherent representation of subjective risk aversion’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 26(7): 1505–18.
Akerlof, G. (1970) ‘The market for lemons: quality uncertainty and the market mechanism’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84: 488–500.
American Academy of Actuaries (2011) On risk classification. www.actuary.org, last accessed 23 April 2016.
American Council of Life Insurers (2014) Life insurers factbook. www.acli.org, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Anderson, C. (2008) ‘The end of theory: the data deluge makes the scientific method obsolete’, Wired, 23 June 2008. www.wired.com/2008/06/pb-theory, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Armstrong, K., Weber, B., FitzGerald, G. et al. (2003) ‘Life insurance and breast cancer risk assessment: adverse selection, genetic testing decisions and discrimination’, American Journal of Medical Genetics, 120A: 359–64.
Arrow, K.J. (1963) ‘Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care’, American Economic Review, 53: 141–9.
Association of British Insurers (2005) Statement of best practice for income protection cover. www.abi.org.uk, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Association of British Insurers (2011) Statement of best practice for critical illness cover. www.abi.org.uk, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Association of British Insurers (2014) Life insurance – key facts 2014. www.abi.org.uk, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Auerbach, A.J. and Kotlikoff, L.J. (1991) ‘The adequacy of life insurance purchases’, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 1: 215–41.
Avraham, R., Logue, K.D. and Schwarz, D. (2014) ‘Towards a universal framework for insurance anti-discrimination laws’, Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 21: 1–52.
Babbel, D. (1985) ‘The price elasticity of demand for whole life insurance’, Journal of Finance, 40(1): 225–39.
Baker, R.D. and McHale, I.G. (2013) ‘Optimal betting under uncertainty: improving the Kelly criterion’, Decision Analysis, 10(3): 189–99.
Banthorpe, P., Cleverley, P., Fairall, C. et al. (2013) Extending the critical path. www.sias.org.uk, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Baronoff, E. (2003) Risk management and insurance. John Wiley & Sons.
Becker, G. (1992) The economic way of looking at life. Nobel Prize Lecture, www.nobelprize.org, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Bell, R. and Cover, T.M. (1980) ‘Competitive optimality of logarithmic investment’, Mathematics of Operations Research, 5: 161–6.
Bell, R. and Cover, T.M. (1988) ‘Game-theoretic optimal portfolios’, Management Science, 34: 724–33.
Berndt, A. and Gupta, A. (2009) ‘Moral hazard and adverse selection in the originate-to-distribute model of bank credit’, Journal of Monetary Economics, 56: 725–43.
Bernheim, B.D., Formi, L., Gokhale, J. and Kotlikoff, L.J. (2003) ‘The mismatch between life insurance holdings and financial vulnerabilities: evidence from the health and retirement study’, American Economic Review, 93: 354–65.
Bibby, C. (1971) T.H. Huxley on education. Cambridge University Press.
Black, E. (2003) War against the weak: eugenics and America’s campaign to create a master race. Dialog Press.
Black, K.B., Skipper, H.D. and Black, K. (2013) Life insurance, 14th edn. Lucretian LLC.
Blumberg, L., Nichols, L. and Banthin, J. (2001) ‘Worker decisions to purchase health insurance’, International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 1: 305–25.
Boadway, R. (1997) ‘Public economics and the theory of public policy’, Canadian Journal of Economics, 30(4a): 753–72.
Bond, E.W. (1982) ‘A direct test of the lemons model: the market for used pickup trucks’, American Economic Review, 72(4): 836–40.
Bourgeon, J.M. and Picard, P. (2014) ‘Fraudulent claims and nitpicky insurers’, American Economic Review, 104: 2900–17.
Brackenridge, R.D.C., Croxson, R.S. and Mackenzie, R. (2006) Brackenridge’s medical selection of life risks, 5th edn. Palgrave Macmillan.
Bridgeman, C. and Sandrik, K. (2008) ‘Bullshit promises’, Tennessee Law Review, 76: 379–404.
Buchmueller, T.C. and Ohri, S. (2006) ‘Health insurance take-up by the near-elderly’, Health Services Research, 41: 2054–73.
Butler, J.R. (1999) ‘Estimating elasticities of demand for private health insurance in Australia’, Working Paper No. 43. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra.
Canadian Institute of Actuaries (2014) Statement on genetic testing and insurance. www.actuaries.ca, last accessed 21 July 2015.
Cardon, J.H. and Hendel, I. (2001) ‘Asymmetric information in health insurance: evidence from the National Medical Expenditure Survey’, Rand Journal of Economics, 32: 408–27.
Carpenter, D. and Moss, D.A. (2014) Preventing regulatory capture: special interest influence and how to limit it. Cambridge University Press.
Cawley, J. and Philipson, T. (1999) ‘An empirical examination of information barriers to trade in insurance’, American Economic Review, 89: 827–46.
Chernew, M., Frick, K. and McLaughlin, C. (1997) ‘The demand for health insurance coverage by low-income workers: can reduced premiums achieve full coverage?’, Health Services Research, 32: 453–70.
Chiappori, P.-A. (2000) ‘Econometric models of insurance under asymmetric information’, in Handbook of insurance, ed. Dionne, G. North-Holland.
Chiappori, P.-A. and Salanie, B. (1997) ‘Empirical contract theory: the case of insurance data’, European Economic Review, 41: 943–50.
Chiappori, P.-A. and Salanie, B. (2000) ‘Testing for asymmetric information in insurance markets’, Journal of Political Economy, 108: 56–78.
Cohen, A. (2005) ‘Asymmetric information and learning in the automobile insurance market’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 87: 197–207.
Cohen, A. and Siegelman, P. (2010) ‘Testing for adverse selection in insurance markets’, Journal of Risk and Insurance, 77: 39–84.
Confused.com (2013) Gender gap opens on car cover costs. www.confused.com, last accessed 9 November 2014.
Cosmides, L., Clark Bennett, H. and Tooby, J. (2010) ‘Adaptive specializations, social exchange and the evolution of human intelligence’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107: 9007–14.
Cowen, T. and Tabarrok, A. (2015) ‘The end of asymmetric information?’, Cato Unbound, April 2015. www.cato-unbound.org, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Crocker, K.J. and Snow, A. (1986) ‘The efficiency effects of categorical discrimination in the insurance industry’, The Journal of Political Economy, 94: 321–44.
Cummins, J.D. and Doherty, N.A. (2006) ‘The economics of insurance intermediaries,’ Journal of Risk and Insurance, 73(3): 359–96.
Cummins, J.D., Smith, B.D., Vance, R.N. and VanDerhei, J.L. (1983) Risk classification in life insurance. Springer.
Cutler, D.M. and Reber, S.J. (1998) ‘Paying for health insurance: the trade-off between competition and adverse selection’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(2): 433–66.
Dasgupta, P. and Maskin, E. (1986) ‘The existence of equilibrium in discontinuous economic games, ii: applications’, The Review of Economic Studies, 53: 27–41.
Daykin, C.D., Akers, D.A., Macdonald, A.S. et al. (2003) ‘Genetics and insurance – some social policy issues’, British Actuarial Journal, 9: 787–874.
Daykin, C.D., Clark, P.N.S., Eves, M.J. et al. (1988) ‘The impact of HIV infection and AIDS on insurance in the United Kingdom’, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 115: 727–837.
De Jong, P. and Ferris, S. (2006) ‘Adverse selection spirals’, ASTIN Bulletin, 36(2): 589–628.
De Meza, D. and Webb, D.C. (2001) ‘Advantageous selection in insurance markets’, Rand Journal of Economics, 32: 249–62.
De Montjoye, Y.-A., Hidalgo, C.A., Verlayen, M. and Blondel, V.D. (2013) ‘Unique in the crowd: the privacy bounds of human mobility’, Scientific Reports, 3: 1376.
De Montjoye, Y.-A., Radaelii, L., Singh, V.K. and Pentland, A. (2015) ‘Unique in the shopping mall: on the reidentifiability of credit card metadata’, Science, 347: 536–9.
Department of Health (2001) Government response to the report from the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: genetics and insurance. HMSO.
De Ravin, J. and Rump, D. (1996) ‘The right to underwrite’, Quarterly Journal of the Institute of Actuaries of Australia, September 1996: 16–58.
Dewan, S. and Hsu, V. (2004) ‘Adverse selection in electronic markets: evidence from online stamp auctions’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 52(4): 497–516.
Dionne, G., Gourieroux, C. and Vanasse, C. (2001) ‘Testing for evidence of adverse selection in the automobile insurance market: a comment’, Journal of Political Economy, 109: 444–73.
Dionne, G. and Rothschild, C.G. (2014) ‘Economic effects of risk classification bans’, Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, 39: 184–221.
Doiron, D., Jones, G. and Savage, E. (2007) ‘Healthy, wealthy and insured? The role of self-assessed health in the demand for private health insurance’, Health Economics, 17: 317–34.
Doll, R. and Hill, A.B. (1954) ‘The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits’, British Medical Journal, 228: 1451–5.
Dorfman, M.S. (2002) Introduction to risk management and insurance, 7th edn. Prentice Hall.
Einav, L., Finkelstein, A. and Levin, J. (2010) ‘Beyond testing: empirical models of insurance markets’, Annual Review of Economics, 2: 311–36.
European Commission (2011) Guidelines on the application of Council Directive 2004/113/EC to insurance, in the light of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Case C-236/09 (Test-Achats). www.ec.europa.eu, last accessed 17 August 2015.
Fan, J., Han, F. and Liu, H. (2014) ‘Challenges of big data analysis’, National Science Review, 1(2): 293–314.
Fang, H., Keane, M. and Silverman, D. (2008) ‘Sources of advantageous selection: evidence from the medigap insurance market’, Journal of Political Economy, 116(2): 303–50.
Feldstein, M.S. (1973) ‘The welfare loss of excess health insurance’, Journal of Political Economy, 81: 251–80.
Finkelstein, A. and McGarry, K. (2006) ‘Multiple dimensions of private information: evidence from the long-term care insurance market’, American Economic Review, 96: 938–58.
Finkelstein, A. and Poterba, J.M. (2002) ‘Selection effects in the United Kingdom individual annuities market’, The Economic Journal, 112: 28–50.
Finkelstein, A. and Poterba, J.M. (2004) ‘Adverse selection in insurance markets: policyholder evidence from the UK annuity market’, Journal of Political Economy, 112: 183–208.
Finkelstein, A. and Poterba, J.M. (2014) ‘Testing for asymmetric information using ‘unused observables’ in insurance markets: evidence from the UK annuity market’, Journal of Risk and Insurance, 81: 709–34.
Flegal, K.M., Kit, B.K., Orpana, H. and Graubard, B.I. (2013) ‘Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and a meta-analysis’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 309(1): 71–82.
Friedland, J. (2013) Fundamentals of general insurance actuarial analysis. Society of Actuaries.
Galanter, M. (1974) ‘Why the “haves” come out ahead: speculations on the limits of legal change’, Law and Society Review, 9: 95–160.
Gertner, N. (2012) ‘Losers’ rules’, Yale Law Journal, 122: 109–24.
Ghose, A. (2009) ‘Internet exchanges for used goods: an empirical analysis of trade patterns and adverse selection’, MIS Quarterly, 33(2): 263–91.
Gini, C. (1921) ‘Measurement of inequality of incomes’, Economic Journal, 31: 124–6.
Goldin, C. and Rouse, C. (2000) ‘Orchestrating impartiality: the impact of blind auditions on female musicians’, American Economic Review, 90: 715–41.
Goodwin, B.K. (1993) ‘An empirical analysis of the demand for multiple peril crop insurance’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75(2): 424–34.
Gray, R.J. and Pitts, S. (2012) Risk modelling in general insurance. Cambridge University Press.
Grossman, H.I. (1979) ‘Adverse selection, dissembling, and competitive equilibrium’, Bell Journal of Economics, 10: 330–43.
Hall, M. (1999) ‘Restricting insurers’ use of genetic information: a guide to public policy’, North American Actuarial Journal, 3(1): 34–46.
Hammond, E.C. (1958) ‘Smoking and death rates: report on forty-four months of follow-up of 187,783 men’, Journal of American Medical Association, 15 March 1958: 1294–308.
Hao, M., Macdonald, A.S., Tapadar, P. and Thomas, R.G. (2016a) ‘Loss coverage under restricted risk classification: the case of iso-elastic demand,’ ASTIN Bulletin, 46(2): 265–91.
Hao, M., Macdonald, A.S., Tapadar, P. and Thomas, R.G. (2016b) ‘Insurance loss coverage and social welfare’, University of Kent Working Paper. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54235, last accessed 10 July 2016.
Hao, M., Tapadar, P. and Thomas, R.G. (2015) ‘Loss coverage in insurance markets: why adverse selection is not always a bad thing’, Paper presented at International Actuarial Association Colloquium, Oslo, June 2015. guythomas.org.uk, last accessed 17 April 2016.
Häring, N. and Douglas, N. (2013) Economists and the powerful. Anthem Press.
Harsanyi, J.C. (1955) ‘Cardinal welfare, individualistic ethics, and interpersonal comparisons of utility’, Journal of Political Economy, 63: 309–21.
Hately, P. (2011) ‘Life in the fast lane’, The Actuary, August: 34–5.
Heen, M. (2009) ‘Ending Jim Crow life insurance rates’, Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy, 4: 360–99.
Hemenway, D. (1990) ‘Propitious selection’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105: 1063–9.
Hemenway, D. (1992) ‘Propitious selection’, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5: 247–51.
Hendren, N. (2013) ‘Private information and insurance rejections’, Econometrica, 81(5): 1713–62.
Hirshleifer, J. (1971) ‘The private and social value of information and the reward to inventive activity’, American Economic Review, 61: 561–74.
Hoinville, G., Berthoud, R. and Mackie, A.M. (1972) ‘A study of accident rates amongst motorists who passed or failed an advanced driving test’, Transport and Road Research Laboratory Report LR499. www.trl.co.uk, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Howard, R.C.W. (2014) Genetic testing model: if underwriters had no access to known results. www.cia-ica.ca, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Hoy, M. (1982) ‘Categorizing risks in the insurance industry’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 71(10): 321–36.
Hoy, M. (2006) ‘Risk classification and social welfare’, Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 31: 245–69.
Hoy, M., Orsi, F., Eisinger, F. and Moatti, J.P. (2003) ‘The impact of genetic testing on health care insurance’, Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 28: 203–21.
Hoy, M. and Polborn, M. (2000) ‘The value of genetic information in the life insurance market’, Journal of Public Economics, 78: 235–252.
Hoy, M. and Witt, J. (2007) ‘Welfare effects of banning genetic information in the life insurance market: the case of BRCA1/2 genes’, Journal of Risk and Insurance, 74: 523–46.
Hudson, S. (2008) Legislation – are the underwriter’s hands tied? www.munichre.com, last accessed 9 August 2014.
Human Genetics Commission (2002) Inside information: balancing interests in the use of personal genetic data. Department of Health.
Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (1999) Genetics and insurance position statement. Copy in author’s files.
Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (2001a) Response to whose hands on your genes? Consultation. www.hgc.gov.uk via www.archive.org, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (2001b) Memorandum submitted to the Select Committee on Science and Technology. www.publications.parliament.uk, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (2010) Press release dated 7 October 2010. www.actuaries.org.uk, last accessed 20 July 2013.
Institute of Actuaries of Australia (1994) Insurance & superannuation risk classification policy. Copy held in author’s files.
Insurance Europe (formerly known as Council of European Assurers) (2011) The use of gender in insurance pricing. www.insuranceeurope.eu, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Jowell, R., Curtice, J., Park, A. and Thomson, K. (1999) British social attitudes 16th report. Ashgate.
Just, R.E., Calvin, L. and Quiggin, J. (1999) ‘Adverse selection in crop insurance: actuarial and asymmetric information incentives’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 81: 843–9.
Kahneman, D. (2011) Thinking fast and slow. Allen Lane.
Kennedy, S.P.L., Batting, J.P., Courbould, M.C. et al. (1987) ‘Report on of the joint working party on discrimination in insurance and pensions’, Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries, 41: 271–367.
Kerr, M.G. (1989) ‘AIDS and the Actuary’, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries Students Society, 33: 195–231.
Keynes, J.M. (1936) The general theory of employment, interest and money. Macmillan.
Kosinski, M., Stillwell, D. and Graepel, T. (2013) ‘Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110: 5802–5.
Kunreuther, H., Novemsky, N. and Kahneman, D. (2001) ‘Making low probabilities useful’, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 23: 103–20.
Kunreuther, H., Pauly, M.V. and McMorrow, S. (2013) Insurance and behavioral economics: improving decisions in the most misunderstood industry. Cambridge University Press.
Lazear, E. (2000) ‘Economic imperialism’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1): 99–146.
Leigh, S. (1996) ‘The freedom to underwrite’, Paper presented to the Staple Inn Actuarial Society. www.sias.org.uk, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Lewis, R. and Morris, A. (2012) ‘Tort law in the United Kingdom: image and reality in personal injury Compensation’, Journal of European Tort Law, 3: 1–35.
Li, K.C.-W. (1996) ‘The private insurance industry’s tactics against suspected homosexuals: redlining based on occupation, residence and marital status’, American Journal of Law and Medicine, 22: 477–502.
Life Insurance Market Research Organisation (2013) Facts about life. www.limra.com, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Lippert-Rasmussen, K. (2011) ‘“We are all different”: statistical discrimination and the right to be treated as an individual’, Journal of Ethics, 15: 47–59.
Macdonald, A.S. (2003) ‘Moratoria on the use of genetic tests and family history’, British Actuarial Journal, 9: 217–37.
Macdonald, A.S. (2004) ‘Genetics and insurance management’, in The Swedish Society of Actuaries: one hundred years, ed. Sandstrom, A. Svenska Aktuarieforeningen.
Macdonald, A.S. and Yu, F. (2011) ‘The impact of genetic information on the insurance industry: conclusions from the ‘bottom-up’ modelling programme’, ASTIN Bulletin, 41: 343–76.
Mackowiak, B. and Widerholt, M. (2011) ‘Inattention to rare events’, CEPR Working Paper 8626.
Maclean, L.C., Thorp, E.O. and Ziemba, W.T. (2010) ‘Long-term capital growth: the good and bad properties of the Kelly and fractional Kelly capital growth criteria’, Quantitative Finance, 10(7): 681–7.
Makki, S.S. and Somwaru, A. (2001) ‘Evidence of adverse selection in crop insurance’, The Journal of Risk and Insurance, 68: 685–708.
Manning, W.G. and Marquis, M.S. (1996) ‘Health insurance: the tradeoff between risk pooling and moral hazard’, Journal of Health Economics, 15: 609–40.
McClelland, G., Schulze, W. and Coursey, D. (1993) ‘Insurance for low-probability hazards: a bimodal response to unlikely events’, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 7: 95–116.
McGlamery, J.G. (2009) ‘Race based underwriting and the death of burial insurance’, Connecticut Journal of Insurance Law, 15(2): 531–70.
Mitchell, O.S. and McCarthy, D. (2002) ‘Estimating international adverse selection in annuities’, North American Actuarial Journal, 6(4): 38–54.
Mitchell, O.S. and McCarthy, D. (2010) ‘International adverse selection in life insurance and annuities’, in Riding the age wave, Vol. 3, eds. Tuljapurkar, S., Chu, C., Gauthier, A., Ogawa, N. and Pool, I. Springer.
Miyazaki, H. (1977) ‘The rat race and internal labour markets’, Bell Journal of Economics, 8: 394–418.
Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, state and utopia. Basic Books.
Nyman, J.A. (2003) The theory of demand for health insurance. Stanford University Press.
Ohlsson, E. and Johansson, B. (2010) Non-life insurance pricing with generalized linear models. Springer.
Oxera Consulting (2012) Why the use of age and disability matters to consumers and insurers. www.insuranceeurope.eu, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Paltrow, S.J. (2000) ‘Insurers stopped offering dual rates in the ‘60s, but didn’t tell customers’, Wall Street Journal 27 April 2000.
Paltrow, S.J. (2001) ‘Old memos show in black and white Metlife’s use of race to screen clients’, Wall Street Journal 24 July 2001.
Parodi, P. (2014) Pricing in general insurance. Chapman & Hall.
Pauly, M.V. (1968) ‘The economics of moral hazard: a comment’, American Economic Review, 58: 531–27.
Pauly, M.V. (1983) ‘More on moral hazard’, Journal of Health Economics, 2: 83.
Pauly, M.V., Withers, K.H., Viswanathan, K.S. et al. (2003) ‘Price elasticity of demand for term life insurance and adverse selection’, NBER Working Paper 9925.
Pfleiderer, P. (2014) ‘Chameleons: the misuse of theoretical models in finance and economics’, Stanford University Business School Working Paper No. 3020.
Phoenix Strategic Perspectives (2013) Survey of Canadians on privacy-related issues. Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. www.priv.gc.ca, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Pope, D.G. and Sydnor, J.R. (2011) ‘Implementing anti-discrimination policies in statistical profiling models’, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 3: 206–31.
Poundstone, W. (2005) Fortune’s formula: the untold story of the scientific system that beat the casinos and Wall Street. Hill & Wang.
Proctor, R. (1988) Racial hygiene: medicine under the Nazis. Harvard University Press.
Proctor, R. (1999) The Nazi war on cancer. Princeton University Press.
Quiggin, J., Karagiannis, G. and Stanton, J. (1993) ‘Crop insurance and crop production: an empirical study of moral hazard and adverse selection’, Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 37(2): 95–113.
Rawls, J. (1971) A theory of justice. Harvard University Press. (Reissued edition dated 2005.)
Rees, R. and Wambach, A. (2008) The microeconomics of insurance. Now Publishers.
Riley, J.G. (1979) ‘Informational equilibrium’, Econometrica, 47: 331–59.
Rothschild, C. (2009) ‘Adverse selection in annuity markets: evidence from the British Life Annuity Act of 1808’, Journal of Public Economics, 93: 776–84.
Rothschild, M. and Stiglitz, J. (1976) ‘Equilibrium in competitive insurance markets: an essay on the economics of imperfect information’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90: 629–49.
Rowell, D. and Connelly, L.B. (2012) ‘A history of the term “moral hazard”’, Journal of Risk and Insurance, 79(4): 1051–75.
Saito, K. (2006) ‘Testing for asymmetric information in the automobile insurance market under rate regulation’, Journal of Risk and Insurance, 73: 335–56.
Schatz, B. (1987) ‘The AIDS insurance crisis: underwriting or overreaching?’, Harvard Law Review, 100: 1782–825.
Schelling, T.C. (1960) The strategy of conflict. Harvard University Press.
Schwarcz, D. (2007) ‘Beyond disclosure: the case for banning contingent commissions’, Yale Law and Policy Review, 25: 289–336.
Schwarcz, D. (2009) ‘Differential compensation and the “race to the bottom” in consumer insurance markets’, Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 15: 723–53.
Schwarze, R. and Wein, T. (2005) ‘Is the market classification of risk always efficient? Evidence from German third party motor insurance’, German Risk and Insurance Review, 4: 173–202.
Siegelman, P. (2004) ‘Adverse selection in insurance markets: an exaggerated threat’, Yale Law Journal, 113: 1225–71.
Siegelman, P. (2014) ‘Innovation and equilibrium in insurance markets with big data’, Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 21: 317–38.
Sinclair, U. (1934) I, candidate for governor, and how I got licked, republished by University of California Press, 1994.
Smith, M. (2014) ‘Critical illness: can prices get any lower?’, Presentation at Institute & Faculty of Actuaries conference. www.actuaries.org.uk, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Somerville, K. (2011) Evidence, mortality and underwriting. Swiss Re presentation, www.actuaries.org, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Spence, M. (1978) ‘Product differentiation and performance in insurance markets’, Journal of Public Economics, 10: 427–47.
Srinivasan, U. and Arunasalam, B. (2013) ‘Leveraging big data analytics to reduce healthcare costs’, IT Professional, 15(6): 21–8.
Stigler, G.J. (1955) ‘The nature and role of originality in scientific progress’, Economica, 22: 293–302.
Stigler, G. (1984) ‘Economics – the imperial science?’, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 86(3): 301–13.
Stiglitz, J.E. (2001) ‘Information and the change in the paradigm in economics’, Les Prix Nobel, 2001: 472–540. www.nobelprize.org, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Sunstein, C.R. (2002) ‘Probability neglect: emotions, worst cases, and law’, Yale Law Journal, 113: 61–107.
Swiss, Re (2014) Term and health watch 2013. Copy in author’s files.
Thomas, R.G. (2001) Genetics and insurance: an actuarial perspective with a difference. Response to consultation by the Human Genetics Commission. www.guythomas.org.uk, last accessed 17 April 2016.
Thomas, R.G. (2008) ‘Loss coverage as a public policy objective for risk classification schemes’, Journal of Risk and Insurance, 75(4): 997–1018.
Thomas, R.G. (2009) ‘Demand elasticity, adverse selection and loss coverage: when can community rating work?’, ASTIN Bulletin, 39(2): 403–28.
Thomas, R.G. (2012) ‘Non-risk price discrimination in insurance: market outcomes and public policy’, Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 37(1): 27–46.
Tong, S., Lloyd, L., Durrell, L. et al. (2015) ‘Provision of telematics research’, Project Report 755. www.trl.co.uk, last accessed 23 April 2016.
Van Hoyweghen, I. and Horstman, K. (2009) ‘Evidence-based underwriting in the molecular age: the politics of reinsurance companies towards the genetics issue’, New Genetics and Society, 28: 317–37.
Villeneuve, B. (2000) ‘The consequences for a monopolistic insurance firm of evaluating risk better than its customers’, Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Theory, 25: 65–79.
Villeneuve, B. (2005) ‘Competition between insurers with superior information’, European Economic Review, 49: 321–40.
Viswanathan, K.S., Lemaire, J.K., Withers, K. et al. (2007) ‘Adverse selection in term life insurance purchasing due to the BRCA 1/2 genetic test and elastic demand’, Journal of Risk and Insurance, 74: 65–86.
Wang, K.C., Huang, R.J. and Tzeng, L.Y. (2009) ‘Empirical evidence for advantageous selection in the commercial fire insurance market’, The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, 34: 1–19.
Ward, D. and Zurbruegg, R. (2000) ‘Does insurance promote economic growth? Evidence from OECD countries’, Journal of Risk and Insurance, 67: 489–506.
Wilson, C. (1977) ‘A model of insurance with incomplete information’, Journal of Economic Theory, 16: 167–207.
Ziemba, W.T. (2003) ‘Good and bad properties of the Kelly criterion’, Wilmott Magazine, March 2003.
Ziemba, W.T. (2015) ‘A response to Professor Paul A. Samuelson’s objections to Kelly capital growth investing’, Journal of Portfolio Management, 42(1): 153–67.
Zingales, L. (2013) ‘Preventing economists’ capture’, in Preventing regulatory capture: special influence and how to limit it, eds. Carpenter, D. and Moss, D. Cambridge University Press.
Zweifel, P. and Eisen, R. (2012) Insurance economics. Springer.