Abelson, Julia, and François-Pierre Gauvin. 2006. Assessing the Impacts of Public Participation: Concepts, Evidence and Policy Implications. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks.
Abers, Rebecca. 2000. Inventing Local Democracy: Grassroots Politics in Brazil. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Abrams, Dominic, Margaret Wetherell, Sandra Cochrane, Michael A. Hogg, and John C. Turner. 1990. Knowing What to Think by Knowing Who You Are: Self-categorization and the Nature of Norm Formation, Conformity and Group Polarization. British Journal of Social Psychology 29: 97–119.
Ackerman, Bruce. 1991. We the People. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Ackerman, Bruce A., and James S. Fishkin. 2004. Deliberation Day. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
AmericaSpeaks, Everyday Democracy, Demos, and Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation. 2009. Working Together to Strengthen Our Nation’s Democracy. Washington, DC: AmericaSpeaks, Everyday Democracy, Demos, and Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation.
Andries, Darcy. 2008. American Idol versus the Presidential Election Voter Turnout - Numbers Don’t Lie. Yahoo! Voices. Available from voices.yahoo.com/american-idol-versus-presidential-election-voter-1396529.html, accessed 15 November 2013.
Arrow, Kenneth. 1963 [1951]. Social Choice and Individual Values. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Bachrach, Peter, and Morton S. Baratz. 1962. The Two Faces of Power. American Political Science Review 56: 947–52.
Bächtiger, André, Simon Niemeyer, Michael Neblo, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Jürg Steiner. 2010. Disentangling Diversity in Deliberative Democracy: Competing Theories, Their Blind Spots and Complementarities. Journal of Political Philosophy 18: 32–63.
Baiochi, Gianpaolo. 2003. Participation, Activism, and Politics: The Porto Alegre experiment. Pp. 45–77 in Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, edited by Archon Fung and Erik Olin Wright. London: Verso.
Baiocchi, Gianpaolo. 2005. Militants and Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Baiocchi, Gianpaolo, Patrick Heller, and Marcelo K. Silva. 2011. Bootstrapping Democracy: Transforming Local Governance and Civil Society in Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Barabas, Jason. 2004. How Deliberation Affects Policy Opinions. American Political Science Review 98: 687‒701.
Barber, Benjamin. 1984. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bardach, Eugene. 2009. A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis (3rd ed.)Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Baron, Robert S. 2005. So Right It’s Wrong: Groupthink and the Ubiquitous Nature of Polarized Group Decision Making. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 37: 219–53.
Barrett, Gregory, Miriam Wyman, and Vera Schattan P. Coelho. 2012. Assessing the Policy Impacts of Deliberative Civic Engagement: Comparing Engagement in the Health Policy Process of Brazil and Canada. Pp. 118‒204 in Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by Tina Nabatchi, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger. Oxford University Press.
Bartels, Larry M. 2003. Democracy with Attitudes. Pp. 48‒82 in Electoral Democracy, edited by Michael MacKuen and George Rabinowitz. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Bartels, Larry M. 2008. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age.: Princeton University Press.
Benhabib, Seyla. 1992. Models of Public Space: Hannah Arendt, the Liberal Tradition, and Jürgen Habermas. Pp. 73–98 in Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by Craig Calhoun. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Benhabib, Seyla. 1994. Deliberative Rationality and Models of Democratic Legitimacy. Constellations 1: 26–52.
Benhabib, Seyla. 1996. Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy. Pp. 67–94 in Democracy and Difference: Contesting Boundaries of the Political, edited by Seyla Benhabib. Princeton University Press.
Bennett, W. Lance. 2008. Changing Citizenship in the Digital Age. Pp. 1–24 in Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth, edited by W. Lance Bennett. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Berelson, Bernard R., Paul R. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. University of Chicago Press.
Bernthal, Philip R., and Chad A. Insko. 1993. Cohesiveness without Groupthink: The Interactive Effects of Social and Task Cohesion. Group and Organization Management 18: 66–87.
Berry, Jeffrey M., and Clyde Wilcox. 2009. The Interest Group Society, 5th ed. New York: Longman.
Bessette, Joseph M. 1994. The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy and American National Government. University of Chicago Press.
Birch, Anthony H. 1993. The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy. London: Routledge.
Bishop, George F. 2005. The Illusion of Public Opinion: Fact and Artifact in American Public Opinion Polls. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Bjornlund, Eric. 2004. Beyond Free and Fair: Monitoring Elections and Building Democracy. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Black, Laura W. 2003. Deliberation, Storytelling, and Dialogic Moments. Communication Theory 18: 93–116.
Black, Laura W. 2012. How People Communicate during Deliberative Events. Pp. 59–82 in Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by Tina Nabatchi, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger. Oxford University Press.
Blais, André. 2013. Evaluating U.S. Electoral Institutions in Comparative Perspective. Pp. 15–25 in Representation: Elections and Beyond, edited by Jack H. Nagel and Rogers M. Smith. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
BohmanJames. 1995. Public Reason and Cultural Pluralism: Political Liberalism and the Problem of Moral Conflict. Political Theory 23: 253–79.
Bohman, James. 1996. Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James. 2012. Representation in the Deliberative System. Pp. 72–94 in Deliberative Systems, edited by John Parkinson and Jane Mansbridge. Cambridge University Press.
Bohman, James, and William Rehg. 1997. Introduction. Pp. ix‒xxx in Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James, and Henry S. Richardson. 2009. Liberalism, Deliberative Democracy, and “Reasons that All Can Accept”Journal of Political Philosophy 17: 253–74.
Boldt, David. 1999. Through the Eyes of a True Believer. Pp. 87‒103 in The Poll with a Human Face: The National Issues Convention Experiment in Political Communication, edited by Maxwell McCombs and Amy Reynolds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bonham, Vence L., Toby Citrin, Stephen M. Modell, Tené Hamilton Franklin, Esther W.B. Bleicher, and Leonard M. Fleck. 2009. Community-Based Dialogue: Engaging Communities of Color in the United States’ Genetics Policy Conversation. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 34: 325–59.
Borah, Porismita. 2011. Conceptual Issues in Framing Theory: A Systematic Examination of a Decade’s Literature. Journal of Communication, 61: 246–63.
Bouas, Kelly S., and S. S. Komorita. 1996. Group Discussion and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22: 1144–50.
Bowker, Geoffrey, Allen S. Hammond, and Chad Raphael. 2006, September 27. County Residents Can Help Shape the Future of Broadband. San Jose Mercury News.
Brady, David. 2003. The Politics of Poverty: Left Political Institutions, the Welfare State, and Poverty. Social Forces 82: 557–88.
Brown, Roger. 1986. Social Psychology: The Second Edition. New York: Free Press.
Browne, Mark B. 2006. Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation, Journal of Political Philosophy 14: 203–25.
Bryan, Frank M. 2004. Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How It Works. University of Chicago Press.
Button, Mark and Kevin Mattson. 1999. Deliberative Democracy in Practice: Challenges and Prospects for Civic Deliberation. Polity 31: 609–37.
Burkhalter, Stephanie, John Gastil, and Todd Kelshaw. 2002. A conceptual definition and theoretical model of public deliberation in small face-to-face groups. Communication Theory 12: 398–422.
Burnstein, Eugene, Amiram Vinokur, and Yaacov Trope. 1973. Interpersonal Comparison Versus Persuasive Argumentation: A More Direct Test of Alternative Explanations for Group-Induced Shifts in Individual Choice. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 9: 236–45.
Button, Mark, and Kevin Mattson. 1999. Deliberative Democracy in Practice: Challenges and Prospects for Civic Deliberation. Polity 31: 609–37.
Button, Mark, and David M. Ryfe. 2005. What Can We Learn from the Practice of Deliberative Democracy? Pp. 20–33 in The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century, edited by John Gastil and Peter Levine. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Callon, Michel, Pierre Lascoumes, and Yannick Barthe. 2009. Acting in an Uncertain World: An Essay on Technical Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Caplan, Bryan. 2007. The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies. Princeton University Press.
Cappella, Joseph N., Vincent Price, and Lilach Nir. 2002. Argument Repertoire as a Reliable and Valid Measure of Opinion Quality: Electronic Dialogue During Campaign 2000. Political Communication 19: 73–93.
Carcasson, Martín. 2011. Reporting on Deliberative Forums: Current Practices and Future Developments. Research report prepared for the Kettering Foundation.
Carson, Lyn. 2001. Innovative Consultation Processes and the Changing Role of Activism. Third Sector Review 7: 7–22.
Carson, Lyn, and Brian Martin. 1999. Random Selection in Politics. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Chambers, Simone. 2003. Deliberative Democratic Theory. Annual Review of Political Science 6: 307–26.
Chambers, Simone. 2004. Behind Closed Doors: Publicity, Secrecy, and The Quality Of Deliberation. Journal of Political Philosophy 12: 389–410.
Chambers, Simone. 2005. Measuring Publicity’s Effect. Acta Politica 40: 255–66.
Chambers, Simone. 2009. Rhetoric and the Public Sphere: Has Deliberative Democracy Abandoned Mass Democracy? Political Theory 37: 323–50.
Chambers, Simone. 2012. Deliberation and Mass Democracy. Pp. 52–71 in Deliberative Systems, edited by John Parkinson and Jane Mansbridge. Cambridge University Press.
Cheng, Antony S., and Janet D. Fiero. 2005. Collaborative Learning and the Public’s Stewardship of its Forests. Pp. 164–73 in The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century, edited by John Gastil and Peter Levine. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. Framing Public Opinion in Competitive Democracies. American Political Science Review 101: 637–55.
Christiano, Thomas. 2012. Rational Deliberation among Experts and Citizens. Pp. 27‒51 in Deliberative Systems, edited by John Parkinson and Jane Mansbridge. Cambridge University Press.
Clapp, Jennifer, and Peter Dauvergne. 2005. Paths to a Green World: The Political Economy of the Environment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cohen, Geoffrey L. 2003. Party over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence on Political Beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85: 808–22.
Cohen, Joshua. 1989. Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy. Pp. 17–34 in The Good Polity: Normative Analysis of the State, edited by Alan P. Hamlin and Philip Pettit. Oxford: Blackwell.
Cohen, Joshua. 1997. Procedure and Substance in Deliberative Democracy. Pp. 407–38 in Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cohen, Joshua. 2007. Deliberative Democracy. Pp. 219–36 in Deliberation, Participation and Democracy: Can the People Govern? edited by Shawn W. Rosenberg. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cohen, Joshua, and Archon Fung. 2004. Radical Democracy. Swiss Journal of Political Science 10(4): 23–34.
Cohen, Joshua, and Joel Rogers. 1983. On Democracy. New York: Penguin Books.
Cohen, Joshua, and Joel Rogers. 1995. Associations and Democracy. London: Verso.
Colby, Anne, Elizabeth Beaumont, Thomas Ehrlich, and Josh Corngold. 2007. Educating for Democracy: Preparing Undergraduates for Responsible Political Engagement. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cole, Luke, and Sheila Foster. 2001. From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York University Press.
Collingwood, Loren, and Justin Reedy. 2012. Listening and Responding to Criticisms of Deliberative Civic Engagement. Pp. 233–60 in Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by Tina Nabatchi, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger. Oxford University Press.
Cooper, Emmeline, and Graham Smith. 2012. Organizing Deliberation: The Perspectives of Professional Participation Practitioners in Britain and Germany. Journal of Public Deliberation 8(1), Article 3: 1–39.
Corburn, Jason. 2003. Bringing Local Knowledge into Environmental Decision Making: Improving Urban Planning for Communities at Risk. Journal of Planning Education and Research 22: 420-433.
Cox, Gary W. and Mathew D. McCubbins. 2005. Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the U.S. House of Representatives. Cambridge University Press.
Craig, Jane M., and Carolyn W. Sherif. 1986. The Effectiveness of Men and Women in Problem-solving Groups as a Function of Gender Composition. Sex Roles 14: 453–66.
Crosby, Ned and Doug Nethercut. 2005. Citizens Juries: Creating a Trustworthy Voice of the People. Pp. 111–19 in The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century, edited by John Gastil and Peter Levine. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Cutler, Fred, Richard Johnston, R. Kenneth Carty, André Blais, and Patrick Fournier. 2008. Deliberation, Information and Trust: The BC Citizens’ Assembly as Agenda-Setter. Pp. 166–91 in Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly, edited by Mark E. Warren and Hilary Pearse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dahl, Robert A. 1970. After the Revolution? Authority in a Good Society. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dalton, Russell J. 2004. Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in the Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford University Press.
Danish Board of Technology. 2005. New GM Plants – New Debate: The Final Document of the Citizens’ Jury. Copenhagen: Danish Board of Technology.
Danish Board of Technology. 2009. World Wide Views on Global Warming: From the World’s Citizens to the Climate Policy-Makers. Copenhagen: Danish Board of Technology.
Davies, Todd, and Reid Chandler. 2012. Online Deliberation Design: Choices, Criteria, and Evidence. Pp. 103‒31 in Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by Tina Nabatchi, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger. Oxford University Press.
della Porta, Donatella. 2006. Globalization from Below: Transnational Activists and Protest Networks. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
della Porta, Donatella. 2013. Can Democracy be Saved? Participation, Deliberation and Social Movements. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Delli Carpini, Michael X., Fay Lomax Cook, and Lawrence R. Jacobs. 2004. Public Deliberation, Discursive Participation, and Citizen Engagement: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Annual Review of Political Science 7: 315–44.
Devine, Dennis J., Laura Clayton, Benjamin B. Dunford, Rasmy Seying, and Jennifer Price. 2001. Jury Decision Making: 45 Years of Empirical Research on Deliberating Groups. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 73: 622–727.
Dillard, Kara N. 2013. Envisioning the Role of Facilitation in Public Deliberation. Journal of Applied Communication Research 41: 217‒35.
Doble Research Associates. 2006. Democracy’s Challenge: Reclaiming the Public’s Role. Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation.
Druckman, James N. 2004. Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)Relevance of Framing Effects. American Political Science Review 98: 671–86.
Druckman, James N., and Lawrence R. Jacobs. 2011. Segmented Representation: The Reagan White House and Disproportionate Responsiveness. Pp. 166–88 in Who Gets Represented?, edited by Peter K. Enns and Christopher Wlezien. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Druckman, James N., and Kjersten R. Nelson. 2003. Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens’ Conversations Limit Elite Influence. American Journal of Political Science 47: 729–45.
Dryzek, John S. 1990. Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science. Cambridge University Press.
Dryzek, John S. 1997. The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses. Oxford University Press.
Dryzek, John S. 2000. Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford University Press.
Dryzek, John S. 2001. Legitimacy and Economy in Deliberative Democracy. Political Theory 29: 651–69.
Dryzek, John S. 2004. Legitimacy and Economy in Deliberative Democracy. Pp. 242–60 in Contemporary Political Theory: A Reader, edited by Colin Farrelly. London: Sage.
Dryzek, John S. 2007. Networks and Democratic Ideals: Equality, Freedom, and Communication. Pp. 262–73 in Theories of Democratic Network Governance, edited by Eva Sørensen and Jacob Torfing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dryzek, John. 2009. The Australian Citizens’ Parliament: A World First. Journal of Public Deliberation 5(1), Article 9: 1–7.
Dryzek, John S. 2010. Foundations and Frontiers of Deliberative Governance. Oxford University Press.
Dryzek, John S. 2013. The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press.
Dryzek, John S., André Bächtiger, and Karolina Milewicz. 2011. Toward a Deliberative Global Citizens’ Assembly. Global Policy 2: 33–42.
Dryzek, John S., Robert E. Goodin, Aviezer Tucker, and Bernard Reber. 2009. Promethean Elites Encounter Precautionary Publics: The Case of GM Foods. Science, Technology & Human Values 34: 263–88.
Dryzek, John S., and Simon Niemeyer. 2010. Pluralism and Meta-Consensus. Pp. 85–118 in Foundations and Frontiers of Deliberative Governance, by John S. Dryzek. Oxford University Press.
Dryzek, John S., and Aviezer Tucker. 2008. Deliberative Innovation to Different Effect: Consensus Conferences in Denmark, France, and the United States. Public Administration Review 68, 864–76.
Dutwin, David. 2003. The Character of Deliberation: Equality, Argument, and the Formation of Public Opinion. International Journal of Public Opinion 15: 239–64.
Eckersley, Robyn. 1992. Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Eliasoph, Nina. 1998. Avoiding Politics: How Americans Produce Apathy in Everyday Life. Cambridge University Press.
Elster, Jon. 1983. Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality. Cambridge University Press.
Elster, Jon. 1998. Introduction. Pp. 1–18 in Deliberative Democracy, edited by Jon Elster. Cambridge University Press.
Elstub, Stephen. 2008. Towards a Deliberative and Associational Democracy. Edinburgh University Press.
Elstub, Stephen. 2010. Linking Micro Deliberative Democracy and Decision-Making: Trade-Offs between Theory and Practice in a Partisan Citizen Forum. Representation 46: 309–24.
Esterling, Kevin, Archon Fung, and Taeku Lee. 2010. The Difference Deliberation Makes: Evaluating the “Our Budget, Our Economy” Public Deliberation. Washington, DC: AmericaSpeaks.
Estlund, David M. 1992. Who’s Afraid of Deliberative Democracy? On the Strategic/Deliberative Dichotomy in Recent Constitutional Jurisprudence. Texas Law Review 71: 1437–77.
Estlund, David. 1997. Beyond Fairness and Deliberation: The Epistemic Dimension of Democratic Authority. Pp. 173–204 in Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Evans, Sara M., and Harry C. Boyte. 1992. Free Spaces: The Sources of Democratic Change in America. University of Chicago Press.
Faden, Ruth R., Tom L. Beauchamp, and Nancy M. P. King. 1986. A History and Theory of Informed Consent. Oxford University Press.
Fagotto, Elena, and
Archon Fung.
2006.
Embedded Deliberation: Entrepreneurs, Organizations, and Public Action.
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Available from
www.wcgmf.org/pdf/publication_31.pdf, accessed July 22, 2013.
Farrar, Cynthia, Donald P. Green, Jennifer E. Green, David W. Nickerson, and Steven Shewfelt. 2009. Does Discussion Group Composition Affect Policy Preferences? Results from Three Randomized Experiments. Political Psychology 30: 615–47.
Fearon, James D. 1998. Deliberation as Discussion. Pp. 44–68 in Deliberative Democracy, edited by Jon Elster. Cambridge University Press.
Feldman, Lauren, Josh Pasek, Daniel Romer, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 2007. Identifying Best Practices in Civic Education: Lessons from the Student Voices Program. American Journal of Education 114: 75–100.
Ferejohn, John. 2008. Conclusion: The Citizens’ Assembly Model. Pp. 192‒213 in Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly, edited by Mark E. Warren and Hilary Pearse. Cambridge University Press.
Festenstein, Matthew. 2002. Deliberation, Citizenship and Identity. Pp. 88–111 in Democracy as Public Deliberation: New Perspectives, edited by Maurizio Passerin d’Entrèves. Manchester University Press.
Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press.
Fischer, Frank. 1995. Evaluating Public Policy. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers.
Fishkin, James S. 1995. The Voice of the People. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Fishkin, James S. 2009. When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation. Oxford University Press.
Fishkin, James S., and Peter Laslett, eds. 2003. Debating Deliberative Democracy. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Fishkin, James S., and Robert C. Luskin. 2005. Experimenting with a Democratic Ideal: Deliberative Polling and Public Opinion. Acta Politica, 40: 284–98.
Fishkin, James S., and Robert C. Luskin. 2006. Broadcasts of Deliberative Polls: Aspirations and Effects. British Journal of Political Science 36: 184–9.
Fiske, Susan T., and Shelley E. Taylor. 1991. Social Cognition (2nd ed.). New York, NY, England: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Forster, E.M. 1965 [1938]. Two Cheers for Democracy. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
Fournier, Patrick, Henk van der Kolk, R. Kenneth Carty, André Blais and Jonathan Rose. 2011. When Citizens Decide: Lessons from Citizens’ Assemblies on Electoral Reform. Oxford University Press.
Fraser, Nancy. 1992. Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy. Pp. 109‒42 in Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by Craig Calhoun. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Frey, Dieter. 1986. Recent Research on Selective Exposure to Information. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 19: 41–80.
Fung, Archon. 2003. Recipes for Public Spheres: Eight Institutional Design Choices and Their Consequences. Journal of Political Philosophy 11: 338–67.
Fung, Archon. 2004. Empowered Participation: Reinventing Urban Democracy. Princeton University Press.
Fung, Archon. 2005. Deliberation before the Revolution: Toward an Ethics of Deliberative Democracy in an Unjust World. Political Theory 33: 397–419.
Fung, Archon. 2006. Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance. Public Administration Review 66: 66‒75.
Fung, Archon. 2008. Citizen Participation in Government Innovations. Pp. 52–70 in Innovations in Government, edited by Sandford F. Borins. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Fung, Archon. 2013. The Principle of Affected Interests: An Interpretation and Defense. Pp. 236–68 in Representation: Elections and Beyond, edited by Jack H. Nagel and Rogers M. Smith. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Fung, Archon, Mary Graham, and David Weil. 2007. Full Disclosure: The Perils and Promise of Transparency. Cambridge University Press.
Fung, Archon, and Erik Olin Wright. 2003. Thinking about Empowered Participatory Governance. Pp. 3–44 in Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, edited by Archon Fung and Erik Olin Wright. London: Verso.
Gastil, John. 1993. Democracy in Small Groups: Participation, Decision Making, and Communication. Philadelphia: New Society.
Gastil, John. 2008. Political Communication and Deliberation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gastil, John, and James P. Dillard. 1999. Increasing Political Sophistication through Public Deliberation. Political Communication 16: 3–23.
Gastil, John, Katie Knobloch, and Meghan Kelly. 2012. Evaluating Deliberative Public Events and Projects. Pp. 233–60 in Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by Tina Nabatchi, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger. Oxford University Press.
Gastil, John, and Peter Levine, eds. 2005. The Deliberative Democracy Handbook. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Gastil, John, and Robert Richards. 2013. Making Direct Democracy Deliberative through Random Assemblies. Politics & Society 4: 253–81.
Gaventa, John. 1982. Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Gawande, Atul. 2010. The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Geissel, Brigitte. 2012. Democratic Innovations: Theoretical and Empirical Challenges of Evaluation. Pp. 209–14 in Evaluating Democratic Innovations: Curing the Democratic Malaise?, edited by Brigitte Geissel and Kenneth Newton. London: Routledge.
Gibbs, Lois. 1994. Risk Assessment from a Community Perspective. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 14: 327–35.
Gibson, Christopher, and Michael Woolcock. 2008. Empowerment, Deliberative Development, and Local-Level Politics in Indonesia: Participatory Projects as a Source of Countervailing Power. Studies in Comparative International Development 43: 151–80.
Gibson, Cynthia, and Levine, Peter. 2003. The Civic Mission of Schools. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning.
Gilens, Martin. 2012. Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America. New York: Princeton University Press/Russell Sage Foundation.
Gimple, James G., and James R. Edwards. 1999. The Congressional Politics of Immigration Reform. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Goodin, Robert E. 2003. Reflective Democracy. Oxford University Press.
Goodin, Robert E. 2008. Innovating Democracy: Democratic Theory and Practice after the Deliberative Turn. Oxford University Press.
Goodin, Robert E. 2009. Rationalising Discursive Anomalies. Theoria 56(119): 1–13.
Goodin, Robert E., and John S. Dryzek. 2006. Deliberative Impacts: The Macro-Political Uptake of Mini-Publics. Politics & Society 34: 219–44.
Gould, Jonathan. 2011. Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Annenberg Public Policy Center.
Graber, Doris A. 1989. An Information Processing Approach to Public Opinion Analysis. Pp. 103–116 in Rethinking Communication, Volume 2 Paradigm Exemplars, edited by Brenda Dervin, Lawrence Grossberg, Barbara J. O’Keefe, and Ellen Wartella. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Grönlund, Kimmo, Maija Setälä, and Kaisa Herne. 2010. Deliberation and Civic Virtue: Lessons from a Citizen Deliberation Experiment. European Political Science Review 2: 95–117.
Grönlund, Kimmo, Kaisa Herne, and Maija Setälä. 2013. Deliberation within and across Enclaves – Opinion and Knowledge Change in an Experiment. Paper presented at public research seminar in Political Science, Åbo Akademi 4 April.
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis F. Thompson. 1996. Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis F. Thompson. 2004. Why Deliberative Democracy?Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson. 2012. The Spirit of Compromise: Why Governing Demands It and Campaigning Undermines It. Princeton University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1984. The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and Rationalization of Society, Vol. I. Trans. Thomas McCarthy. Boston: Beacon Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1987. The Theory of Communicative Action: The Critique of Functionalist Reason, Vol. II. Trans. Thomas McCarthy. Boston: Beacon Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1989 [1962]. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Trans. Thomas Burger with Frederick Lawrence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1990. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Trans. Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1996a. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Trans. William Rehg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1996b. Reply to Symposium Participants. Cardozo Law Review 17: 1477–557.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1997. Popular Sovereignty as Procedure. Pp. 35–66 in Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2001. Constitutional Democracy: A Paradoxical Union of Contradictory Principles? Political Theory 29: 766–81.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2005. Concluding Comments on Empirical Approaches to Deliberative Politics. Acta Politica 40: 384–92.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2006. Time of Transitions, edited and translated by Ciaran Cronin and Max Pensky. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hansen, Mogens Herman. 2008. Direct Democracy, Ancient and Modern. Pp. 37–54 in The Ashgate Research Companion to the Politics of Democratization in Europe: Concepts and Histories, edited by Kari Palonen, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, and José María Rosales. Farnham, UK:Ashgate Publishing.
Hart, Stephen. 1992. What Does the Lord Require?Oxford University Press.
Hajnal, Zoltan. 2010. America’s Uneven Democracy: Race, Turnout, and Representation in City Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Halle, David. 1984. America’s Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics among Blue Collar Property Owners. University of Chicago Press.
Hamilton, Alexander, John Jay, and James Madison. 2000[1779]. The Federalist Papers. New York: Modern Library.
Hammond IV, Allen, and
Chad Raphael.
2006. Municipal Broadband: A Background Briefing Paper. Broadband For All? Available from
www.broadbandforall.org/app/briefing_paper.doc, accessed 10 September 2013. Hannaford-Agor, Paula, Valerie P. Hans, and G. Thomas Munsterman. 2000. Permitting Jury Discussions During Trial: Impact of the Arizona Reform.
Law and Human Behavior 24: 359‒81.
Hannigan, John A. 2006. Environmental Sociology: A Social Constructionist Perspective, 2d Ed. New York and London: Routledge.
Hansen, Allan Dreyer. 2007. Governance Networks and Participation. Pp. 247–61 in Theories of Democratic Network Governance, edited by Eva Sørensen and Jacob Torfing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hardin, Russell. 1995. One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict. Princeton University Press.
Haslam, S. Alexander, Penelope J. Oakes, Katharine J. Reynolds, and John C. Turner. 1999. Social Identity Salience and the Emergence of Stereotype Consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25: 809–18.
Haug, Christoph, and
Simon Teune.
2008.
Identifying Deliberation in Social Movement Assemblies: Challenges of Comparative Participant Observation.
Journal of Public Deliberation 4(1), Article 8. Available from
www.services.bepress.com/jpd/vol4/iss1/art8/, accessed 8 December 2008.
Hays, R. Allen. 2001. Who Speaks for the Poor? National Interest Groups and Social Policy. New York: Routledge.
Held David. 1996. Models of Democracy. Stanford University Press.
Heller, Patrick. 2005. Reinventing Public Power in the Age of Globalization: Decentralization and the Transformation of Movement Politics in Kerala. Pp. 79–106 in Social Movements in India: Poverty, Power, and Politics, edited by Raka Ray and Mary Katzenstein. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
Hendriks, Carolyn M. 2005. Consensus Conferences and Planning Cells: Lay Citizen Deliberations. Pp. 80–110 in The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century, edited by John Gastil and Peter Levine. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Hendriks, Carolyn M. 2006a. Integrated Deliberation: Reconciling Civil Society’s Dual Role in Deliberative Democracy. Political Studies 54: 486–508.
Hendriks, Carolyn M. 2006b. When the Forum Meets Interest Politics: Strategic Uses of Public Deliberation. Politics and Society 34: 571–602.
Hendriks, Carolyn M. 2011. The Politics of Public Deliberation: Citizen Engagement and Interest Advocacy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hendriks, Carolyn M., and Carson, Lyn. 2008. Can the Market Help the Forum? Negotiating the Commercialization of Deliberative Democracy. Policy Sciences, 41: 293–313.
Hendriks, Carolyn M., John S. Dryzek, and Christian Hunold. 2007. Turning up the Heat: Partisanship in Deliberative Innovation. Political Studies 55: 362–83.
Hetherington, Marc J. 2005. Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism. Princeton University Press.
Hetherington, Marc J., and Jason A. Husser. 2012. How Trust Matters: The Changing Political Relevance of Political Trust. American Journal of Political Science 56: 312‒25.
Hibbing, John R., and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 2002. Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs about How Government Should Work. Cambridge University Press.
Hill, Kim Quaile, and Jan E. Leighley. 1992. The Policy Consequences of Class Bias in State Electorates. American Journal of Political Science 36: 351–65.
Hill, Kim Quaile, Jan E. Leighley, and Angela Hinton-Andersson. 1995. Lower-Class Mobilization and Policy Linkage in the U.S. States. American Journal of Political Science 39: 75–86.
Hirst, Paul. 1994. Associative Democracy: New Forms of Economic and Social Governance. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Hochschild, Jennifer. 1981. What’s fair?Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hogg, Michael A., and Sarah C. Hains. 1998. Friendship and Group Identification: A New Look at the Role of Cohesiveness in Groupthink. European Journal of Social Psychology 28: 323–41.
Hogg, Michael A., John C. Turner, and Barbara Davidson. 1990. Polarized Norms and Social Frames of Reference: A Test of the Self-Categorization Theory of Group Polarization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 11: 77–100.
Horkheimer, Max. 1982. Critical Theory: Selected Essays. Trans. Matthew J. O’Connell. New York: Continuum.
Involve and National Consumer Council. 2008. Deliberative Public Engagement: Nine Principles. London, National Consumer Council.
Irwin, Alan. 2006. The Politics of Talk: Coming to Terms with the ‘New’ Scientific Governance. Social Studies of Science 36: 299–320.
Isaac, T.M. Thomas, and Patrick Heller. 2003. Democracy and Development: Decentralized Planning in Kerala. Pp. 77–110 in Deepening Democracy, edited by Archon Fung and Erik Olin Wright. London: Verso.
Issues Deliberation Australia, the Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research at the Australian National University, the Hawke Research Institute at the University of South Australia, and the Centre for Australian Studies. 2001.
Australia Deliberates: Reconciliation – Where From Here? Available from
www.docstoc.com/docs/13120611/AUSTRALIA-DELIBERATES-RECONCILIATION – WHERE-FROM-HERE-FINAL-REPORT, accessed 12 August
2013.
Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald Kinder. 1987. News that Matters. University of Chicago Press.
Jackman, Simon, and Paul M. Sniderman. 2006. The Limits of Deliberative Discussion: A Model of Everyday Political Arguments. Journal of Politics 68: 272–83.
Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Theda Skocpol, eds. 2005. Inequality and American Democracy: What We Know and What We Need to Learn. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Jacobs, Lawrence, Fay Lomax Cook, and Michael X. Delli Carpini. 2009. Talking Together: Public Deliberation and Political Participation in America. University of Chicago Press.
Janis, Irving L. 1972. Victims of Groupthink. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Janis, Irving L. 1982. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes, 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Johnson, Richard A., and Gary I. Schulman. 1989. Gender-role Composition and Role Entrapment in Decision-making Groups. Gender and Society 3: 355–72.
Jørgensen, Michael Søgaard. 2012. A Pioneer in Trouble: Danish Board of Technology Are Facing Problems. European Association for the Study of Science and Tecnhology Review 31(1). Available from easst.net/?page_id=883, accessed 2 December 2013.
Joss, Simon. 1998. Danish Consensus Conferences as a Model of Participatory Technology Assessment: An Impact Study of Consensus Conferences on Danish Parliament and Danish Public Debate. Science and Public Policy 25: 2–22.
Kadlec, Alison, and
Will Friedman.
2007.
Deliberative Democracy and the Problem of Power.
Journal of Public Deliberation 3(1), Article 8. Available from
www.services.bepress.com/jpd/vol3/iss1/art8/, accessed 17 July 2008.
Kahan, Dan M., Paul Slovic, Donald Braman, and John Gastil. 2006. Fear of Democracy: A Cultural Evaluation of Sunstein on Risk. Harvard Law Review 119: 1071–109.
Kahne, Joseph E., and Ellen Middaugh. 2008. Democracy for Some: The Civic Opportunity Gap in High School. Washington, DC: The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning.
Kahne, Joseph E., and Susan E. Sporte. 2008. Developing Citizens: The Impact of Civic Learning Opportunities on Students’ Commitment to Civic Participation. American Educational Research Journal, 45: 738–66.
Kameda, Tatsuya 1991. Procedural Influence in Small-group Decision Making: Deliberation Style and Assigned Decision Rule. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 245–56.
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
Kaplan, Martin F., and Charles E. Miller. 1987. Group Decision-making and Normative versus Informational Influence: Effects of Type of Issue and Assigned Decision Rule. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53: 306–13.
Karpowitz, Christopher F. 2006. Having a Say: Public Hearings, Deliberation, and Democracy in America. Ph.D. diss., Department of Politics, Princeton University.
Karpowitz, Christopher F., and Jane Mansbridge. 2005. Disagreement and Consensus: The Importance of Dynamic Updating in Public Deliberation. Pp. 237–53 in The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century, edited by John Gastil and Peter Levine. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Karpowitz, Christopher F., and Tali Mendelberg. 2007. How People Deliberate about Justice: Groups, Gender, and Decision Rules. Pp. 101–29 in Deliberation, Participation and Democracy: Can the People Govern?, edited by Shawn W. Rosenberg. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Karpowitz, Christopher F., and Tali Mendelberg. 2008. Groups, Norms, and Gender: Initial Results from the Deliberative Justice Experiment. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA, 28–31 August.
Karpowitz, Christopher F., and Tali Mendelberg. 2011. An Experimental Approach to Citizen Deliberation. Pp. 258–71 in Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, edited by James N. Druckman, Donald P. Green, James H. Kuklinski, and Arthur Lupia. Cambridge University Press.
Karpowitz, Christopher F., and Tali Mendelberg. 2014. The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation, and Institutions. Princeton University Press.
Karpowitz, Christopher F., Tali Mendelberg, and Lee Shaker. 2012. Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation. American Political Science Review 106: 533–47.
Keeter, Scott,
Cliff Zukin,
Molly Andolina, and
Krista Jenkins.
2002.
The Civic and Political Health of the Nation: A Generational Portrait. Available from
www.pollcats.net/downloads/civichealth.pdf, accessed 28 June 2013.
Kinder, Donald R., and Lynn M. Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. University of Chicago Press.
Kinney, Bo. 2012. Deliberation’s Contribution to Community Capacity Building. Pp. 163–80 in Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by Tina Nabatchi, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger. Oxford University Press.
Kleinman, Daniel Lee, Jason A. Delborne, and Ashley A. Anderson. 2011. Engaging Citizens: The High Cost of Citizen Participation In High Technology. Public Understanding of Science 20: 221‒40.
Knight, Jack, and James Johnson. 1997. What Sort of Political Equality Does Deliberative Democracy Require? Pp. 279–319 in Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Knobloch, Katherine R., John Gastil, Justin Reedy, and Katherine Cramer Walsh. 2013. Did They Deliberate? Applying an Evaluative Model of Democratic Deliberation to the Oregon Citizens’ Initiative Review. Journal of Applied Communication Research 41: 105–25.
Kock, Christian. 2007. Norms of Legitimate Dissensus. Informal Logic 27: 179–96.
Kratochwil, Friedrich V. 1989. Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge University Press.
Kuklinski, James H., and Paul J. Quirk. 2000. Reconsidering the Rational Public: Cognition, Heuristics, and Mass Opinion. Pp. 153‒82 in Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality, edited by Arthur Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin. Cambridge University Press.
Kunda, Ziva. 1990. The Case for Motivated Reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 108: 480‒98.
Kuyper, Jonathan W. 2012. Deliberative Democracy and the Neglected Dimension of Leadership. Journal of Public Deliberation 8(1), Article 4, 1–32.
Lacy, Stephen, and Daniel Riffe. 1996. Sampling Error and Selecting Intercoder Reliability Samples for Nominal Content Categories: Sins of Omission and Commission in Mass Communication Quantitative Research. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 73: 969–73.
Lang, Amy. 2008. Agenda-setting in Deliberative Forums: Expert Influence and Citizen Autonomy in the British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly. Pp. 85–105 in Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly, edited by Mark E. Warren and Hilary Pearse. Cambridge University Press.
Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2001. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making. American Journal of Political Science 45: 951‒71.
Lazarsfeld, Paul F., BernardBerelson, and HazelGaudet. 1944. The People’s Choice. New York: Columbia University Press.
Lee, Caroline W. 2011.
Five Assumptions Academics Make about Public Deliberation, and Why They Deserve Rethinking.
Journal of Public Deliberation 7(1), Article 7. Available from
www.publicdeliberation.net/jpd/vol7/iss1/art7, accessed 10 July 2013.
Leib, Ethan J. 2004. Deliberative Democracy in America: A Proposal for a Popular Branch of Government. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Press.
Leighninger, Matt. 2012. Mapping Deliberative Civic Engagement: Pictures from a (R)evolution. Pp. 19–42 in Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by Tina Nabatchi, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger. Oxford University Press.
Levine, Peter, Archon Fung, and John Gastil. 2005. Future Directions for Public Deliberation. Pp. 271–88 in The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century, edited by John Gastil and Peter Levine. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Lezaun, Javier, and Linda Soneryd. 2007. Consulting Citizens: Technologies of Elicitation and the Mobility of Publics. Public Understanding of Science 16: 279–97.
Lind, E. Allan, and Tom R. Tyler. 1988. The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Plenum Press.
List, Christian, Robert C. Luskin, James S. Fishkin and Iain McLean. 2013. Deliberation, Single-Peakedness, and the Possibility of Meaningful Democracy: Evidence from Deliberative Polls. The Journal of Politics 75: 80–95.
Lowi, Theodore J. 1969. The End of Liberalism: Ideology, Policy, and the Crisis of Public Authority. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Lukensmeyer, Carolyn J., Joe Goldman, and Steven Brigham. 2005. A Town Meeting for the Twenty-First Century. Pp. 154–63 in The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century, edited by John Gastil and Peter Levine. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Lupia, Arthur. 1994. Shortcuts versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections. American Political Science Review 88: 63‒76.
Lupia, Arthur, and Mathew D. McCubbins. 1994. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know?Cambridge University Press.
Luskin, Robert C., and James S. Fishkin. 2002. Deliberation and “Better Citizens.” Paper presented at the Annual Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium for Political Research, Turin, Italy, 22–27 March.
Luskin, Robert C., Fishkin, James S., and Jowell, Roger. 2002. Considered Opinions: Deliberative Polling in Britain. British Journal of Political Science 32: 455–87.
Lyu, Hyeon-Suk. 2008. Participative Deliberation and Policy Proposals on Government Websites in Korea: Analysis from a Habermasian Public Deliberation Model. International Review of Public Administration 12(2): 45–58.
Macedo, Stephen. 1999. Introduction. Pp. 3–16 in Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement, edited by Stephen Macedo. Oxford University Press.
Macedo, Stephen, Yvette M. Alex-Assensoh, Jeffrey M. Berry, Michael Brintnall, David E. Campbell, Luis Ricardo Fraga, Archon Fung, William A. Galston, Christopher F. Karpowitz, Margaret Levi, Meira Levinson, Keena Lipsitz, Richard G. Niemi, Robert D. Putnam, Wendy M. Rahn, Rob Reich, Robert R. Rodgers, Todd Swanstrom, and Katherine Cramer Walsh. 2005. Democracy at Risk: How Political Choices Undermine Citizen Participation, and What We Can Do about It. Washington, DC: Brookings.
Mackenzie, Michael K., and Mark E. Warren. 2012. Two trust-based uses of minipublics in democratic systems. Pp. 95–124 in Deliberative Systems, edited by John Parkinson and Jane Mansbridge. Cambridge University Press.
Mackie, Gerry. 2004. Democracy Defended. Cambridge University Press.
MacNeil/Lehrer Productions and Center for Deliberative Democracy. 2010. By the People: Hard Times, Hard Choices. Stanford, CA: Center for Deliberative Democracy.
Majone, Giandomenico. 1989. Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in The Policy Process. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Manaster, Kenneth. 2013. The American Legal System and Civic Engagement: Why We All Should Think Like Lawyers. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Manin, Bernard. 1987. On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation. Political Theory 15: 338–68.
Mansbridge, Jane. 1983. Beyond Adversary Democracy. University of Chicago Press.
Mansbridge, Jane. 1996. Using Power/Fighting Power: The Polity. Pp. 46‒66 in Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, edited by Seyla Benhabib. Princeton University Press.
Mansbridge, Jane. 1999. Everyday Talk in the Deliberative System. Pp. 211–39 in Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement, edited by Stephen Macedo. Oxford University Press.
Mansbridge, Jane. 2003. Practice-thought-practice. Pp. 175–99 in Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, edited by Archon Fung and Erik Olin Wright. London: Verso.
Mansbridge, Jane. 2007. ‘Deliberative Democracy’ or ‘Democratic Deliberation’? Pp. 251–71 in Deliberation, Participation and Democracy: Can the People Govern?, edited by Shawn W. Rosenberg. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mansbridge, Jane, James Bohman, Simone Chambers, David Estlund, Andreas Føllesdal, Archon Fung, Cristina Lafont, and Bernard Manin. 2010. The Place of Self‐Interest and the Role of Power in Deliberative Democracy. Journal of Political Philosophy 18: 64‒100.
Mansbridge, Jane, James Bohman, Simone Chambers, Thomas Christiano, Archon Fung, John Parkinson, Dennis F. Thompson, and Mark E. Warren. 2012. A Systemic Approach to Deliberative Democracy. Pp. 1–27 in Deliberative Systems, edited by John Parkinson and Jane Mansbridge. Cambridge University Press.
Mansbridge, Jane,
Janette Hartz-Karp,
Matthew Amengual, and
John Gastil.
2006.
Norms of Deliberation: An Inductive Study.
Journal of Public Deliberation 2(1), Article 7. Available from
www.services.bepress.com/jpd/vol2/iss1/art7/, accessed 17 July 2008.
Mapes, Kathleen. 2009. Sweet Tyranny: Migrant Labor, Industrial Agriculture, and Imperial Politics. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Martí, José Luis. 2006. The Epistemic Conception of Deliberative Democracy Defended. Pp. 27–56 in Deliberative Democracy and its Discontents, edited by Samantha Besson and José Luis Martí. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Mathis, Jerome. 2011. Deliberation with Evidence. American Political Science Review 105: 516–29.
Matthews, David. 1999. Politics for the People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice, 2d ed. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
McCarty, Nolan, Ketih T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
McVeigh, Rory. 2009. The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Melucci, Alberto. 1996. Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age. Cambridge University Press.
Melville, Keith, Taylor L. Willingham, and John R. Dedrick. 2005. National Issues Forums: A network of communities promoting public deliberation. Pp. 37–58 in The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century, edited by John Gastil and Peter Levine. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Mendelberg, Tali. 2002. The Deliberative Citizen: Theory and Evidence. Political Decision Making, Deliberation and Participation 6: 151–93.
Mendelberg, Tali, Christopher F. Karpowitz, and Nicholas Goedert. 2014. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women’s Distinctive Voice? How gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation. American Journal of Political Science 58: 291–306.
Mendelberg, Tali, Christopher F. Karpowitz, and J. Baxter Oliphant. 2014. Gender Inequality in Deliberation: Unpacking the Black Box of Interaction. Perspectives on Politics 12: 18‒44.
Mercier, Hugo, and Hélène Landemore. 2012. Reasoning is for Arguing: Understanding the Successes and Failures of Deliberation. Political Psychology 33: 243–58.
Mill, John Stuart. 1998 [1861]. Utilitarianism. Oxford University Press.
Miller, David. 1992. Deliberative Democracy and Social Choice. Political Studies 40 (special issue): 54–67.
Montague, Peter (1998, Feb. 18). The Precautionary Principle. Rachel’s Environment & Health News 586: 1–2.
Moore, Alfred. 2011a. Expert Authority in a Deliberative System. Paper presented at the General Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research, Reykjavik, 25–27 August.
Moscovici, Serge, and Marisa Zavalloni. 1969. The Group as a Polarizer of Attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 12: 125–35.
Mouffe, Chantal. 1999. Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism? Social Research 66: 745–58.
Mutz, Diana C. 2006. Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Mutz, Diana C. 2008. Is Deliberative Democracy a Falsifiable Theory? Annual Review of Political Science 11:521–8.
Myers, David G., and Paul J. Bach. 1974. Discussion Effects on Militarism-Pacifism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 30: 741–7.
Nabatchi, Tina. 2012. An Introduction to Deliberative Civic Engagement. Pp. 59–82 in Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by Tina Nabatchi, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger. Oxford University Press.
Nabatchi, Tina, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger, eds. 2012. Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement. Oxford University Press.
National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation, International Association for Public Participation, and the Co-Intelligence Institute.
2009. Core Principles for Public Engagement. Available from
www.ncdd.org/rc/item/3643, accessed 11 September 2013.
National Telecommunications and Information Administration. 2000. Falling through the Net: Toward Digital Inclusion. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Neblo, Michael. 2010. Change for the Better? Linking the Mechanisms of Deliberative Opinion Change to Normative Theory. Working paper, Department of Political Science, Ohio State University.
Neblo, Michael A., Kevin M. Esterling, Ryan P. Kennedy, David M.J. Lazer, and Anand E. Sokhey. 2010. Who Wants To Deliberate – And Why? American Political Science Review 104: 566–83.
Neiheisel, Jacob R., Paul A. Djupe, and Anand E. Sokhey. 2009. Veni, Vidi, Disseri: Churches and the Promise of Democratic Deliberation. American Politics Research 37: 614–43.
Nemeth, Charlan J. 1977. Interactions between Jurors as a Function of Majority vs. Unanimity Decision Rules. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 7: 38–56.
Nemeth, Charlan J., and Jack A. Goncalo. 2011. Rogues and Heroes: Finding Value in Dissent. Pp. 17–35 in Rebels in Groups: Dissent, Deviance, Difference and Defiance, edited by Jolanda Jetten and Matthew. J. Hornsey. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
New America Foundation and Center for International Media Action. 2006. Building Constituencies for Spectrum Policy Change. First Report: Wireless Broadband and Public Needs. Washington, DC: New America Foundation.
Newton, Kenneth. 2012a. Making Better Citizens? Pp. 137–62 in Evaluating Democratic Innovations: Curing the Democratic Malaise?, edited by Brigitte Geissel and Kenneth Newton. London: Routledge.
Newton, Kenneth. 2012b. Curing the Democratic Malaise with Democratic Innovations. Pp. 3–20 in Evaluating Democratic Innovations: Curing the Democratic Malaise?, edited by Brigitte Geissel and Kenneth Newton. London: Routledge.
Nickerson, Raymond S. 1998. Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. Review of General Psychology 2: 175–220.
Niemann, Yolanda Flores. 2003. The Psychology of Tokenism. Pp. 100–18 in the Handbook of Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology, edited by Guillermo Bernal, Joseph E. Trimble, A. Kathleen Burlew, and Frederick T. L. Long. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Niemeyer, Simon. 2004. Deliberation in the Wilderness: Displacing Symbolic Politics. Environmental Politics 13: 347–72.
Nussbaum, Martha. 2000. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge University Press.
Ober, Josiah. 1989. Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology, and the Power of the People. Princeton University Press.
O’Brien, Mary. 2000. Making Better Environmental Decisions: An Alternative to Risk Assessment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Olson, Jr., Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Osberg, Lars, Timothy M. Smeeding, and Jonathan Schwabish. 2004. Income Distribution and Public Social Expenditure: Theories, Effects, and Evidence. Pp. 821–59 in Social Inequality, edited by Kathryn M. Neckerman. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Ostrom, Mary Anne. 2006, October 8. Wireless Network Concerns Get Venting. San Jose Mercury News.
Page, Benjamin I. 1996. Who Deliberates? Mass Media in Modern Democracy. University of Chicago Press.
Papandrea, Marie-Rose. 2008. Student Speech Rights in the Digital Age. Florida Law Review 60: 1027–102.
Parker, Ashley and Jonathan Weisman (2013, July 10). G.O.P. in House Resists Overhaul for Immigration. New York Times, A1.
Parkinson, John. 2006a. Deliberating in the Real World: Problems of Legitimacy in Deliberative Democracy. Oxford University Press.
Parkinson, John. 2006b. Rickety Bridges: Using the Media in Deliberative Democracy. British Journal of Political Science 36: 175–84.
Parkinson, John. 2006c. Of Scale and Straw Men: A Reply to Fishkin and Luskin. British Journal of Political Science 36: 189–92.
Parkinson, John. 2012a. Democratizing Deliberative Systems. Pp. 151–72 in Deliberative Systems, edited by John Parkinson and Jane Mansbridge. Cambridge University Press.
Parkinson, John. 2012b. Democracy and Public Space: The Physical Sites of Democratic Performance. Oxford University Press.
Pennock, Roland. 1979. Democratic Political Theory. Princeton University Press.
Phillips, Anne. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford University Press.Piketty, Thomas, and Emmanuel Saez. 2003. Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998. Quarterly Journal of Economics 118: 1–39.
Pincock, Heather. 2012. Does Deliberation Make Better Citizens? Pp. 135‒62 in Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by Tina Nabatchi, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger. Oxford University Press.
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Polletta, Francesca. 2002. Freedom is an Endless Meeting: Democracy in American Social Movements. University of Chicago Press.
Polletta, Francesca, and James M. Jasper. 2001. Collective Identity and Social Movements. Annual Review of Sociology 27: 283–305.
Popkin, Samuel L. 1991. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. University of Chicago Press.
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000.
Quattrone, George A., and Edward E. Jones. 1980. The Perception of Variability within In-Groups and Out-Groups: Implications for the Law of Small Numbers. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 38: 141–52.
Raphael, Chad. 2005. Investigated Reporting: Muckrakers, Regulators, and the Struggle over Television Documentary. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Rask, Mikko, and Richard K. Worthington. 2012. Prospects of Deliberative Global Governance. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 1: 556‒65.
Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Reardon, Sara. 2011. Budget Cuts Threaten Denmark’s Science Assessment Body. ScienceInsider (November 22). Available from news.sciencemag.org/funding/2011/11/budget-cuts-threaten-denmarks-science-assessment-body, accessed 2 December 2013.
Regenwetter, Michel, Bernard Grofman, A. A. J. Marley, and Ilia M. Tsetlin. 2006. Behavioral Social Choice: Probabilistic Models, Statistical Inference, and Applications. Cambridge University Press.
Rhee, June Woong, and Joseph N. Cappella. 1997. The Role of Political Sophistication in Learning from News: Measuring Schema Development. Communication Research 24: 197–233.
Rigby, Elizabeth, and Gerald C. Wright. 2011. Whose Statehouse Democracy? Policy Responsiveness to Poor versus Rich Constituents in Poor versus Rich States. Pp. 189–222 in Who Gets Represented?, edited by Peter K. Enns and Christopher Wlezien. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Riker, William H. 1982. Liberalism against Populism: A Confrontation between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice. San Francisco: Freeman.
Rose, James D. 2011. Diverse Perspectives on the Groupthink Theory – A Literary Review. Emerging Leadership Journeys 4(1): 37‒ 57.
Rosenberg, Shawn W., ed. 2007. Deliberation, Participation and Democracy: Can the People Govern?New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rostbøll, Christian F. 2005. Preferences and Paternalism on Freedom and Deliberative Democracy. Political Theory 33: 370‒ 96.
Rostbøll, Christian F. 2008. Deliberative Freedom: Deliberative Democracy as Critical Theory. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Rowe, Gene, and Lynn J. Frewer. 2004. Evaluating Public-Participation Exercises: A Research Agenda. Science, Technology and Human Values 29: 512–56.
Rucht, Dieter. 2012. Deliberation as an Ideal and Practice in Progressive Social Movements. Pp. 112–34 in Evaluating Democratic Innovations: Curing the Democratic Malaise?, edited by Brigitte Geissel and Kenneth Newton. London: Routledge.
Ryfe, David. 2005. Does Deliberative Democracy Work? Annual Review of Political Science 8: 49–71.
Ryfe, David M. 2006. Narrative and Deliberation In Small Group Forums. Journal of Applied Communication Research 34: 72‒93.
Ryfe, David M., and Brittany Stalsburg. 2012. The Participation and Recruitment Challenge. Pp. 43–58 in Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by Tina Nabatchi, John Gastil, G. Michael Weiksner, and Matt Leighninger. Oxford University Press.
Saenz, Delia S. 1994. Token Status and Problem-Solving Deficits: Detrimental Effects of Distinctiveness and Performance Monitoring. Social Cognition 12: 61–74.
Sanders, Lynn. 1997. Against Deliberation. Political Theory 25: 347–76.
Santa Clara University Center for Science, Technology, and Society and Broadband Institute of California.
2006.
Broadband for All? A Consensus Conference on Municipal Broadband. Final Report and Recommendations. Available from
www.broadbandforall.org/MBCCFinalReport.doc, accessed 12 December 2008.
Saunders, Harold H. 2011. Sustained Dialogue in Conflicts: Transformation and Change. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schattschneider, Elmer E. 1960. Semi-Sovereign People. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Scheufele, Dietram A., Matthew C. Nisbet, and Dominique Brossard. 2003. Pathways to Participation? Religion, Communication Contexts, and Mass Media. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 15: 300–24.
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady, The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2012.
Schor, Juliet. 2012. Forum. Pp. 45‒50 in Shopping for Good, edited by Dara O’Rourke. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Schudson Michael. 1998. The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life. New York: Free Press.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper.
Sclove, Richard. 1996. Town Meetings on Technology. Technology Review 99(5): 24–31.
Scott, Esther. 2008. “Broadmoor Lives”: A New Orleans Neighborhood’s Battle to Recover from Hurricane Katrina. Kennedy School of Government Case Program C14-08-1893.0. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf.
Setälä, Maija, Kimmo Grönlund, and Kaisa Herne. 2010. Citizen Deliberation on Nuclear Power: A Comparison of Two Decision-Making Methods. Political Studies 58: 688–714.
Simon, Adam F., and Tracy Sulkin. 2002. Discussion’s Impact on Political Allocations: An Experimental Approach. Political Analysis 10: 403–12.
Sintomer, Yves, Carsten Herzberg, and Anja Röcke. 2008. Participatory Budgeting in Europe: Potentials and Challenges. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 32: 164–78.
Siu, Alice. 2008. Look Who’s Talking: Examining Social Influence, Opinion Change and Argument Quality in Deliberation. PhD diss., Stanford University.
Skocpol, Theda. 2003. Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Skocpol, Theda, and Vanessa Williamson. 2011. The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Skogan, Wesley G., and Susan M. Hartnett. 1999. Community Policing, Chicago Style. Oxford University Press.
Smith, Eliot R., and Diane M. Mackie. 2000. Social Psychology, 2d ed. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Smith, Graham. 2005. Beyond the Ballot: 57 Democratic Innovations from Around the World. London: Power Inquiry.
Smith, Graham. 2009. Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation. Cambridge University Press.
Smith, Graham, and Corinne Wales. 2000. Citizens’ Juries and Deliberative Democracy. Political Studies 48: 51–65.
Smith, Ron F. 2008. Ethics in Journalism, 6th Ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Snow, David A., E. Burke Rochford, Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford. 1986. Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation. American Sociological Review 51: 464–81.
Sørensen, Eva, and Jacob Torfing. 2007. Introduction: Governance Network Research: Towards a Second Generation. Pp. 1–24 in Theories of Democratic Network Governance, edited by Eva Sørensen and Jacob Torfing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
South Dakota Issues Forums. 2009. The Role of Citizens in the Legislative Process. Rapid City, SD: Chiesman Foundation for Democracy.
Spears, Russell, Martin Lea, and Stephen Lee. 1990. De-Individuation and Group Polarization in Computer-Mediated Communication. British Journal of Social Psychology 29: 121–34.
Spragens, Thomas A. 1990. Reason and Democracy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Steiner, Jürg. 2012. The Foundations of Deliberative Democracy: Empirical Research and Normative Implications. Cambridge University Press.
Steiner, Jürg, André Bächtiger, Markus Spörndli, and Marco R. Steenbergen. 2004. Deliberative Politics in Action: Analyzing Parliamentary Discourse. Cambridge University Press.
Sturgis, Patrick, Caroline Roberts, and Nick Allum. 2005. A Different Take on the Deliberative Poll Information, Deliberation, and Attitude Constraint. Public Opinion Quarterly 69: 30–65.
Sunstein, Cass R. 1991. Preferences and Politics. Philosophy and Public Affairs 20: 3–34.
Sunstein, Cass R. 1993. The Partial Constitution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Sunstein, Cass R. 1997. Deliberation, Democracy, Disagreement. Pp. 93–117 in Justice and Democracy: Cross-cultural Perspectives, edited by Ron Bontekoe and Marietta Stepaniants. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Sunstein, Cass R. 1999. Agreement without Theory. Pp. 123–50 in Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement, edited by Stephen Macedo. Oxford University Press.
Sunstein, Cass R. 2000. Deliberative Trouble? Why Groups Go to Extremes. Yale Law Journal 110: 74.
Sunstein, Cass R. 2002. The Law of Group Polarization. Journal of Political Philosophy 10: 175–95.
Sunstein, Cass R. 2005. Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle. Cambridge University Press.
SunWolf. 2007. Practical Jury Dynamics: From One Juror’s Trial Perceptions to the Group’s Decision-making Processes, 2d ed. Charlottesville, VA: LexisNexis.
Taber, Charles S., and Milton Lodge. 2006. Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs. American Journal of Political Science 50: 755–69.
Talpin, Julien. 2011. Schools of Democracy: How Ordinary Citizens (Sometimes) Become Competent in Participatory Budgeting Institutions. Colchester: ECPR Press.
Talpin, Julien. 2012. When Democratic Innovations Let the People Decide. Pp. 184–206 in Evaluating Democratic Innovations: Curing the Democratic Malaise?, edited by Brigitte Geissel and Kenneth Newton. London: Routledge.
Tepper, Steven J. 2004. Setting Agendas and Designing Alternatives: Policymaking and the Strategic Role of Meetings. Review of Policy Research 21, 523–42.
Tetlock, Philip E., Randall S. Peterson, Charles McGuire, Shi-jie Chang, and Peter Feld. 1992. Assessing Political Group Dynamics: The Test of the Groupthink Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63: 403–25.
Theodoulou, Stella Z., and Chris Kofinis. 2004. The Art of the Game: Understanding American Public Policy Making. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Thompson, Dennis F. 1999. Democratic Theory and Global Society. Journal of Political Philosophy 7: 111–25.
Thompson, Dennis F. 2008. Deliberative Democratic Theory and Empirical Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science 11: 497–520.
Thompson, Dennis F. 2013. Are American Elections Sufficiently Democratic? Pp. 26–38 in Representation: Elections and Beyond, edited by Jack H. Nagel and Rogers M. Smith. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Tickner, Joel. 2001. Democratic Participation: A Critical Element of Precautionary Public Health Decision-Making. New Solutions 11(2): 93–111.
Torney-Purta, Judith, and Britt S. Wilkenfeld. 2009. Paths to 21st Century Competencies through Civic Education Classrooms: An Analysis of Survey Results from Ninth Graders. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association Division for Public Education.
Toulmin, Stephen. 1958. The Uses of Argument. Cambridge University Press.
Tucker, Aviezer. 2008. Pre-emptive Democracy: Oligarchic Tendencies in Deliberative Democracy. Political Studies 56, 127–47.
Turner, John C., Michael A. Hogg, Penelope J. Oakes, Stephen D. Reicher, and Margaret S. Wetherell. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Turner, Marlene E., and Anthony R Pratkanis, eds. 1998. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 73: 103–374.
University of New Hampshire Office of Sustainability Programs and Cooperative Extension. 2002. New Hampshire Just Food Citizen Panel Consensus Conference, February 7–9, 2002, Findings and Recommendations. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire Office of Sustainability Programs and Cooperative Extension.
Urbanati, Nadia, and Mark Warren. 2008. The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory. Annual Review of Political Science 11: 387–412.
US Congress. 2011, April 14. Congressional Record: Daily Edition 157 (55): S2472-S2474.
US Government Accountability Office. 2006. Telecommunications: Broadband Deployment Is Extensive Throughout the United States, but It Is Difficult to Assess the Extent of Deployment Gaps in Rural Areas. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office.
Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vinokur, Amiram, and Eugene Burnstein. 1978. Depolarization of Attitudes in Groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36: 872–85.
Voltaire. 1949 [1759]. The Portable Voltaire. Edited by Ben Ray Redman. New York: Viking Press.
Walsh, Katherine Cramer. 2006. Communities, Race, and Talk: An Analysis of the Occurrence of Civic Intergroup Dialogue Programs. Journal of Politics 68: 22–33.
Walsh, Katherine Cramer. 2007. Talking about Race: Community Dialogues and the Politics of Difference. University of Chicago Press.
Walzer, Michael. 1991. Constitutional Rights and the Shape of Civil Society. Pp. 113–26 in The Constitution of the People: Reflections on Citizens and Civil Society, edited by Robert E. Calvert. University Press of Kansas.
Wampler, Brian. 2012. Participatory Budgeting: Core Principles and Key Impacts. Journal of Public Deliberation 8(2), Article 12: 1–13.
Wampler, Brian, and Janette Hartz-Karp. 2012. Participatory Budgeting: Diffusion and Outcomes across the World. Journal of Public Deliberation 8(2), Article 13: 1–4.
Warren, Mark E. 1992. Democratic Theory and Self-Transformation. American Political Science Review 86: 8–23.
Warren, Mark E. 2001. Democracy and Association. Princeton University Press.
Warren, Mark E. 2007. Institutionalizing Deliberative Democracy. Pp. 272–88 in Deliberation, Participation and Democracy: Can the People Govern?, edited by Shawn W. Rosenberg. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Warren, Mark E., and Hilary Pearse, eds. 2008. Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly. Cambridge University Press.
Wesolowska, Elzbieta. 2007. Social Processes of Antagonism and Synergy in Deliberating Groups. Swiss Political Science Review 13: 663–80.
Williams, Melissa S. 1998. Voice, Trust, and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation. Princeton University Press.
Williamson, Vanessa, Theda Skocpol, and John Coggin. 2011. The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. Perspectives on Politics 9: 25‒43.
Winston, Brian. 1988. The Tradition of the Victim in Griersonian Documentary. Pp. 269–86 in New Challenges for Documentary, edited by Alan Rosenthal. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wolff, Edward N. 2009. Poverty and Income Distribution, 2d ed. Chichester, UK:Wiley Blackwell.
Wood, Lesley J. 2012. Direct Action, Deliberation, and Diffusion: Collective Action after the WTO Protests in Seattle. Cambridge University Press.
Yack, Bernard. 2006. Rhetoric and Public Reasoning: An Aristotelian Understanding of Political Deliberation. Political Theory 34: 417–38.
Yen, Hope. 2013. U.S. Poverty Rate Languishes at 15 Percent. San Jose Mercury News, 18 September, A10.
Young, Iris Marion. 1996. Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy. Pp. 120–36 in Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, edited by Seyla Benhabib. Princeton University Press.
Young, Iris Marion. 2000. Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford University Press.
Young, Iris Marion. 2001. Activist Challenges to Deliberative Democracy. Political Theory 29: 670–90.
Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge University Press.
Zaller, John, and Stanley Feldman. 1992. A Simple Theory of the Survey Response. American Journal of Political Science 36: 579–616.
Zarefsky, David. 1986. President Johnson’s War on Poverty: Rhetoric and History. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
