Ackrill, J. L. 1963. Aristotle’s categories and de interpretatione. Oxford: Clarendon.
Akiyama, M. Michael. 1985. Denials in young children from a cross-linguistic perspective. Child Development 56, 95–102.
American Heritage Medical Dictionary, updated edn. 2007. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Becker, Curtis A. 1979. Semantic context and word frequency effects in visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5, 252–9.
Becker, Curtis A. 1980. Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: an analysis of semantic strategies. Memory and Cognition 8, 493–512.
Beltrán, David, Isabel Orenes, and Carlos Santamaría. 2008. Context effects on the spontaneous production of negation. Intercultural Pragmatics 5, 409–19.
Bendz, Gerhard. 1965. Ordpar. Svenska Humanistiska Förbundets Skrifter 74. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söners.
Bianchi, Ivana and Ugo Savardi. 2008. The perception of contraries. Rome: Aracne.
Bierwisch, Manfred. 1989. Dimensional adjectives: grammatical structure and conceptual interpretation. In Manfred Bierwisch and Ewald Lang (eds.), Dimensional adjectives: grammatical structure and conceptual interpretation, 71–261. Berlin: Springer.
Blackwell, Aleka Akoyunoglou. 2005. Acquiring the English adjective lexicon: relationships with input properties and adjectival semantic typology. Journal of Child Language 32, 535–62.
Bloom, Lois. 1970. Language development: form and function in emerging grammars. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Boas, Hans C. 2008. Determining the structure of lexical entries and grammatical constructions in Construction Grammar. Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 6, 113–44.
Brenier, Jason M. and Laura A. Michaelis. 2005. Prosodic optimization via syntactic amalgam: syntax-prosody mismatch and copula doubling. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 1, 45–88.
Brewer, William F. and J. Brandon Stone. 1975. Acquisition of spatial antonym pairs. Journal of Experimental Psychology 19, 299–307.
British National Corpus, version 2 (BNC World). 2001. Distributed by Oxford University Computing Services on behalf of the BNC Consortium.
Brown, Roger. 1973. A first language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Carey, Susan. 1978. The child as word learner. In Morris Halle, Joan Bresnan, and GeorgeA. Miller (eds.), Linguistic theory and psychological reality, 264–93. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Carey, Susan and Elsa Bartlett. 1978. Acquiring a single new word. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 15, 17–29. Stanford University, Department of Linguistics.
Carpenter, Patricia A. and Marcel A. Just. 1975. Sentence comprehension: a psycholinguistic processing model of verification. Psychological Review 82, 45–73.
Chaffin, Roger and Douglas J. Herrmann. 1984. The similarity and diversity of semantic relations. Memory and Cognition 12, 134–51.
Chan, E. 2000. Co-occurrence of antonymous adjectives in the British National Corpus. Ms., Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania.
Charles, Walter G. and George A. Miller. 1989. Contexts of antonymous adjectives. Applied Psycholinguistics 10, 357–75.
Charles, Walter G., Marjorie A. Reed, and Douglas Derryberry. 1994. Conceptual and associative processing in antonymy and synonymy. Applied Psycholinguistics 15, 329–54.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ciaramita, Massimiliano and Marco Baroni. 2006. Measuring web corpus randomness: a progress report. In Marco Baroni and Silvia Bernardini (eds.), Wacky! Working papers on the web as corpus, 127–58. Bologna: GEDIT.
Clark, Eve V. 1972. On the child’s acquisition of antonyms in two semantic fields. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11, 750–58.
Clark, Eve V. 1987. The principle of contrast: a constraint on language acquisition. In Brian MacWhinney (ed.), Mechanisms of language acquisition, 1–33. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Clark, Eve V., Kathie L. Carpenter, and Werner Deutsch. 1995. Reference states and reversals: undoing actions with verbs. Journal of Child Language 22, 633–62.
Clark, Herbert H. 1970. Word associations and linguistic theory. In John Lyons (ed.), New horizons in linguistics, 271–86. Baltimore: Penguin.
Clark, Herbert H. and William G. Chase. 1972. On the process of comparing sentences against pictures. Cognitive Psychology 3, 472–517.
Clark, Herbert H. and Eve V. Clark. 1977. Psychology and language. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
Colston, Herbert. 1999. ‘Not good’ is ‘bad’ but ‘not bad’ is not ‘good’: an analysis of three accounts of negation asymmetries. Discourse Processes 28, 237–56.
Croft, William and D. Alan Cruse. 2004. Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Croft, William and Esther J. Wood. 2000. Construal operations in linguistics and artificial intelligence. In Liliana Albertazzi (ed.), Meaning and cognition: a multidisciplinary approach, 51–78. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Cronin, Virginia S. 2002. The syntagmatic–paradigmatic shift and reading development. Journal of Child Language 29, 189–204.
Cruse, D. A. 1986. Lexical semantics. Cambridge University Press.
Cruse, D. A. 1992. Antonymy revisited: some thoughts on the relation between words and concepts. In Adrienne Lehrer and Eva Feder Kittay (eds.), Frames, fields and contrasts, 289–306. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cruse, D. A. 2002. The construal of sense boundaries. Revue de Sémantique et Pragmatique 12, 37–52.
Cruse, D. Alan and Pagona Togia. 1996. Towards a cognitive model of antonymy. Journal of Lexicology 1, 113–41.
Culicover, Peter W. and Ray Jackendoff. 1999. The view from the periphery: the English comparative correlative. Linguistic Inquiry 30, 543–71.
Dąbrowska, Ewa. 2009. Words as constructions. In Vyvyan Evans and Stéphanie Pourcel (eds.), New directions in cognitive linguistics, 201–23. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Davies, Mark.
2004. BYU-BNC: The British National Corpus. Available online at
www.corpus.byu.edu/bnc (accessed August 2011).
Davies, Mark 2007.
TIME Magazine Corpus (100 million words, 1920s–2000s). Available online at
www.corpus.byu.edu/time (accessed August 2011).
Davies, Mark 2008. The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): 410+ million words, 1990–present. Available online at
www.americancorpus.org (accessed August 2011).
Davies, Matt. 2007. The attraction of opposites: the ideological function of conventional and created oppositions in the construction of in-groups and out-groups in news texts. In Lesley Jeffries, Dan McIntyre, and Derek Bousfield (eds.), Stylistics and social cognition, 79–100. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Deák, Gedeon O. and Jennifer Hughes Wagner. 2003. ‘Slow mapping’ in children’s learning of semantic relations. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 25, 318–23.
Deese, James. 1964. The associative structure of some common English adjectives. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 3, 347–57.
Deese, James 1965. The structure of associations in language and thought. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Divjak, Dagmar and Stefan Th. Gries. 2008. Clusters in the mind? Converging evidence from near-synonymy in Russian. The Mental Lexicon 3(2), 188–213.
Dixon, R. M. W. 2009. Adjective classes in a typological perspective. In R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds.), Adjective classes: a cross-linguistic typology, 1–49. Oxford University Press.
Donaldson, Margaret and George Balfour. 1968. Less is more: a study of language comprehension in children. British Journal of Psychology 59, 461–71.
Donaldson, Margaret and Roger J. Wales. 1970. On the acquisition of some relational terms. In John R. Hayes (ed.), Cognition and the development of language, 235–68. New York: Wiley.
Evans, Michael J. 1984. Complementarity, antonymy, and semantic development. In Carol Larson Thew and Carolyn Echols Johnson (eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Congress for the Study of Child Language, 142–62. Lanham, MD: University Presses of America.
Fellbaum, Christiane. 1995. Co-occurrence and antonymy. International Journal of Lexicography 8, 281–303.
Fellbaum, Christiane (ed.). 1998. WordNet: an electronic lexical database. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fellbaum, Christiane,
Derek Gross, and
Katherine J. Miller.
1993. Adjectives in WordNet. In
George A. Miller,
Richard Beckwith,
Christiane Fellbaum,
Derek Gross, and
Katherine Miller (eds.),
Five papers on WordNet, 26–29
. Technical Report, Cognitive Science Laboratory, Princeton University. Available at:
www.wordnetcode.princeton.edu/5papers.pdf (accessed August 2011).
Fillmore, Charles J. 1978. On the organization of semantic information in the lexicon. Papers from the Parasession on the Lexicon, 148–73. Chicago Linguistic Society.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1982. Frame semantics. In Linguistics in the Morning Calm, 111–13. Seoul: Hanshin.
Fillmore, Charles J. and Beryl T. Atkins. 1992. Toward a frame-based lexicon: the semantics of RISK and its neighbors. In Adrienne Lehrer and Eva Feder Kittay (eds.), Frames, fields and contrasts, 75–102. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Fillmore, Charles J. and Paul Kay. 1995. Construction grammar. Ms., University of California, Berkeley.
Firth, J. R. 1957. A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930–1955. In Studies in linguistic analysis, 1–32. Oxford: Philological Society.
Fletcher, William H. 2004. Making the web more useful as a source for linguistic corpora. In Ulla Connor and Thomas A. Upton (eds.), Corpus linguistics in North America, 191–205. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Flexner, Stuart Berg. 1976. I hear America talking. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Fraenkel, Tamar and Yaacov Schul. 2008. The meaning of negated adjectives. Intercultural Pragmatics 5, 517–40.
Francis, W. Nelson and Henry Kučera. 1979. Manual of information to accompany a standard sample of present-day edited American English, for use with digital computers. Providence, RI: Brown University Department of Linguistics.
Frännhag, Helena. 2010. Interpretive functions of adjectives in English: a cognitive approach. Doctoral thesis, Lund University.
Fried, Miriam and Jan-Ola Östman. 2004. Construction Grammar: a thumbnail sketch. In Miriam Fried and Jan-Ola Östman (eds.), Construction Grammar in cross-linguistic perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Gärdenfors, Peter and Massimo Warglien. 2012. The development of semantic space for pointing and verbal communication. In Carita Paradis, Jean Hudson, and Ulf Magnusson (eds.), The construal of spatial meaning: windows into conceptual space. Oxford University Press.
Geeraerts, Dirk. 2010. Criteria for meaning discrimination and the identification of synonymy. Plenary address, SKY (Linguistic Association of Finland) symposium Re-thinking Synonymy. Helsinki, 28–30 October.
Gelman, Susan A. and Ellen M. Markman. 1985. Implicit contrast in adjectives vs. nouns: implications for word-learning in preschoolers. Journal of Child Language 12, 125–43.
Giora, Rachel. 2006. Anything negatives affirmatives can do just as well, except for some metaphors. Journal of Pragmatics 38, 981–1014.
Giora, Rachel, Noga Balaban, Ofer Fein, and Inbar Alkabets. 2005. Negation as positivity in disguise. In HerbertL. Colston and Albert N. Katz (eds.), Figurative language comprehension, 233–58. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Giora, Rachel, Ofer Fein, Keren Aschkenazi, and Inbar Alkabets-Zlozover. 2007. Negation in context: a functional approach to suppression. Discourse Processes 43, 153–72.
Giora, Rachel, Dana Zimmerman, and Ofer Fein. 2008. How can you compare! On negated comparisons as comparisons. Intercultural Pragmatics 5, 501–16.
Giora, Rachel, Vered Heruti, Nili Metuki, and Ofer Fein. 2009. When we say no we mean no. Journal of Pragmatics 41, 2222–39.
Giora, Rachel, Ofer Fein, Nili Metuki, and Pnina Stern. 2010. Negation as a metaphor-inducing operator. In Laurence R. Horn (ed.), The expression of negation, 225–56. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Givón, Talmy. 1979. On understanding grammar. Orlando, FL: Academic.
Givón, Talmy 1984. Syntax: a functional-typological introduction, volume I. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions: a construction grammar approach to argument structure. University of Chicago Press.
Goldberg, Adele E. 2003. Constructions: a new theoretical approach to language. Trends in Cognitive Science 7, 219–24.
Goldberg, Adele E. 2006. Constructions at work. Oxford University Press.
Goldberg, Adele E. 2009. The nature of generalization in language. Cognitive Linguistics 20, 93–127.
Goldberg, Adele E. In press. Corpus evidence of the viability of statistical preemption. Cognitive Linguistics.
Gonzalez-Marquez, Monica, Irene Mittelberg, Seana Coulson, and Michael J. Spivey (eds.). 2006. Methods in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Greimas, A.-J. 1983. Structural semantics: an attempt at a method. (Trans. by Daniele McDowell, Ronald Schleifer, and Alan Velie). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Gries, Stefan Th. and Naoki Otani. 2010. Behavioral profiles: a corpus-based perspective on synonymy and antonymy. ICAME Journal 34, 121–50.
Gross, Derek and Katherine J. Miller. 1990. Adjectives in WordNet. International Journal of Lexicography 3, 265–77.
Gross, Derek, Ute Fischer, and George A. Miller. 1989. The organization of adjectival meanings. Journal of Memory and Language 28, 92–106.
Hale, Kenneth. 1971. A note on a Walbiri tradition of antonymy. In DannyD. Steinberg and Leon A. Jakobovits (eds.), Semantics: an interdisciplinary reader in philosophy, linguistics and psychology, 472–84. Cambridge University Press.
Harris, Paul L., Jeremy E. Morris, and Mark Meerum Terwogt. 1986. The early acquisition of spatial adjectives. Journal of Child Language 13, 335–52.
Haspelmath, Martin. 2007. Coordination. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, 2nd edn., vol. 2, 1–51. Cambridge University Press.
Hasson, Uri and Sam Glucksberg. 2006. Does understanding negation entail affirmation? An examination of negated metaphors. Journal of Pragmatics 38, 1015–32.
Heidenheimer, Patricia. 1978. Logical relations in the semantic processing of children between six and ten: emergence of antonym and synonym categorization. Child Development 49, 1243–6.
Hendriks, Petra. 2004. Coherence relations, ellipsis, and contrastive topics. Journal of Semantics 21, 133–53.
Herrmann, Douglas J., Roger Chaffin, Gina Conti, Donald Peters, and Peter H. Robbins. 1979. Comprehension of antonymy and the generality of categorization models. Journal of experimental psychology: human learning and memory 5, 585–97.
Herrmann, Douglas J., Roger Chaffin, Margaret P. Daniel, and R. S. Wool. 1986. The role of elements of relation definition in antonym and synonym comprehension. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 194, 133–53.
Holleman, Bregje. 2000. The forbid/allow asymmetry: on the cognitive mechanisms underlying wording effects in surveys. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Holleman, Bregje and Henk Pander Maat. 2009. The pragmatics of profiling: framing effects in text interpretation and text production. Journal of Pragmatics 41, 2204–21.
Horn, Laurence R. 1985. Metalinguistic negation and pragmatic ambiguity. Language 61, 121–74.
Horn, Laurence R. 1989. A natural history of negation. University of Chicago Press.
Horn, Laurence R. 2004. Implicature. In Laurence R. Horn and Gregory L. Ward (eds.), The handbook of pragmatics, 3–28. Oxford: Blackwell.
Horn, Laurence R. (ed.). 2010. The expression of negation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Horn, Laurence R. and Yasuhiko Kato. 2000. Introduction: negation and polarity at the millennium. In LaurenceR. Horn and Yasuhiko Kato (eds.), Negation and polarity: syntactic and semantic perspectives, 1–19. Oxford University Press.
Hotopf, W. H. N. 1980. Semantic similarity as a factor in whole-word slips of the tongue. In Victoria A. Fromkin (ed.), Errors in linguistic performance: slips of the tongue, ear, pen, and hand, 97–109. New York: Academic.
Israel, Michael. 2004. The pragmatics of polarity. In Laurence R. Horn and Gregory L. Ward (eds.), The handbook of pragmatics, 701–23. Oxford: Blackwell.
Jeffries, Lesley. 2010. Opposition in discourse: the construction of social meaning. London: Continuum.
Jones, Steven. 2002. Antonymy: a corpus-based approach. London: Routledge.
Jones, Steven 2006. The discourse functions of antonymy in spoken English. Text and Talk 26, 191–216.
Jones, Steven 2010. Using web data to explore lexico-semantic relations. In Petra Storjohann (ed.), Lexical–semantic relations: theoretical and practical perspectives, 49–67. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Jones, Steven and M. Lynne Murphy. 2005. Using corpora to investigate antonym acquisition. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 10, 401–22.
Jones, Steven, Carita Paradis, M. Lynne Murphy, and Caroline Willners. 2007. Googling for opposites: a web-based study of antonym canonicity. Corpora 2, 129–54.
Justeson, John S. and Slava M. Katz. 1991. Co-occurrences of antonymous adjectives and their contexts. Computational Linguistics 17, 1–19.
Justeson, John S. and Slava M. Katz 1992. Redefining antonymy: the textual structure of a semantic relation. Literary and Linguistic Computing 7, 176–84.
Kagan, Jerome. 1984. The nature of the child. New York: Basic Books.
Kaup, Barbara. 2001. Negation and its impact on the accessibility of text information. Memory and Cognition 29, 960–67.
Kaup, Barbara and Rolf A. Zwaan. 2003. Effects of negation and situational presence on the accessibility of text information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 29, 439–446.
Kaup, Barbara, Jana Lüdtke, and Rolf A. Zwaan. 2006. Processing negated sentences with contradictory predicates: is a door that is not open mentally closed?Journal of Pragmatics 38, 1033–50.
Kay, Paul. 2002. An informal sketch of a formal architecture for Construction Grammar. Grammars 5, 1–19.
Kay, Paul 2004. Pragmatic aspects of grammatical constructions. In Laurence R. Horn and Gregory L. Ward (eds.), The handbook of pragmatics, 675–700. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kay, Paul and Laura A. Michaelis. In press. Constructional meaning and compositionality. In Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, and Paul Portner (eds.), Semantics: an international handbook of natural language meaning. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Keil, Frank C. and John J. Carroll. 1980. The child’s acquisition of tall. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 19, 21–8.
Kennedy, Graeme D. 1998. An introduction to corpus linguistics. London: Longman.
Kilgarriff, Adam and Gregory Grefenstette. 2003. Introduction to the special issue on the web as corpus. Computational Linguistics 29, 333–47.
Kittay, Eva Feder and Adrienne Lehrer. 1992. Introduction. In Adrienne Lehrer and Eva Feder Kittay (eds.), Frames, fields and contrasts, 1–18. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kreezer, George and Karl M. Dallenbach. 1929. Learning the relation of opposition. American Journal of Philosophy 41, 432–41.
Kretzschmar, Franziska, Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, and Matthias Schlesewsky. 2009. Parafoveal and foveal N400s dissociate spreading activation from contextual fit. NeuroReport 20, 1613–18.
Kuczaj, Stan. 1977. The acquisition of regular and irregular past tense forms. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16, 589–600.
Kuczaj, Stan 1978. Why do children fail to overgeneralize the progressive inflection?Journal of Child Language 5, 167–71.
Kuczaj, Stan 1979. The influence of contractibility on the acquisition of be: substantial, meager, or unknown?Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 8, 1–11.
Kutas, Marta and Steven A. Hillyard. 1980. Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science 207, 203–208.
Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, fire and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind. University of Chicago Press.
Lancy, David F. and Andrew J. Strathern. 1981. ‘Making twos’: pairing as an alternative to the taxonomic mode of representation. American Anthropologist 83, 773–95.
Landau, Barbara and Lila R. Gleitman. 1985. Language and experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Langacker, Ronald W. 1987. Foundations of cognitive grammar. Stanford University Press.
Langacker, Ronald W. 1999. Grammar and conceptualization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Laszlo, Sarah and Kara D. Federmeier. 2008. Minding the PS, queues, and PXQs: uniformity of semantic processing across stimulus types. Psychophysiology 45, 458–66.
Leech, Geoffrey. 2008. Language in literature: style and foregrounding. Harlow: Longman.
Lehrer, Adrienne. 1974. Semantic fields and lexical structure. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Lehrer, Adrienne 1985. Markedness and antonymy. Journal of Linguistics 21, 397–429.
Lehrer, Adrienne 2009. Wine and conversation, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press.
Lehrer, Adrienne and Keith Lehrer. 1982. Antonymy. Linguistics and Philosophy 5, 483–501.
Lindgren, Magnus, Carita Paradis, Joost van de Weijer, Caroline Willners, and Emelie Stiernströmer. 2011. Measuring antonym canonicity using ERP technique. Third Conference of the Scandinavian Association for Language and Cognition (SALC III). Copenhagen, 14–16 June 2011.
Lloyd, G. E. R. 1966. Polarity and analogy: two types of argumentation in early Greek thought. Cambridge University Press.
Lobanova, Anna, Tom van der Kleij, and Jennifer Spenader. 2010. Defining antonymy: a corpus-based study of opposites by lexico-syntactic patterns. International Journal of Lexicography 23, 19–54.
Lumsden, Ernest A., Jr. and Barbara W. S. Poteat. 1968. The salience of the vertical dimension in the concept of ‘bigger’ in five- and six-year-olds. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 7, 404–408.
Lundbladh, Carl-Erik. 1988. Adjektivets komparation I svenskan: en semantisk beskrivning. Lund University Press.
Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge University Press.
MacDonald, Maryellen C. and Marcel Adam Just. 1989. Changes in activation levels with negation. Journal of Experimental Psychology 15, 633–42.
MacWhinney, Brian. 2000. The CHILDES project: tools for analyzing talk, 3rd edn. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Maratsos, Michael. 1973. Decrease in the understanding of the word ‘big’ in preschool children. Child Development 44, 747–52.
Maratsos, Michael 1974. When is a high thing the big one?Developmental Psychology 10, 367–75.
Marková, Veˇra. 2010. Zur Ermittlung der lexikalischen Beziehungen zwischen semantisch nahen Adjektiven. Doctoral thesis. Univerzita Karlova (Charles University), Prague.
Mayo, Ruth, Yaacov Schul, and Eugene Burnstein. 2004. ‘I am guilty’ vs. ‘I am innocent’: Successful negation may depend on the schema used for its encoding. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40, 443–9.
McNamara, Timothy P. 2005. Semantic priming: perspectives from memory and word recognition. Hove: Taylor and Francis.
McNeill, David. 1966. A study of word association. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5, 548–57.
Merriman, W. E. and L. L. Bowman. 1989. The mutual exclusivity bias in children’s word learning. (Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 54/3–4, serial no. 220.) Oxford: Blackwell.
Mettinger, Arthur. 1994. Aspects of semantic opposition. Oxford: Clarendon.
Miller, George A. (ed.). 1990. WordNet: an on-line lexical database>. Special issue of International Journal of Lexicography 3(4).
Miller, Katherine J. 1998. Modifiers in WordNet. In Christiane Fellbaum (ed.), WordNet: an electronic lexical database, 47–67. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Mintz, Toben H. and Lila R. Gleitman. 2002. Adjectives really do modify nouns: the incremental and restricted nature of early adjective acquisition. Cognition 84, 267–93.
Moretti, Alessio. 2009. The geometry of logical opposition. Doctoral thesis. University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
Muehleisen, Victoria and Maho Isono. 2009. Antonymous adjectives in Japanese discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 41, 2185–203.
Murphy, Gregory L. and Jane M. Andrew. 1993. The conceptual basis of antonymy and synonymy in adjectives. Journal of Memory and Language 32, 301–19.
Murphy, M. Lynne. 1995. In opposition to an organized lexicon: pragmatic principles and lexical semantic relations. Doctoral thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Murphy, M. Lynne 2000. Knowledge of words versus knowledge about words: the conceptual basis of lexical relations. In Bert Peeters (ed.), The lexicon/encyclopedia interface, 317–48. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Murphy, M. Lynne 2003. Semantic relations and the lexicon. Cambridge University Press.
Murphy, M. Lynne 2004. The development of dimensional adjective meaning: what antonym use reveals. Paper presented at Seminar on Child Language 2004, Bristol, 12–14 July.
Murphy, M. Lynne 2006. Antonyms as lexical constructions: or, why
paradigmatic construction is not an oxymoron. In
Doris Schönefeld (ed.),
Constructions all over: case studies and theoretical implications, special volume of
Constructions SV1–8. Available at:
www.constructions-online.de/articles/specvol1 (accessed August 2011).
Murphy, M. Lynne 2010. Lexical meaning. Cambridge University Press.
Murphy, M. Lynne and Steven Jones. 2008. Antonyms in children’s and child- directed speech. First Language 28, 403–30.
Murphy, M. Lynne, Carita Paradis, Caroline Willners, and Steven Jones. 2009. Discourse functions of antonymy: a cross-linguistic investigation of Swedish and English. Journal of Pragmatics 41, 2159–84.
Narisawa, Yoshio and Masaaki Machiya. 2004. Co-occurrence of antonyms in a context. Paper presented at The lexicon: its status in the theory of language, SKY symposium, Turku, Finland, 18–19 November.
Nelson, Katherine. 1977. The syntagmatic–paradigmatic shift revisited: a review of research and theory. Psychological Bulletin 84, 93–116.
Ogden, C. K. 1932. Opposition: a linguistic and psychological analysis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Osgood, Charles E., George J. Suci, and Percy H. Tannenbaum. 1957. The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn. 1989. Oxford University Press.
Palermo, David S. and James J. Jenkins. 1964. Word association norms: grade school through college. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Pancsofar, Nadya and Lynne Vernon-Feagans. 2006. Mother and father language input to young children: contributions to later language development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 27, 571–87.
Paradis, Carita. 1997. Degree modifiers of adjectives in spoken British English. Lund University Press.
Paradis, Carita 2001. Adjectives and boundedness. Cognitive Linguistics 12, 47–66.
Paradis, Carita 2003. Is the notion of linguistic competence relevant in Cognitive Linguistics?Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 1, 247–71.
Paradis, Carita 2004. Where does metonymy stop? Senses, facets, and active zones. Metaphor and Symbol 19, 245–65. (Reprinted in Patrick Hanks and Rachel Giora (eds.), Metaphor and figurative language: Critical concepts in linguistics. London: Routledge, 2010.)
Paradis, Carita 2005. Ontologies and construals in lexical semantics. Axiomathes 15, 541–73.
Paradis, Carita 2008. Configurations, construals and change: expressions of degree. English Language and Linguistics 12, 317–43.
Paradis, Carita 2010a. Good, better and superb antonyms: a conceptual construal approach. In M. Vachová (ed.), The annual of texts by foreign guest professors, 385–402. Prague: Faculty of Arts, Charles University.
Paradis, Carita 2010b. Touchdowns in winespeak: ontologies and construals in use and meaning-making. In M. Goded Rambaud and A. Poves Luelmo (eds.), Proceedings of LEXVIN 2009: the First International Congress on Linguistic Approaches to Food and Wine Description, 57–72. Madrid: UNED University Press.
Paradis, Carita 2011. A dynamic construal approach to antonymy. Selected Papers from the 19th International Symposium of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Monoxromia, Greece, 33–42.
Paradis, Carita 2013. Cognitive Grammar. In CarolA. Chapelle (ed.), Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Paradis, Carita and Caroline Willners. 2006. Antonyms and negation: the boundedness hypothesis. Journal of Pragmatics 38, 1051–80.
Paradis, Carita and Caroline Willners 2007. Antonyms in dictionary entries: methodological aspects. Studia Linguistica 61, 261–77.
Paradis, Carita and Caroline Willners 2011. Antonymy: from conventionalization to meaning-making. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 9(2), 367–91.
Paradis, Carita and Caroline Willners 2012. Negation and approximation of antonymic meanings as configuration construals in space. In Carita Paradis, Jean Hudson, and Ulf Magnusson (eds.), The construal of spatial meaning: windows into conceptual space. Oxford University Press.
Paradis, Carita, Caroline Willners, and Steven Jones. 2009. Good and bad opposites: using textual and psycholinguistic techniques to measure antonym canonicity. The Mental Lexicon 4, 380–429.
Perea, Manuel and Eva Rosa. 2002a. The effects of associative and semantic priming in the lexical decision task. Psychological Research 66, 180–94.
Perea, Manuel and Eva Rosa 2002b. Does the proportion of associatively related pairs modulate the associative priming effect at very brief stimulus-onset asynchronies?Acta Psychologica 110, 103–24.
Prasada, Sandeep. 1992. Acquisition of adjective meanings: a lexical semantic approach. Doctoral thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Ravn, Karen E. and Susan A. Gelman. 1984. Rule usage in children’s understanding of big and little. Child Development 55, 2141–50.
Raybeck, Douglas and Douglas Herrmann. 1990. A cross-cultural examination of semantic relations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 21, 452–473.
Raybeck, Douglas and Douglas Herrmann 1996. Antonymy and semantic relations: the case for a linguistic universal. Cross-Cultural Research 30, 154–83.
Roehm, Dietmar, Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Frank Roesler, and Matthias Schlesewsky. 2007. To predict or not to predict: influences of task and strategy on the processing of semantic relations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, 1259–74.
Sachs, Jacqueline. 1983. Talking about the there and then. In Katherine E. Nelson (ed.), Children’s Language, vol. 4, 1–28. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sampson, Geoffrey. 2000. Review of WordNet: an electronic lexical database, ed. by Christiane Fellbaum. International Journal of Lexicography 13, 54–9.
Santini, Marina.
2005. Genres in formation? An exploratory study of web pages using cluster analysis. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Colloquium for the UK Special Interest Group for Computational Linguistics. Available at:
www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/~Marina.Santini/ITRI-05–01.pdf.
Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1959. Course in general linguistics. (Ed. by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye; Trans. by Wade Baskin.) London: Peter Owen.
Sharoff, Serge. 2006. Creating general-purpose corpora using automatic search engine queries. In Marco Baroni and Silvia Bernardini (eds.), Wacky! Working papers on the web as corpus. Bologna: GEDIT.
Shatz, Marilyn. 1995. A toddler’s life: becoming a person. Oxford University Press.
Sinclair, John M. (ed.). 1987. Looking up: an account of the COBUILD project in lexical computing and the development of the Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary. London: HarperCollins.
Sinclair, John M. 2003. Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Glasgow: HarperCollins.
Smith, Linda B. and Maria Sera. 1992. A developmental analysis of the polar structure of dimensions. Cognitive Psychology 24, 99–142.
Stockholm – Umeå Corpus 2.0. 2006. Departments of Linguistics, Stockholm University and Umeå University.
Storjohann, Petra. 2010a. Synonyms in corpus texts: conceptualisation and construction. In Petra Storjohann (ed.), Lexical–semantic relations: theoretical and practical perspectives, 69–94. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Storjohann, Petra. (ed.). 2010b. Lexical–semantic relations: theoretical and practical perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Strömberg, Alva. 1995. Strömbergs synonymordbok. Stockholm: Strömberg.
Swedish PAROLE corpus. 1997. The Institute for the Swedish Language at Gothenburg University.
Syrett, Kristen and Jeffrey Lidz. 2010. 30-month-olds use the distribution and meaning of adverbs to interpret novel adjectives. Language Learning and Development 6, 252–82.
Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Towards a cognitive semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Taylor, John R. 2003. Linguistic categorization, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press.
Taylor, Marjorie and Susan A. Gelman. 1988. Adjectives and nouns: Children’s strategies for learning new words. Child Development 59, 411–19.
Theakston, Anna L., Elena V. M. Lieven, Julian M. Pine, and Caroline F. Rowland. 2001. The role of performance limitations in the acquisition of verb-argument structure: an alternative account. Journal of Child Language 28, 127–52.
Tomasello, Michael. 2003. Constructing a language: a usage-based theory of language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tomasello, Michael 2008. Origins of human communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Tottie, Gunnel. 1991. Negation in English speech and writing: a study in variation. San Diego: Academic.
Tottie, Gunnel and Carita Paradis. 1982. From function to structure: some pragmatic determinants in impromptu speech. In Nils-Eric Enkvist (ed.), Impromptu speech. Åbo, Finland: Publications of the Research Institute of Åbo Akademi Foundation 78, 307–17.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Richard B. Dasher. 2005. Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge University Press.
Tribushinina, Elena. 2008. Cognitive reference points: semantics beyond the prototypes in adjectives of space and colour (LOT Dissertation Series 192). Utrecht: LOT.
Tribushinina, Elena 2012. Spatial adjectives in Dutch child language: towards a usage-based model of adjective acquisition. In Carita Paradis, Jean Hudson, and Ulf Magnusson (eds.), The construal of spatial meaning: windows into conceptual space. Oxford University Press.
Trier, Jost. 1931. Der deutsche Wortschatz im Sinn bezirk des Verstandes. Heidelberg: Winter.
van de Weijer, Joost, Carita Paradis, Caroline Willners, and Magnus Lindgren. In press. As lexical as it gets: the role of co-occurrence of antonyms in a visual lexical decision experiment. In Dagmar Divjak and Stefan Th. Gries (eds.), Frequency effects in language: linguistic representations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Verhagen, Arie. 2005. Constructions of intersubjectivity: discourse, syntax and cognition. Oxford University Press.
Warnock, Mary. 1950. A note on Aristotle: Categories 6a 15. Mind LIX(236), 552–4.
Whaley, C. P. 1978. Word–nonword classification time. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17, 143–54.
Wilbur, Richard. 2006. Opposites more opposites, and a few differences. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
Willners, Caroline. 2001. Antonyms in context: a corpus-based semantic analysis of Swedish descriptive adjectives. (Travaux de l’Institut de Linguistique de Lund 40.)Lund University Department of Linguistics.
Willners, Caroline and Anders Holtsberg. 2001. Statistics for sentential co- occurrence. Working Papers 48, 135–48. Lund University Department of Linguistics.
Willners, Caroline and Carita Paradis. 2010. Swedish opposites: a multi-method approach to antonym canonicity. In Petra Storjohann (ed.), Lexical–semantic relations: theoretical and practical perspectives, 15–47. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
