Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 83
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
September 2009
Print publication year:
2003
Online ISBN:
9780511486913

Book description

How and why did grammatical gender, found in Old English and in other Germanic languages, gradually disappear from English and get replaced by a system where the gender of nouns and the use of personal pronouns depend on the natural gender of the referent? How is this shift related to 'irregular agreement' (such as she for ships) and 'sexist' language use (such as generic he) in Modern English, and how is the language continuing to evolve in these respects? Anne Curzan's accessibly written and carefully researched study is based on extensive corpus data, and will make a major contribution by providing a historical perspective on these often controversial questions. It will be of interest to researchers and students in history of English, historical linguistics, corpus linguistics, language and gender, and medieval studies.

Reviews

‘This book is clearly written and accessible to undergraduates in a variety of disciplines, not just in the field of linguistics. It would also be of interest to those in the area of gender studies and mediaeval history. Each of the main analytical chapters opens with a contemporary question which contextualises the relevance of the study within Modern English footnoting elaborates points made throughout.’

Source: Journal of Sociolinguistics

'Let me just say that I wish to give it the highest possible marks for its scholarship, convincing argumentation, admirable historical insights, and exactitude. I am sure it will be a valuable textbook in a number of academic disciplines such as English, sociolinguistics, and women's studies.'

Source: Language in Society

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References
Aitchison, Jean 1995. Tadpoles, Cuckoos, and Multiple Births: Language Contact and Models of Change. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Linguistic Change under Contact Conditions, 1–13. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Aitchison, Jean 2001. Language Change: Progress or Decay? 3rd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
August, Eugene R. 1992. Real Men Don't: Anti-Male Bias in English. In G. Goshgarian (ed.), Exploring Language, 6th edn, 238–48. New York: HarperCollins
Bäck, Hilding 1934. The Synonyms for ‘Child’, ‘Boy’, ‘Girl’ in Old English: An Etymological-Semasiological Investigation. In E. Ekwall (ed.), Lund Studies in English II. Lund: A.-B. Ph. Lindstedts Univ.-Bokhandel
Bäcklund, Ingegerd 1996. Males and Females in Jane Austen's World: A Study of Terms. In G. Persson and M. Rydén (eds.), Male and Female Terms in English: Proceedings of the Symposium at Umeå University, May 18–19, 1994, 9–28. Umeå: Umeå University; Uppsala: Distributed by Swedish Science Press
Bailey, Charles J. and Karl Maroldt 1977. The French Lineage in English. In J. M. Meisel (ed.), Langues en Contact – Pidgins – Creoles – Languages in Contact, 21–53. Tübingen: TBL Verlag Gunter Narr
Bailey, Richard 1991. Images of English: A Cultural History of the Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Bailey, Richard 1996. Nineteenth-Century English. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Bain, Alexander 1879. A Higher English Grammar. New edn. London: Longmans
Barber, Charles 1993. The English Language: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Barlow, Michael 1992. A Situated Theory of Agreement. New York: Garland
Baron, Dennis 1986. Grammar and Gender. New Haven: Yale University Press
Baron, Naomi S. 1971. A Reanalysis of English Grammatical Gender. Lingua 27: 113–40
Batliner, Anton 1984. The Comprehension of Grammatical and Natural Gender: a Cross-Linguistic Experiment. Linguistics 22: 831–56
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable 1978. A History of the English Language. 3rd edn. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Beardsmore, H. Baetens 1971. A Gender Problem in a Language Contact Situation. Lingua 27: 141–59
Beattie, James 1968 [1788]. Theory of Language. Reprint. Menston: Scolar Press
Bebout, Linda 1984. Asymmetries in Male-Female Word Pairs. American Speech 59.1: 13–30
Bebout, Linda 1995. Asymmetries in Male/Female Word Pairs: A Decade of Change. American Speech 70.2: 163–85
Bennett-Kastor, Tina L. 1996. Anaphora, Nonanaphora, and the Generic Use of Pronouns by Children. American Speech 71: 285–301
Benson, Larry D. (ed.) 1987. The Riverside Chaucer. 3rd edn. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Bergvall, Victoria L., Janet M. Bing, and Alice F. Freed (eds.) 1996. Rethinking Language and Gender Research: Theory and Practice. London; New York: Longman
Bing, Janet B. and Victoria L. Bergvall 1998. The Question of Questions: Beyond Binary Thinking. In J. Coates (ed.), Language and Gender: A Reader, 495–510. Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell
Björkman, Erik 1969 [1900]. Scandinavian Loanwords in Middle English. New York: Greenwood Press
Bloomfield, Morton W. and Leonard Newmark 1963. A Linguistic Introduction to the History of English. New York: Alfred A. Knopf
Bodine, Ann 1975. Androcentrism in Prescriptive Grammar: Singular ‘they,’ Sex-indefinite ‘he,’ and ‘he or she.’ Language in Society 4: 129–46
Bourcier, Georges 1981. An Introduction to the History of the English Language. (English adaptation by Cecily Clark.) Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes
Bradley, Henry 1924 [1904]. The Making of English. London: Macmillan
Bresnan, Joan, and Sam Mchombo 1986. Grammatical and Anaphoric Agreement. In A. M. Farley, P. T. Farley, and K. McCullough (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Pragmatics and Grammatical Theory at the Twenty-Second Regional Meeting (Chicago Linguistics Society, 22), 278–97
Britton, Derek 1991. On Middle English She, Sho: A Scots Solution to an English Problem. North-Western European Language Evolution 17: 3–51
Brown, Goold 1982 [1828]. The Institutes of English Grammar. New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints
Bryson, Bill 1990. Our Mother Tongue: English and How It Got to Be That Way. London: Penguin
Buccini, Anthony F. Southern Middle English Hise and the Question of Pronominal Transfer in Language Contact. Unpublished paper
Bullions, Peter 1983 [1846]. The Principles of English Grammar. New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints
Burgschmidt, Ernst 1988. Gender in Modern English – Sub-systems and Variation. Historical English: on the Occasion of Karl Brunner's 100th Birthday, 219–30. Innsbruck: Institut für Anglistik, Universität Innsbruck
Butler, Judith 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge
Cameron, Deborah 1990. Feminism and Linguistic Theory. 2nd edn. London: Macmillan
Cameron, Deborah 1995. Verbal Hygiene. London: Routledge
Cameron, Deborah and Coates, Jennifer 1985. Some Problems in the Sociolinguistic Explanation of Sex Differences. Language & Communication 5: 143–51
Campbell, Alistair 1959. Old English Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon
Cassidy, Frederic G. (chief ed.) 1985–. Dictionary of American Regional English. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
Cawdrey, Robert 1966 [1604]. A Table Alphabeticall of Hard Usual English Words. New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints. http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/ret/cawdrey/cawdrey0.html
Champneys, A. C. 1893. History of English. London: Percival
Christy, Craig 1983. Uniformitarianism in Linguistics. (Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series III;, Studies in the History of Linguistics, 31.) Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Claiborne, Robert 1983. Our Marvelous Native Tongue: The Life and Times of the English Language. New York: Times Books
Clancy, Steven J. 1999. The Ascent of guy. American Speech 74.3: 282–97
Clark, C. 1957. Gender in the ‘Peterborough Chronicle.’ English Studies 38: 109–15
Clark, C. 1970. The Peterborough Chronicle, 1070–1154. 2nd edn. Oxford: Clarendon
Clark Hall, J. R. 1960. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 4th edn. (With a Supplement by Herbert D. Meritt.) Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Classen, E. 1919. On the Origin of Natural Gender in Middle English. Modern Language Review 14: 97–103
Classen, E. 1919. Outlines of the History of the English Language. London: Macmillan
Coates, Jennifer 1996. Women Talk: Conversation between Women Friends. Oxford: Blackwell
Cobbett, William 1986 [1832]. A Grammar of the English Language. New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints
Cockayne, Thomas Oswald 1961 [1864]. Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England. London: Holland Press
Comrie, Bernard 1999. Grammatical Gender Systems: A Linguist's Assessment. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28.5: 457–66
Corbett, Greville G. 1991. Gender. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press
Cornish, Francis 1986. Anaphoric Relations in English and French: A Discourse Perspective. London; Sydney; Dover: Croom Helm
Crawford, Mary 1995. Talking Difference: On Gender and Language. London: Sage
Crystal, David 1995. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Curme, George O. 1931. Syntax. Boston: D. C. Heath
Curzan, Anne 1998. When It Became All Things: A Study of the Rise of Natural Gender in English Anaphoric Pronouns. Unpublished dissertation
Curzan, Anne 1999. Gender Categories in Early English Grammars: Their Message to the Modern Grammarian. In B. Unterbeck and M. Rissanen (eds.), Gender in Grammar and Cognition, 561–76. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
Dahl, Östen 1999. Animacy and the Notion of Semantic Gender. In B. Unterbeck and M. Rissanen (eds.), Gender in Grammar and Cognition, 99–115. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
Dalton-Puffer, Christiane 1995. Middle English is a Creole and Its Opposite: On the Value of Plausible Speculation. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Linguistic Change under Contact Conditions, 35–50. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Daly, Mary, conjurer, in cahoots with Jane Caputi 1987. Websters’ First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language. Boston: Beacon Press
Danchev, Andrei 1997. The Middle English Creolization Hypothesis Revisited. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Studies in Middle English Linguistics, 79–108. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Daniel, Neil 1992. A Guide to Style and Mechanics. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Dekeyser, X. 1980. The Diachrony of Gender Systems in English and Dutch. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Historical Morphology, 97–111. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
Devis, Ellin 1801. The Accidence or First Rudiments of English Grammar. London
Diensberg, Bernhard 1981. The Etymology of Modern English Boy: A New Hypothesis. Medium Ævum 50.1: 79–87
Diensberg, Bernhard 1985. The Lexical Fields Boy/Girl-Servant-Child in Middle English. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 86: 328–36
Diller, Hans-Jürgen 1991. Pronoun and Reference in Old English Poetry. In D. Kastovsky (ed.), Historical English Syntax, 125–40. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Dobson, E. J. 1940. The Etymology and Meaning of Boy. Medium Ævum 9.3: 121–54
Domingue, Nicole Z. 1977. Middle English: Another Creole?Journal of Creole Studies 1: 89–100
Dunayer, Joan 1995. Sexist Words, Speciesist Roots. In C. J. Adams and J. Donovan (eds.), Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations, 11–31. Durham; London: Duke University Press
Dykema, Karl W. 1960–61. Where Our Grammar Came From. College English 22: 455–65
Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet 1998. Communities of Practice: Where Language, Gender, and Power All Live. In J. Coates (ed.), Language and Gender: A Reader, 484–94. Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell
Emerson, O. F. 1895. The History of the English Language. New York: Macmillan
Erades, P. A. 1956. Contributions to Modern English Syntax: A Note on Gender. Moderna Sprak 50: 2–11
Ervin, Susan 1962. The Connotations of Gender. Word 18: 249–61
Farmer, J. S. and W. E. Henley (eds.) 1970 [1890–1904]. Slang and Its Analogues. Reprint. New York: Arno Press
Fell, Christine, Cecily Clark, and Elizabeth Williams 1984. Women in Anglo-Saxon England and the Impact of 1066. London: British Museum Publications
Fennell, Barbara 2001. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell
Fillmore, Charles J. 1978. On the Organization of Semantic Information in the Lexicon: Chicago Linguistic Society April 14–15, 1978. In D. Farkas, W. M. Jacobsen and K. W. Todrys (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on the Lexicon, 148–73. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society
Fisher, John H. 1977. Chancery and the Emergence of Standard Written English in the Fifteenth Century. Speculum 52: 870–99
Fisiak, Jacek 1977. Sociolinguistics and Middle English: Some Socially Motivated Changes in the History of English. Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny 24: 247–59
Fodor, István 1959. The Origin of Grammatical Gender I & II. Lingua 8: 1–41, 186–214
Fowler, Henry W. 1926. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Fowler, Henry W. and Francis G. Fowler 1906. The King's English. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Frank, Francine and Frank Anshen 1983. Language and the Sexes. New York: State University of New York Press
Gazdar, G., E. Klein and G. K. Pullum 1983. Order, Concord and Constituency. Dordrecht: Foris
Geeraerts, Dirk 1997. Diachronic Prototype Semantics: A Contribution to Historical Lexicology. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press
Geipel, John 1971. The Viking Legacy: The Scandinavian Influence on the English and Gaelic Languages. Devon: David & Charles
Gibbens, V. E. 1955. Shifts in Gender and Meaning of Nouns Designating the Sexes. American Speech 30: 296–98
Goatly, Andrew 1997. The Language of Metaphors. London; New York: Routledge
Goldstein, Norm (ed.) 1998. The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual. Updated and Revised. Reading, MA: Perseus Books
Görlach, Manfred 1986. Middle English – A Creole? In D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek (eds.), Linguistics Across Historical and Geographical Boundaries, Vol. 1, 329–44. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Gouëffic, Louise 1996. Breaking the Patriarchal Code. Manchester, CT: Knowledge, Ideas & Trends
Green, Jonathon 1996. Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made. New York: Henry Holt
Greenbaum, Sidney 1996. The Oxford English Grammar. London: Oxford University Press
Greene, Samuel S. 1983 [1874]. An Analysis of the English Language. New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints
Grimm, Jakob Karl Ludwig 1984. On the Origin of Language. Trans. by Raymond A. Wiley. Leiden: E. J. Brill
Grossman, Ellie 1997. The Grammatically Correct Handbook. New York: Hyperion
Hall, R. A. Jr. 1951. Sex Reference and Grammatical Gender in English. American Speech 26: 170–72
Halliday, Frank E. 1975. The Excellency of the English Tongue. London: Gollancz
Harris, Alice C. and Lyle Campbell 1995. Historical Syntax in Cross-linguistic Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Harris, James 1765 [1751]. Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Universal Grammar. 2nd edn. London
Harvey, Thomas W. 1987 [1878]. A Practical Grammar of the English Language. New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints
Heltveit, Trygve 1958. Attribute and Anaphora in the Gender System of English. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap 18: 357–69
Henley, Nancy 1987. This New Species that Seeks a New Language: On Sexism in Language and Language Change. In J. Penfield (ed.), Women and Language in Transition, 3–27. New York: State University of New York Press
Hines, Caitlin 1994. “Let me call you sweetheart”: The woman as dessert metaphor. In M. Bucholtz, A. C. Liang, L. A. Sutton, and C. Hines (eds.), Cultural Performances: Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Women and Language Conference, 295–303. Berkeley: Women and Language Group
Hines, Caitlin 1999. Foxy Chicks and Playboy Bunnies: A Case Study in Metaphorical Lexicalization. In M. K. Hiraga, C. Sinha, S. Wilcox (eds.), Cultural, Psychological, and Typological Issues in Cognitive Linguistics, 9–23. Amsterdam: Benjamins
Hines, John 1991. Scandinavian English: A Creole in Context. In P. S. Ureland and G. Broderick (eds.), Language Contact in the British Isles: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Language Contact, 403–27. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag
Hooks, Julius N. and Ernst G. Mathews 1956. Modern American Grammar and Usage. New York: Roland Press
Horn, Lawrence R. and Steven R. Kleinedler 2000. Parasitic Reference versus R-based Narrowing: Lexical Pragmatics Meets He-Man. Linguistic Society of America Convention, Chicago, 6 January. Unpublished paper
Howe, Stephen 1996. The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages. (Studia Linguistica Germanica, 43.) Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter
Huddleston, Rodney D. 1984. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press
Hughes, Geoffrey 1988. Words in Time: A Social History of the English Vocabulary. Oxford; New York: Blackwell
Hughes, Geoffrey 1991. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths, and Profanity in English. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Ibrahim, M. H. 1973. Grammatical Gender, Its Origin and Development. Paris: La-Hay
Jakobson, Roman 1966. On Linguistic Aspects of Translation. In R. A. Brower (ed.), On Translation, 232–39. New York: Oxford University Press
James, Deborah 1998. Gender-Linked Derogatory Terms and Their Use by Women and Men. American Speech 73.4: 399–420
Jespersen, Otto 1912. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 2nd edn. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner
Jespersen, Otto 1924. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: G. Allen & Unwin; New York: H. Holt and Co
Jespersen, Otto 1933. Essentials of English Grammar. New York: Henry Holt
Johnson, Samuel 1882. A Dictionary of the English Language. Ed. Rev. H. J. Todd. Revised by Robert G. Latham. London
Joly, André 1975. Toward a Theory of Gender in Modern English. In A. Joly and T. Fraser (eds.), Studies in English Grammar, 229–87. Paris: Editions Universitaires
Jones, Charles 1967a. The Functional Motivation of Linguistic Change: a Study in the Development of the Grammatical Category of Gender in the late Old English Period. English Studies 4: 97–111
Jones, Charles 1967b. The Grammatical Category of Gender in Early Middle English. English Studies 48: 289–305
Jones, Charles 1988. Grammatical Gender in English: 950–1250. London; New York; Sydney: Croom Helm
Jones, Richard F. 1953. The Triumph of the English Language. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Jonson, Ben 1972 [1640]. The English Grammar. A Scolar Press Facsimile. Menston: Scolar Press
Kanekiyo, T. 1965. Notes on Gender in English. Philologica Pragensia 8: 234–37
Kastovsky, Dieter 1999. Inflectional Classes, Morphological Restructuring, and the Dissolution of Old English Grammatical Gender. In B. Unterbeck and M. Rissanen (eds.), Gender in Grammar and Cognition, 709–28. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
Keller, Rudi 1994. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. by Brigitte Nerlich. London; New York: Routledge
Kerl, Simon 1985 [1878]. A Common-School Grammar of the English Language. New York: Scholars Facsimiles & Reprints
Kirkham, Samuel 1833. English Grammar in Familiar Lectures. New York: McElrath, Bangs, & Herbert
Kitson, Peter 1990. On Old English Nouns of More Than One Gender. English Studies 71: 185–221
Kittredge, George L. and Frank E. Farley 1913. An Advanced English Grammar. Boston: Ginn and Co.
Klaeber, Friedrich (ed.) 1950. Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg. 3rd edn. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath
Kleparski, Grzegorz A. 1996. Semantic Change in an Onomasiological Perspective. In G. Persson and M. Rydén (eds.), Male and Female Terms in English: Proceedings of the Symposium at Umeå University, May 18–19, 1994, 41–91. Umeå: Umeå University; Uppsala: Distributed by Swedish Science Press
Kleparski, Grzegorz A. 1997. Theory and Practice of Historical Semantics: The Case of Middle English and Early Modern English Synonyms of girl/young woman. Lublin: University Press of the Catholic University of Lublin
Kolln, Martha 1999. Rhetorical Grammar: Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical Effects. 3rd edn. Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Kytö, Merja (compiler) 1991. Manual to the Diachronic Part of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts: Coding Conventions and Lists of Source Texts. Helsinki: Department of English, University of Helsinki
Labov, William 1978. On the Use of the Present to Explain the Past. In P. Baldi and R. Werth (eds.), Readings in Historical Phonology, 275–312. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press
Labov, William 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change: Internal Factors. Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell
Labov, William 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change: External Factors. Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell
Lakoff, George 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson 1999. Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books
Lakoff, Robin 1975. Language and Woman's Place. New York: Octagon Books
Langenfelt, Gösta 1951. She and Her Instead of It and Its. Anglia 70: 90–101
Laqueur, Thomas 1990. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Lass, Roger 1987. The Shape of English: Structure and History. London: Dent
Lass, Roger 1992. Phonology and Morphology. In N. Blake (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 2 (1066–1476), 23–155. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Lehmann, Winfred P. 1958. On Earlier Stages of Indo-European Influence. Language 34: 179–202
Le Page, Robert 1987. The Need for a Multidimensional Model. In G. Gilbert (ed.), Pidgin and Creole Languages, 113–29. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 1967. Le Sexe des Astres. To Honor Roman Jakobson: Essays on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, Vol. 2, 1163–70. The Hague: Mouton
Liberman, Anatoly 1998. English Girl under the Asterisked Sky of the Indo-Europeans. In A. della Volpe and E. C. Polomé (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, Los Angeles, 1995, 150–172. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Number Twenty-Seven. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man
Liberman, Anatoly 2000. The Etymology of English Boy, Beacon, and Buoy. American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 12.2: 201–34
Lighter, J. E. (ed.) 1994–. Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House
Lightfoot, David W. 1979. Principles of Diachronic Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Lippi-Green, Rosina 1997. English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States. London; New York: Routledge
Lipton, Jack P. and Hershaft, Alan M. 1984. “Girl,” “Woman,” “Guy,” “Man”: The Effects of Sexist Labeling. Sex Roles 10: 183–94
Liske, Holly Bea 1994. The Status of the Sexes: A View Through Language. In K. Hall, M. Bucholtz, B. Moonwomon (eds.), Locating Power: Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference, Vol. 2, 356–361. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group
Livia, Anna 2001. Pronoun Envy: Literary Uses of Linguistic Gender. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Lounsbury, T. R. 1891. History of the English Language. New York: Henry Holt
Lüdtke, Helmut 1995. On the Origin of Middle and Modern English. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Linguistic Change under Contact Conditions, 51–53. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Lunsford, Andrea and Robert Connors 1997. The Everyday Writer. New York: St. Martin's Press
MacKay, Donald 1983. Prescriptive Grammar and the Pronoun Problem. In B. Thorne, C. Kramarae, and N. Henley (eds.), Language, Gender and Society, 38–53. Rowley: Newbury House
Major, Clarence (ed.) 1994. Juba to Jive: A Dictionary of African-American Slang. New York: Penguin Books
Malone, Joseph L. 1985. On the Feminine Pronominalization of Irish and English Boat Nouns. General Linguistics 25: 189–98
Marckwardt, Albert H. and Fred G. Walcott 1938. Facts about Current English Usage. A Publication of the National Council of Teachers of English. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co.
Marcoux, Dell 1973. Deviation in English Gender. American Speech 48: 98–107
Markey, Thomas L. 1982. Afrikaans: Creole or Non-Creole?Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 49: 169–207
Markus, Manfred 1988. Reasons for the Loss of Gender in English. In D. Kastovsky and G. Bauer (eds.), Luick Revisited: Papers Read at the Luick-Symposium at Schloß Liechtenstein, 15–18.9.1985, 241–58. Tübingen: Gunter Narr
Markus, Manfred 1995. On the Growing Role of Semantic and Pragmatic Features in Middle English. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Linguistic Change under Contact Conditions, 161–78. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Martyna, Wendy 1978. What Does ‘He’ Mean? Use of the Generic Masculine. Journal of Communication 28.1: 131–38
Martyna, Wendy 1980a. Beyond the ‘He/Man’ Approach: The Case for Nonsexist Language. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5: 482–93
Martyna, Wendy 1980b. The Psychology of the Generic Masculine. In S. McConnell-Ginet, R. Borker, and N. Furman (eds.), Women and Language in Literature and Society, 69–78. New York: Praeger
Martyna, Wendy 1983. Beyond the He/Man Approach: The Case for Nonsexist Language. In B. Thorne, C. Kramarae, and N. Henley (eds.), Language, Gender and Society, 25–37. Rowley: Newbury House
Mathiot, Madeleine 1979. Sex Roles as Revealed Through Referential Gender in American English. In M. Mathiot (ed.), Ethnolinguistics: Boas, Sapir and Whorf Revisited, 1–47. The Hague: Mouton
Mausch, Hanna 1986. A Note on LME Gender. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 18: 89–100
Mausch, Hanna 1989. Personal Pronouns and Markedness: An Interpretation of Grammatically Conditioned Changes. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 22: 81–90
McConnell-Ginet, Sally 1979. Prototypes, Pronouns and Persons. In M. Mathiot (ed.), Ethnolinguistics: Boas, Sapir and Whorf Revisited, 63–83. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
McConnell-Ginet, Sally 1988. Language and Gender. In F. J. Newmeyer (ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, 75–99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988
McConnell-Ginet, Sally 1989. The Sexual (Re)Production of Meaning: A Discourse-Based Theory. In F. W. Frank and P. A. Treichler (eds.), Language, Gender, and Professional Writing; Theoretical Approaches and Guidelines for Nonsexist Usage, 35–50. New York: Modern Language Association
McIntosh, Angus 1956. The Analysis of Written Middle English. Transactions of the Philological Society 54: 26–55
McIntosh, Angus 1989. Middle English Word-Geography: Its Potential Role in the Study of the Long-Term Impact of the Scandinavian Settlements upon English. In M. Laing (ed.), Middle English Dialectology, 98–105. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, Michael Benskin, et al. 1987. Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press
McMahon, April 1994. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
McWhorter, John 1998. Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a “Pure” Standard English. Cambridge, MA: Perseus
Megginson, David 1994. He (pl) and Other New Old English Pronouns. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes & Reviews 7: 6–13
Middle English Dictionary 1952–. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/m/med/
Miller, Casey and Kate Swift 1977. Words and Women. New York: Anchor Books
Miller, Casey 1980. The Handbook on Nonsexist Writing. New York: Lippincott and Crowell
Miller, Thomas (ed.) 1959 [1890]. The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. (EETS, 95.) Oxford: Oxford University Press
Mills, Jane 1989. Womanwords. London: Virago Press
Millward, C. M. 1996. Biography of the English Language. 2nd edn. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Milroy, James 1992. Linguistic Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell
Milroy, James 2000. Historical Description and the Ideology of the Standard Language. In L. Wright (ed.), The Development of Standard English, 1300–1800, 11–28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Milroy, Lesley 1980. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell
Mitchell, Bruce 1986. Old English Syntax. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Modern English Collection, Humanities Text Initiative, University of Michigan. http://www.hti.umich.edu/p/pd-modeng/
Moe, Albert F. 1963. “Lady” and “Woman”: The Terms’ Use in the 1880s. American Speech 38: 295
Moore, Samuel 1921. Grammatical and Natural Gender in Middle English. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 36: 79–103
Morris, Lori 1993. Gender in Modern English: The System and Its Uses. Unpublished dissertation
Moulton, Janice 1977. The Myth of Neutral ‘Man.’ In M. Vetterling-Braggin, F. Elliston, and J. English (eds.), Feminism and Philosophy, 124–137. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield
Moulton, Janice 1981. The Myth of the Neutral ‘Man.’ In M. Vetterling-Braggin (ed.), Sexist Language: A Modern Philosophical Analysis, 100–115. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams, & Co
Mugglestone, Lynda (ed.) 2000. Lexicography and the OED: Pioneers in the Untrodden Forest. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Mühlhäusler, Peter 1986. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Mühlhäusler, Peter and Rom Harré 1990. Pronouns and People: The Linguistic Construction of Social and Personal Identity. Oxford: Blackwell
Murray, K. M. Elizabeth 1977. Caught in the Web of Words: James Murray and the Oxford English Dictionary. New Haven; London: Yale University Press
Murray, Lindley 1981 [1824]. English Grammar. New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints
Mustanoja, Tauno F. 1960. A Middle English Syntax Part I. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique
Namai, Kenichi 2000. Gender Features in English. Linguistics 38.4: 771–79
Naro, Anthony J. and Miriam Lemle 1976. Syntactic Diffusion. In S. Steever, C. Walker, S. Mufwene (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Diachronic Syntax, 221–40. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society
Nevalainen, Terttu and Helena Raumolin-Brunberg 1994. Its Strength and the Beauty of It: The Standardization of the Third Person Neuter Possessive in Early Modern English. In D. Stein and I. Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds.), Towards a Standard English, 1600–1800, 171–216. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Newman, Michael 1997. Epicene Pronouns: The Linguistics of a Prescriptive Problem. New York, London: Garland
Ng, Sik Hung, Chan, Kam Kuen, Weatherall, Ann, and Moody, Joanna 1993. Polarized Semantic Change of Words Associated with Females and Males. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 12: 66–80
Norberg, Catherine 1996. Chaucer's Women: Female Occupational Terms in The Canterbury Tales. In G. Persson and M. Rydén (eds.), Male and Female Terms in English: Proceedings of the Symposium at Umeå University, May 18–19, 1994, 115–34. Umeå: Umeå University; Uppsala: Distributed by Swedish Science Press
Ogilvie, John 1882. The Imperial Dictionary, English, Technological, and Scientific. New edn. Ed. Charles Annandale. London: Blackie & Son
Oxford English Dictionary 1989. 2nd edn. Oxford: Clarendon. Oxford English Dictionary Online: http://dictionary.oed.com
Pauwels, Anne 1998. Women Changing Language. London; New York: Longman
Penelope, Julia and McGowan, Cynthia 1979. Woman and Wife: Social and Semantic Shifts in English. Papers in Linguistics 12: 491–502
Persson, Gunnar 1990. Meanings, Models and Metaphors: A Study in Lexical Semantics in English. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International
Persson, Gunnar 1996. Invectives and Gender in English. In G. Persson and M. Rydén (eds.), Male and Female Terms in English: Proceedings of the Symposium at Umeå University, May 18–19, 1994, 157–73. Umeå: Umeå University; Uppsala: Distributed by Swedish Science Press
Persson, Gunnar and Mats Rydén 1995. The Project “Male and Female Terms in English”: A Diachronic Study of a Semantic Field. In H. Kardela and G. Persson (eds.), New Trends in Semantics and Lexicography, 145–50. Umeå: Acta Universitatis Umensis
Peyton, V. J. 1771. The History of the English Language. Reprint. Menston: Scolar Press
Plag, Ingo 1994. Creolization and Language Change: A Comparison. In D. Adone and I. Plag (eds.), Creolization and Language Change, 3–19. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag
Poussa, Patricia 1982. The Evolution of Early Standard English: The Creolization Hypothesis. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 14: 69–85
Robbins, Susan and Stanley, Julia 1978. Going Through the Changes: The Pronoun She in Middle English. Papers in Linguistics 11.1–2: 71–88
Roberts, Jane A. 1970. Traces of Unhistorical Gender Congruence in a Late Old English Manuscript. English Studies 51: 30–37
Robins, R. H. 1971 [1951]. Ancient and Mediaeval Grammatical Theory in Europe. Reprint. New York: Kennikat
Robinson, Fred 1968. European Clothing Names and the Etymology of Girl. In W. Arndt, P. Brosman, F. Loenen, W. Friederich (eds.), Studies in Historical Linguistics in Honor of George Sherman Lane, 233–40. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
Rodgers, Bruce 1972. The Queens’ Vernacular: A Gay Lexicon. San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books
Romaine, Suzanne 1982. Sociohistorical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Romaine, Suzanne 1988. Pidgin and Creole Languages. New York: Longman
Romaine, Suzanne 1999. Communicating Gender. New Jersey; London: Lawrence Erlbaum
Ross, A. S. C. 1936. Sex and Gender in the Lindisfarne Gospels. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 35: 321–30
Rot, Sandor 1984. Inherent Variability and Linguistic Interference of Anglo-Old-Scandinavian and Anglo-Norman French Language Contacts in the Formation of Grammatical Innovations in Late Old English and Middle English. In N. F. Blake and C. Jones (eds.), English Historical Linguistics: Studies in Development, 67–86. Sheffield: Centre for English Cultural Tradition and Language, University of Sheffield
Rudskoger, A. 1955. A Note on the Use of she for Inanimate Things in Australian. Moderna Sprak 49: 264–5
Ruud, Martin 1926. She Once More. Review of English Studies 2: 201–204
Rydén, Mats 1996. Aspects of Language Use. In G. Persson and M. Rydén (eds.), Male and Female Terms in English: Proceedings of the Symposium at Umeå University, May 18–19, 1994, 1–7. Umeå: Umeå University; Uppsala: Distributed by Swedish Science Press
Safire, William 1999. Genderese: Looking for a Masterful Webmistress?New York Times Magazine, 16 May
Sampson, Gloria P. 1979. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Pronoun Usage in Middle English. In W. C. McCormack and S. A. Wurm (eds.), Language and Society: Anthropolgical Issues, 61–69. The Hague: Mouton
Samuels, M. L. 1963. Some Applications of Middle English Dialectology. English Studies 44: 81–94
Samuels, M. L. 1969. The Role of Functional Selection in the History of English. In R. Lass (ed.), Approaches to English Historical Linguistics, 325–44. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
Samuels, M. L. 1972. Linguistic Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Samuels, M. L. 1988. Dialect and Grammar. In J. A. Alford (ed.), A Companion to Piers Plowman, 201–21. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley University Press
Samuels, M. L. 1989. The Great Scandinavian Belt. In M. Laing (ed.), Middle English Dialectology, 106–15. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press
Sandred, Karl Inge 1991. Nominal Inflection in the Old English of the Anglo-Saxon Land Charters: Change of Gender or Analogy?Studia Neophilologica 63: 3–12
Sandström, Caroline 1999. The Changing System of Grammatical Gender in Swedish Dialects of Nyland, Finland. In B. Unterbeck and M. Rissanen (eds.), Gender in Grammar and Cognition, 793–806. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
Sankis, Lizabeth M., Corbitt, Elizabeth M., and Widiger, Thomas A. 1999. Gender Bias in the English Language?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77.6: 1289–95
Schaffner, Paul. A Brief History of ‘Man and Woman.’ Unpublished Paper
Schultz, Muriel R. 1975. The Semantic Derogation of Women. In B. Thorne and N. Henley (eds.), Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance, 64–75. Rowley, MA: Newbury
Seppänen, Aimo 1985. The who/what Contrast in Germanic Languages. Zeitschrift für Phonetik Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 38: 387–97
Sigley, Robert and Holmes, Janet 2002. Looking at girls in Corpora of English. Journal of English Linguistics 30.2: 138–57
Simon, John 1980. The Corruption of English. In L. Michaels and C. Ricks (eds.), The State of the Language, 35–42. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Sklar, Elizabeth S. 1983. Sexist Grammar Revisited. College English 45: 348–58
Smith, Jeremy 1992. The Use of English: Language Contact, Dialect Variation, and Written Standardisation During the Middle English Period. In T. W. Machan and C. T. Scott (eds.), English in Its Social Contexts, 47–68. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press
Smitherman, Geneva 2000. Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner. Revised edn. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Spender, Dale 1985. Man Made Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Stanley, Julia (Penelope) 1977a. Gender-Marking in American English: Usage and Reference. In A. P. Nilsen, H. Bosmajian, H. L. Gershuny, and J. Stanley (eds.), Sexism and Language, 43–76. Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English
Stanley, Julia (Penelope) 1977b. Paradigmatic Woman: The Prostitute. In D. L. Shores and C. P. Hines (eds.), Papers in Language Variation: SAMLA-ADS Collection, 303–21. University: University of Alabama Press
Stanley, Julia (Penelope) 1978. Sexist Grammar. College English 39.7: 800–811
State of Washington Voters Pamphlet: General Election November 2, 1999, Edition 12. Published by the Office of the Secretary of State, King County Records and Elections, and the City of Seattle
Stein, Dieter 1986. Old English Northumbrian Verb Inflection Revisited. In D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek (eds.), Linguistics Across Historical and Geographical Boundaries, Vol. 1, 637–50. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Stevick, Robert 1963. The Biological Model and Historical Linguistics. Language 39: 159–69
Strang, Barbara 1970. A History of English. London: Methuen
Sutton, Laurel A. 1995. Bitches and Skankly Hobags: The Place of Women in Contemporary Slang. In K. Hall and M. Bucholtz (eds.), Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self, 279–86. New York; London: Routledge
Svartengren, T. Hilding 1927. The Feminine Gender for Inanimate Things in Anglo-American. American Speech 3: 83–113
Svartengren, T. Hilding 1928. The Use of Personal Gender for Inanimate Things. Dialect Notes 6: 7–56
Svartengren, T. Hilding 1954. The Use of Feminine Gender for Inanimate Things in American Colloquial Speech. Moderna Sprak 48: 261–92
Swanton, Michael (ed.) 1996. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: J. M. Dent
Sweet, Henry 1871. King Alfred's West-Saxon Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care. (EETS 45, 50.) London: Oxford University Press
Sweet, Henry 1931 [1891]. A New English Grammar: Logical and Historical. 2 vols. Reprint. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Talbot, Mary M. 1998. Language and Gender: An Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press
Thomas of Erfurt 1972. Grammatica Speculativa. With translation and commentary by G. L. Bursill-Hall. London: Longman
Thomason, Sarah G. and Terrence Kaufman 1988. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. California: University of California Press
Toon, Thomas 1985. The Politics of Early Old English Sound Change. New York: Academic Press
Toon, Thomas 1992. The Social and Political Contexts of Language Change in Anglo-Saxon England. In T. W. Machan and C. T. Scott (eds.), English in Its Social Contexts, 28–47. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1972. A History of English Syntax: A Transformational Approach to the History of English Sentence Structure. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1973. Some Thoughts on Natural Syntactic Processes. In C. J. N. Bailey and R. W. Shuy (eds.), New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English, 313–22. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press
Treichler, Paula A. 1989. From Discourse to Dictionary: How Sexist Meanings Are Authorized. In F. W. Frank and P. A. Treichler (eds.), Language, Gender, and Professional Writing; Theoretical Approaches and Guidelines for Nonsexist Usage, 51–79. New York: Modern Language Association
Trench, Richard Chevenix 1870 [1855]. English, Past and Present. 7th edn. London: Macmillian
Trudgill, Peter 1983. On Dialect: Social and Geographical Perspectives. New York: New York University Press
Trudgill, Peter 1992. Dialect Typology and Social Structure. In E. H. Jahr (ed.), Language Contact: Theoretical and Empirical Studies, 195–212. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Twain, Mark 1921. The Awful German Language. In A Tramp Abroad, Vol. 2, 267–84. New York; London: Harper & Bros
Vachek, J. 1976. Notes on Gender in Modern English. Selected Writings in English and General Linguistics, 386–92. The Hague: Mouton
van Marle, Jaap and Caroline Smits 1995. On the Impact of Language Contact on Inflectional Systems: The Reduction of Verb Inflection in American Dutch and American Frisian. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Linguistic Change under Contact Conditions, 179–206. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Verstegan, Richard 1605. A Restitution of decayed intelligence: in antiquities. Concerning the most nobel and renowned English nation. Antwerp
Visser, F. 1963. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. Leiden: E. J. Brill
Fleischhacker, R. 1888. On the Old English Nouns of More than One Gender. Transactions of the Philological Society 21: 235–54
Vorlat, Emma 1975. The Development of English Grammatical Theory, 1586–1737. Leuven: Leuven University Press
Wales, Katie 1996. Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Wallin-Ashcroft, Anna-Lena 1996. Male and Female Terms in 18th Century English Novels. In G. Persson and M. Rydén (eds.), Male and Female Terms in English: Proceedings of the Symposium at Umeå University, May 18–19, 1994, 175–95. Umeå: Umeå University; Uppsala: Distributed by Swedish Science Press
Weber, Doris 1999. On the Function of Gender. In B. Unterbeck and M. Rissanen (eds.), Gender in Grammar and Cognition, 495–510. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
Webster, Noah 1864. An American Dictionary of the English Language. Edited by Chauncey A. Gooderich and Noah Porter. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam
Welna, Jerzy 1980. On Gender Change in Linguistic Borrowing. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Historical Morphology, 399–420. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
Werner, Otmar 1991. The Incorporation of Old Norse Pronouns into Middle English. In P. S. Ureland and G. Broderick (eds.), Language Contact in the British Isles: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Language Contact, 369–401. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag
Wescott, Roger W. 1978 [1974]. Women, Wife-men, and Sexist bias. In Verbatim: Volumes I and II, 15–16. Essex, CT: Verbatim
Whaley, C. Robert and Antonelli, George 1983. The Birds and the Beasts: Woman as Animal. Maledicta 7: 219–29
Whitney, William Dwight (ed.) 1889–1891. The Century Dictionary. New York: The Century Co
Whorf, Benjamin 1956. Grammatical Categories. In J. B. Carroll (ed.), Language, Thought, and Reality, 87–101. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Winchester, Simon 1998. The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperCollins
Wolfe, Susan 1980a. Constructing and Reconstructing Patriarchy: Sexism and Diachronic Semantics. Papers in Linguistics 13.1–2: 321–44
Wolfe, Susan 1980b. Gender and Agency in Indo-European Languages. Papers in Linguistics 13.1–2: 773–93
Wolfe, Susan 1989. The Reconstruction of Word Meanings: A Review of the Scholarship. In F. W. Frank and P. A. Treichler (eds.), Language, Gender, and Professional Writing; Theoretical Approaches and Guidelines for Nonsexist Usage, 80–94. New York: Modern Language Association

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.