Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T23:38:54.406Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

23 - The First Century of US Militarization in Alaska, 1867–1967

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2023

Adrian Howkins
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
Peder Roberts
Affiliation:
University of Stavanger
Get access

Summary

Within the scholarship on ‘U.S. state and empire building in the longue durée’, Alaska plays a surprisingly small role.3 Past the sizable shelf of studies on World War II, the region also vanishes in the literature on the early years of the global Cold War, despite Alaska’s geopolitical prominence and the corresponding effects of additional defence spending, construction, and employment in the period leading up to statehood in 1959.4 Support for (essentially concurrent) statehood in Alaska and Hawai’i was unquestionably ‘entwined with the buildup of both territories as major Cold War defense installations’.5 To rectify that double oversight, and to draw together periods frequently rendered discrete, this chapter uses the United States (US) military, an institution pivotal to the establishment, expansion, and direction of Alaska as a settler colonial society, to stitch together a century of Alaskan history.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acheson, Dean, “Crisis in Asia: An Examination of U.S. Policy”, Department of State Bulletin 22 (23 January 1950): 111118.Google Scholar
Aguirre, Robert D., “Wide Angle: Eadweard Muybridge, the Pacific Coast, and Trans-Indigenous Representation”, Victorian Literature and Culture 49 (2021): 5572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, Chris, ed., As the Old Flag Came Down: Eyewitness Accounts of the October 18, 1867 Alaska Transfer Ceremony (Anchorage: Alaska Historical Society, 2018).Google Scholar
Allen, Henry T., Report of an Expedition to the Copper, Tananá, and Koyukuk Rivers, in the Territory of Alaska, in the Year 1885, ‘For the Purpose of Obtaining all Information which will be Valuable and Important, especially to the Military Branch of the Government’ (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1887).Google Scholar
America and Polar Geopolitics”, Army Talk 173 (26 April 1947): 19.Google Scholar
Annual Report of the Secretary of War on the Operations of the Department for the Year 1870, Vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1870).Google Scholar
Arnett, Jessica, “Between Empires and Frontiers: Alaska Native Sovereignty and U.S. Settler Imperialism”, PhD diss. (University of Minnesota, 2018).Google Scholar
Arnold, H. H., Global Mission (New York: Harper, 1949).Google Scholar
A Soldier’s Guide for Keeping Warm in Extremely Cold Climates (Washington, DC: Office of The Quartermaster General, US Army, 1949).Google Scholar
Banner, Stuart, Possessing the Pacific: Land, Settlers, and Indigenous People from Australia to Alaska (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Bjork, Katharine, Prairie Imperialists: The Indian Country Origins of American Empire. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019).Google Scholar
Blackhawk, Ned, Violence Over the Land: Indians and Empires in the Early American West (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Blower, Brooke L., “Nation of Outposts: Forts, Factories, Bases, and the Making of American Power”, Diplomatic History 41 (2017): 439459.Google Scholar
Bockstoce, John R., Furs and Frontiers in the Far North: The Contest Among Native and Foreign Nations for the Bering Strait Fur Trade (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Broadhead, Michael J., “The United States Army Signal Service and Natural History in Alaska, 1874–1883”, Pacific Northwest Quarterly 86 (1995): 7282.Google Scholar
Brockell, Gillian, “Civil War Massacre Launched Reparations Debate”, Washington Post (11 September 2014), www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/civil-war-massacre-launched-reparations-debate/2014/09/11/ab269406-349c-11e4-9e92-0899b306bbea_story.html.Google Scholar
Burch, Ernest S., Jr, “Smithsonian Contributions to Alaskan Ethnography: The First IPY Expedition to Barrow, 1881–1883”, in Krupnik, Igor, Lang, Michael A., and Miller, Scott E., eds., Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2009), pp. 8998.Google Scholar
Campbell, Robert, In Darkest Alaska: Travel and Empire Along the Inside Passage (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Charlton, Ryan, “‘Our Ice-Islands’: Images of Alaska in the Reconstruction Era”, Journal of Transnational American Studies 10 (2019): 2346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coates, Kenneth S., and Morrison, William R, The Alaska Highway in World War II: The U.S. Army of Occupation in Canada’s Northwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Conn, Stetson, Engelman, Rose C., and Fairchild, Byron, Guarding the United States and its Outposts (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2000).Google Scholar
Dauenhauer, Nora Marks, Dauenhauer, Richard, and Black, Lydia T., eds., Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká: Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804 (Seattle and Juneau: University of Washington Press and Sealaska Heritage Institute, 2008).Google Scholar
Dean, Jonathan R., “‘Uses of the Past’ on the Northwest Coast: The Russian American Company and Tlingit Nobility, 1825–1867”, Ethnohistory 42 (1995): 265302.Google Scholar
Demuth, Bathsheba, Floating Coast: An Environmental History of the Bering Strait (New York: Norton, 2019).Google Scholar
Demuth, Bathsheba, “Statehood and Other Events: Whales, Alaska Natives, and Perspectives on History”, Process: A Blog for American History (12 August 2019). www.processhistory.org/demuth-alaska-statehoodGoogle Scholar
Dumonceaux, Scott Drew Cassie, “Remaking the Alaska–Yukon Borderlands: The North-West Mounted Police, the United States Army, and the Klondike Gold Rush”, PhD diss. (University of Calgary, 2020).Google Scholar
Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (Boston: Beacon, 2014).Google Scholar
Edwards, Nelta, “Nuclear Colonialism and the Social Construction of Landscape in Alaska”, Environmental Justice 4 (2011): 109114.Google Scholar
Eperjesi, John R., “Basing the Pacific: Exceptional Spaces of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842”, Amerasia Journal 37 (2011): 117.Google Scholar
Farish, Matthew, “Canons and Wars: American Military Geography and the Limits of Disciplines”, Journal of Historical Geography 49 (2015): 3948.Google Scholar
Farish, Matthew, “The Lab and the Land: Overcoming the Arctic in Cold War Alaska”, Isis 104 (2013): 129.Google Scholar
Farquhar, John T., “Arctic Linchpin: The Polar Concept in American Air Atomic Strategy, 1946–48”, Air Power History 61 (2014): 3445.Google Scholar
Fritz, Stacey A., “DEW Line Passage: Tracing the Legacies of Arctic Militarization”, PhD diss. (University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2010).Google Scholar
Griffin, Kristy, “Treaty of Cession: The Tlingit Knew”, Juneau Empire (27 June 2017). www.juneauempire.com/life/treaty-of-cession-the-tlingit-knew/Google Scholar
Guise, Holly Miowak, “Haycock to Anchorage: Connecting the Wartime Landscape with Stories from World War II Veteran Holger ‘Jorgy’ Jorgensen”, in Barnett, Jim and Hartman, Ian, eds., Imagining Anchorage (Anchorage: University of Alaska Press, 2018), pp. 340355.Google Scholar
Haycox, Stephen, “Quonsets, Alaska, and World War II”, in Decker, J. and Chiei, C., eds., Quonset Hut (Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005), pp. 3145.Google Scholar
Haycox, Stephen, “Truth and Expectation: Myth in Alaska History”, Northern Review 6 (1990): 5982.Google Scholar
Haycox, Stephen W., Alaska: An American Colony, 2nd edition (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2020).Google Scholar
Heefner, Gretchen, “‘A Slice of Their Sovereignty’: Negotiating the U.S. Empire of Bases, Wheelus Field, Libya, 1950–1954”, Diplomatic History 41 (2017): 5077.Google Scholar
Herzberg, Julia, Kehrt, Christian, and Torma, Franziska, eds., Ice and Snow in the Cold War: Histories of Extreme Climatic Environments (New York: Berghahn, 2019).Google Scholar
Hill, Michael A., “Imperial Stepping Stone: Bridging Continental and Overseas Empire in Alaska”, Diplomatic History 44 (2020): 76101.Google Scholar
Hill, Michael A., “The Myth of Seward’s Folly”, Western Historical Quarterly 50 (2019): 4364.Google Scholar
Hinckley, Ted C., “The United States Frontier at Sitka, 1867–1873”, Pacific Northwest Quarterly 60 (1969): 5765.Google Scholar
Hinckley, Ted C., “William H. Seward Visits His Purchase”, Oregon Historical Quarterly 72 (1971): 127147.Google Scholar
Hope, Herb, “The Kiks.ádi Survival March of 1804” (2000), www.alaskool.org (accessed 18 March 2021).Google Scholar
Hudson, Heather E., Connecting Alaskans: Telecommunications in Alaska from Telegraph to Broadband (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Hughes, Nathaniel Cheairs, Jr, and Whitney, Gordon D., Jefferson Davis in Blue: The Life of Sherman’s Relentless Warrior (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
Hummel, Laurel J., “The U.S. Military as Geographical Agent: The Case of Cold War Alaska”, Geographical Review 95 (2005): 4772.Google Scholar
Immerwahr, Daniel, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019).Google Scholar
Jenness, Diamond, Eskimo Administration I: Alaska (Montreal: Arctic Institute of North America, 1962).Google Scholar
Jessup, Eric, “Connecting Alaska: The Washington–Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System”, Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 6 (2007): 384408.Google Scholar
Jones, Dorothy Knee, A Century of Servitude: Pribilof Aleuts Under U.S. Rule (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1980).Google Scholar
Jones, Zachary R., “‘Search for and Destroy’: US Army Relations with Alaska’s Tlingit Indians and the Kake War of 1869”, Ethnohistory 60 (2013): 126.Google Scholar
Kan, Sergei, Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity through Two Centuries (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Kiernan, Major David, R., “Winter Training in Alaska”, Infantry (November–December 1980): 1012.Google Scholar
Kirsch, Scott, Proving Grounds: Project Plowshare and the Unrealized Dream of Nuclear Earthmoving (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Kwong, Emily, “150 Years in the Making, Kiks.ádi Gather to Commemorate Loss of Land”, KCAW (17 October 2017), www.kcaw.org/2017/10/17/150-years-making-kiks-adi-gather-commemorate-loss-land.Google Scholar
Lackenbauer, P. Whitney, and Farish, Matthew, “The Cold War on Canadian Soil: Militarizing a Northern Environment”, Environmental History 12 (2007): 920950.Google Scholar
Laduke, Winona, and Cowen, Deborah, “Beyond Wiindigo Infrastructure”, South Atlantic Quarterly 119 (2020): 243268.Google Scholar
Lanzarotta, Tess, “Ethics in Retrospect: Biomedical Research, Colonial Violence, and Iñupiat Sovereignty in the Alaskan Arctic”, Social Studies of Science 50 (2020): 778801.Google Scholar
Livingstone, David N., “Race, Space, and Moral Climatology: Notes Toward a Genealogy”, Journal of Historical Geography 28 (2002): 159180.Google Scholar
Love, Eric T., Race Over Empire: Racism and U.S. Imperialism, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Lutz, Catherine, “Making War at Home in the United States: Militarization and the Current Crisis”, American Anthropologist 104 (2002): 723–735.Google Scholar
Lutz, Catherine, “The Military Normal: Feeling at Home with Counterinsurgency in the United States”, in Network of Concerned Anthropologists, ed., The Counter-counterinsurgency Manual: Or, Notes on Demilitarizing American Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), pp. 2337.Google Scholar
Marsett, Robert, “Journey Through the Wilderness: Lieutenant Henry T. Allen’s 1885 Exploration of Interior Alaska”, https://armyhistory.org/5102-2/ (accessed 3 July 2021).Google Scholar
Mason, Rachel, “You Can’t Go Home Again: Processes of Displacement and Emplacement in the ‘Lost Villages’ of the Aleutians”, Alaska Journal of Anthropology 8 (2010): 1729.Google Scholar
Mighetto, Lisa, and Homstad, Carla, Engineering in the Far North: A History of the U.S. Army Engineer District in Alaska, 1867–1992 (Missoula, MT: Historical Research Associates, Inc., 1997).Google Scholar
Mitchell, William, “America, Air Power and the Pacific” (1928), from the William Mitchell papers, Library of Congress. www.japanairraids.org/?page_id=4763 (accessed 5 July 2021).Google Scholar
O’Neill, Dan, The Firecracker Boys: H-Bombs, Inupiat Eskimos, and the Roots of the Environmental Movement (New York: Basic, 2007).Google Scholar
Pegues, Juliana Hu, “Settler Orientalism”, Verge: Studies in Global Asias 5 (2019): 1218.Google Scholar
Pegues, Juliana Hu, Space–Time Colonialism: Alaska’s Indigenous and Asian Entanglements (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021).Google Scholar
Perras, Galen Roger, Stepping Stones to Nowhere: The Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and American Military Strategy, 1867–1945 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Price, Kathy, The World War II Heritage of Ladd Field, Fairbanks, Alaska (Fort Collins: Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, 2004).Google Scholar
Proceedings of the Alaskan Science Conference (Washington, DC: National Research Council–National Academy of Sciences, 1951).Google Scholar
Rana, Aziz, The Two Faces of American Freedom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Reed, John C., and Ronhovde, Andreas G., Arctic Laboratory: A History (1947–1966) of the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory at Point Barrow, Alaska (Washington, DC: Arctic Institute of North America, 1971).Google Scholar
Report of the Governor of the District of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1900 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900).Google Scholar
“Rousseau, Lovell Harrison (1818–1869)”, in Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress, https://bioguide.congress.gov (accessed 26 March 2021).Google Scholar
Russell, Caskey, “Cultures in Collision: Cosmology, Jurisprudence, and Religion in Tlingit Territory”, American Indian Quarterly 33 (2009): 230252.Google Scholar
Schneider, William, “P. H. Ray on the Alaskan Frontier in the Fall of 1897” (1985), https://uafanlc.alaska.edu/Offline/UK002H2008-digitalfiles/Library%20Books/PH%20Ray%20on%20the%20Alaskan%20Frontier.PDF (accessed 3 July 2021).Google Scholar
Schwatka, Frederick, Report of a Military Reconnaissance in Alaska, Made in 1883 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1885).Google Scholar
Seward, William H., “Speech of William H. Seward at Sitka, August 12, 1869”. www.loc.gov/item/48031388 (accessed 30 June 2021).Google Scholar
Sherry, Michael S., The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987).Google Scholar
Solnit, Rebecca, River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West (New York: Viking, 2003).Google Scholar
Soluri, John, “Fur Sealing and Unsettled Sovereignties”, in Kristin L., Hoganson and Sexton, Jay, eds., Across Empires: Taking U.S. History into Transimperial Terrain (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019), pp. 2545.Google Scholar
Steward, Hal D., Major, “The Army in the Arctic”, Coast Artillery Journal (March–April 1947): 3740.Google Scholar
Thomas, Doris, and Spc. Miller, Kim, “Post Marks 50th Anniversary”, Arctic Soldier (Fall 1992): 3639.Google Scholar
Threats to the Health and Environment of Alaska Natives in the Nuclear Age (Anchorage: Birch, Horton, Bittner & Cherot, 1997).Google Scholar
Transfer of Alaska to the United States”, Washington Historical Quarterly 3 (1908): 8391.Google Scholar
Urrea, Ian S., “‘Our People Scattered’: Violence, Captivity, and Colonialism on the Northwest Coast, 1774–1846”, MA diss. (University of Oregon, 2019).Google Scholar
United States Army, Building Alaska with the US Army, 1867–1962. Pamphlet number 355–5 (Anchorage: Headquarters, United States Army, Alaska, 1962).Google Scholar
United States Army, The U.S. Army in Alaska (Anchorage: Headquarters, United States Army, Alaska, 1972).Google Scholar
Venn, George, “Soldier to Advocate: C.E.S. Wood’s 1877 Diary of Alaska and the Nez Perce Conflict”, Oregon Historical Quarterly 106 (2005): 3475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vine, David, The United States of War: A Global History of America’s Endless Conflicts, from Columbus to the Islamic State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020).Google Scholar
Vinkovetsky, Ilya, Russian America: An Overseas Colony of a Continental Empire, 1804–1867 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Westad, Odd Arne, The Cold War: A World History (New York: Basic Books, 2017).Google Scholar
Whitehead, John, Completing the Union: Alaska, Hawai´i, and the Battle for Statehood (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Williams, Maria Sháa Tláa, ed., The Alaska Native Reader: History, Culture, Politics (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Woodman, Lyman L., Duty Station Northwest: The U.S. Army in Alaska and Western Canada, 1867–1987, Vol. 3: 1945–1987 (Anchorage: Alaska Historical Society, 1996).Google Scholar
Worl, Rosita, “Tlingit Law, American Justice and the Destruction of Tlingit Villages” (19 November 2012), https://vimeo.com/53955608 (accessed 6 July 2021).Google Scholar
Wright, Walter E., Captain, “Alaskan Scout”, Infantry (May–June 1982): 1516.Google Scholar
Young, Marilyn B., “‘I Was Thinking, As I Often Do These Days, of War’: The United States in the Twenty-First Century”, Diplomatic History 36 (2012): 115.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×