Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T02:00:47.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 May 2019

Paul M. Ong  and
Silvia R. Gonzalez
Paul M. Ong
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Silvia R. Gonzalez
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Uneven Urbanscape
Spatial Structures and Ethnoracial Inequality
 , pp. 204 - 242
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 1999. New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America’s Global Cities. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Acolin, Arthur, An, Xudong, Bostic, Raphael W., and Wachter, Susan M.. 2017. “Homeownership and Nontraditional and Subprime Mortgages.” Housing Policy Debate 27 (3): 393–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2016.1249003.Google Scholar
Acs, Zoltan J. 2013. Why Philanthropy Matters: How the Wealthy Give, and What It Means for Our Economic Well-Being. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Acuna, Rodolfo. 1972. Occupied America: The Chicano’s Struggle toward Liberation. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row Publishers, Canfield Press.Google Scholar
Adelman, Robert M. 2004. “Neighborhood Opportunities, Race, and Class: The Black Middle Class and Residential Segregation.” City and Community 3 (1): 43–63.Google Scholar
Adelman, Robert M. 2005. “The Roles of Race, Class, and Residential Preferences in the Neighborhood Racial Composition of Middle-Class Blacks and Whites.” Social Science Quarterly 86 (1): 209–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038–4941.2005.00299.x.Google Scholar
Akerlof, George. 1976. “The Economics of Caste and of the Rat Race and Other Woeful Tales.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 90 (4): 599–617. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885324.Google Scholar
Alba, Richard D. and Logan, John R.. 1993. “Minority Proximity to Whites in Suburbs: An Individual-Level Analysis of Segregation.” American Journal of Sociology 98 (6): 1388–427. https://doi.org/10.1086/230193.Google Scholar
Alba, Richard D. and Nee, Victor. 2009. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Alba, Richard D., Logan, John R., and Bellair, Paul E.. 1994. “Living with Crime: The Implications of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Suburban Location.” Social Forces 73 (2): 395–434.Google Scholar
Alexander, Karl L., Entwisle, Doris R., and Olson, Linda Steffel. 2007. “Lasting Consequences of the Summer Learning Gap.” American Sociological Review 72 (2): 167–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200202.Google Scholar
Alexander, Michelle. 2012. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press.Google Scholar
Aliprantis, Dionissi. 2017. “Assessing the Evidence on Neighborhood Effects from Moving to Opportunity.” Empirical Economics 52 (3): 925–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-016–1186-1.Google Scholar
Allen, Ryan. 2011. “The Relationship between Residential Foreclosures, Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity Status.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 31 (2): 125–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X11398044.Google Scholar
Alonso, William. 1964. Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
American Civil Liberties Union. n.d. “Racial Profiling: Definition.” American Civil Liberties Union. Accessed November 22, 2017. www.aclu.org/other/racial-profiling-definition.Google Scholar
American Civil Liberties Union of Arizona. 2008. “Driving While Black or Brown: An Analysis of Racial Profiling in Arizona.” Phoenix: American Civil Liberties Union of Arizona. Accessed January 24, 2018. www.acluaz.org/sites/default/files/documents/DrivingWhileBlackorBrown.pdf.Google Scholar
American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California. 2008. “Racial Profiling & the LAPD: A Summary of Professor Ian Ayres’ Report on Racially Disparate Outcomes in the Los Angeles Police Department.” Los Angeles: American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California. Accessed January 24, 2018. www.aclusocal.org/sites/default/files/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/99227648-Racial-Profiling-the-LAPD.pdf.Google Scholar
Anacker, Katrin B. and Carr, James H.. 2011. “Analysing Determinants of Foreclosure among High-Income African-American and Hispanic Borrowers in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area.” International Journal of Housing Policy 11 (2): 195–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2011.573208.Google Scholar
Angwin, Julia, Larson, Jeff, Kirchner, Lauren, and Mattu, Surya. 2017. “Minority Neighborhoods Pay Higher Car Insurance Premiums than White Areas with the Same Risk.” ProPublica. April 4, 2017. Accessed January 24, 2018. www.propublica.org/article/minority-neighborhoods-higher-car-insurance-premiums-white-areas-same-risk.Google Scholar
Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.. 2006. “The Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective.” In Powell, Walter W. and Steinberg, Richard (eds.) The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 89–114.Google Scholar
Appleyard, Donald, Lynch, Kevin, and Myer, John R.. 1964. The View from the Road. Cambridge: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Armor, David. 1985. “The Growing School Segregation: Forced Busing Is Partly to Blame–New Options Are in Order.” Los Angeles Times, December 11, 1985. Accessed February 22, 2018. http://articles.latimes.com/1985–12-11/local/me-980_1_los-angeles-schools.Google Scholar
Arrow, Kenneth J. 1998. “What Has Economics to Say about Racial Discrimination?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (2): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.2.91.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Robert D. 1993. “Defense Spending Cuts and Regional Economic Impact: An Overview.” Economic Geography 69 (2): 107–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/143531.Google Scholar
Attanasio, Orazio P., Goldberg, Pinelopi Koujianou, and Kyriazidou, Ekaterini. 2008. “Credit Constraints in the Market for Consumer Durables: Evidence from Micro Data on Car Loans.” International Economic Review 49 (2): 401–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468–2354.2008.00485.x.Google Scholar
“Average Credit Score in America: 2017 Facts & Figures.” n.d. ValuePenguin. Accessed December 19, 2017. www.valuepenguin.com/average-credit-score.Google Scholar
Avery, Robert B. 1991. “Deregulation and the Location of Financial Institution Offices.” Economic Review 27 (February): 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1068/a39222.Google Scholar
Avila, E. 2004. Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles, Volume 13. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Avila, E. 2014. “LA’s Invisible Freeway Revolt: The Cultural Politics of Fighting Freeways.” Journal of Urban History 40 (5): 831–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144214536857.Google Scholar
Ayscue, Jennifer B. and Orfield, Gary. 2015. “School District Lines Stratify Educational Opportunity by Race and Poverty.” Race and Social Problems 7 (1): 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-014–9135-0.Google Scholar
Bailey, Thomas and Waldinger, Roger. 1991. “Primary, Secondary, and Enclave Labor Markets: A Training Systems Approach.” American Sociological Review 56 (4): 432–45. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096266.Google Scholar
Baron, Harold M. 1969. “The Web of Urban Racism.” In Knowles, Louis and Prewitt, Kenneth (eds.) Institutional Racism in America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 134–76.Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrich. 1969. “Introduction.” In Barth, Fredrich (ed.) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Bauder, Harald. 2001. “Culture in the Labor Market: Segmentation Theory and Perspectives of Place.” Progress in Human Geography 25 (1): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913201672119762.Google Scholar
Bayer, Patrick, Ferreira, Fernando, and Ross, Stephen L.. 2017. “What Drives Racial and Ethnic Differences in High-Cost Mortgages? The Role of High-Risk Lenders.” The Review of Financial Studies (April): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhx035.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary S. 1957. The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary S 1962. “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis.” Journal of Political Economy 70 (5, Part 2): 9–49. https://doi.org/10.1086/258724.Google Scholar
Beckmann, M. J. 1969. “On the Distribution of Urban Rent and Residential Density.” Journal of Economic Theory, 1 (1), 60–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(69)90012-X.Google Scholar
Been, Vicki. 1994. “Locally Undesirable Land Uses in Minority Neighborhoods: Disproportionate Siting or Market Dynamics?” The Yale Law Journal 103 (6): 1383–422. https://doi.org/10.2307/797089.Google Scholar
Berends, Mark. 2015. “Sociology and School Choice: What We Know after Two Decades of Charter Schools.” Annual Review of Sociology 41 (1): 159–80. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014–112340.Google Scholar
Bergman, Ben. 2016. “How Aerospace Is Making a Comeback in Southern California.” Southern California Public Radio. April 21, 2016. Accessed March 29, 2018. www.scpr.org/news/2016/04/21/59829/how-aerospace-is-making-a-comeback-in-southern-cal/.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Andrea. 2017. “Why 80K People Applied to Work Part-Time at LA’s Ports.” Southern California Public Radio. June 5, 2017. Accessed March 29, 2018. www.scpr.org/news/2017/06/05/72573/why-80k-people-applied-for-2–400-positions-at-la-s/.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Marianne and Mullainathan, Sendhil. 2004. “Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination.” American Economic Review 94 (4): 991–1013. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828042002561.Google Scholar
Besbris, Max, Faber, Jacob William, Rich, Peter, and Sharkey, Patrick. 2015. “Effect of Neighborhood Stigma on Economic Transactions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (16): 4994–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414139112.Google Scholar
Betts, Julian R. and Tang, Y. Emily. 2016. “A Meta-Analysis of the Literature on the Effect of Charter Schools on Student Achievement.” SREE Spring 2016 Conference Abstract Template. Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness. Accessed February 22, 2018. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED566972.Google Scholar
Bischoff, Kendra. 2008. “School District Fragmentation and Racial Residential Segregation: How Do Boundaries Matter?” Urban Affairs Review 44 (2): 182–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087408320651.Google Scholar
Bjorklund-Young, Alanna. 2016. “The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment, by R. Chetty, N. Hendren, and L. F. Katz.” Journal of School Choice 10 (2): 276–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2016.1172911.Google Scholar
Blanchflower, David G., Levine, Phillip B., and Zimmerman, David J.. 2003. “Discrimination in the Small-Business Credit Market.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 85 (4): 930–43. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815835.Google Scholar
Blume, Howard and Grad, Shelby. 2017. “Major Changes Could Come to L.A. Schools after Charter School Movement’s Big Win.” Los Angeles Times, May 17, 2017. Accessed February 22, 2018. www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-charter-analysis-20170517-htmlstory.html.Google Scholar
Blumenberg, Evelyn and Ong, Paul M.. 1994. “Labor Squeeze and Ethnic/Racial Recomposition in the U.S. Apparel Industry.” In Bonacich, Edna, Cheng, Lucie, Chinchilla, Norma, Hamilton, Nora, and Ong, Paul (eds.) Global Production: The Apparel Industry in the Pacific Rim. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Blumenberg, Evelyn and Smart, Michael. 2014. “Brother Can You Spare a Ride? Carpooling in Immigrant Neighbourhoods.” Urban Studies 51 (9): 1871–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013502825.Google Scholar
Bobo, L. D., Oliver, M. L., Johnson, J. H. Jr., and Valenzuela, A. Jr. 2000. Analyzing Inequality in Los Angeles. Prismatic Metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 3–50.Google Scholar
Bond, Timothy N. and Lang, Kevin. 2013. “The Evolution of the Black-White Test Score Gap in Grades K–3: The Fragility of Results.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 95 (5): 1468–79. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00370.Google Scholar
Boone, Christopher G, and Modarres, Ali. 1999. “Creating a Toxic Neighborhood in Los Angeles County: A Historical Examination of Environmental Inequity.” Urban Affairs Review 35 (2): 163–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/10780879922184347.Google Scholar
Borck, Rainald. 2002. “Jurisdiction Size, Political Participation, and the Allocation of Resources.” Public Choice 113 (3/4): 251–63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30025845.Google Scholar
Borjas, George J. 1985. “Assimilation, Changes in Cohort Quality, and the Earnings of Immigrants.” Journal of Labor Economics 3 (4): 463–89. https://doi.org/10.1086/298065.Google Scholar
Borjas, George J 1992. “Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (1): 123–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118325.Google Scholar
Boser, Ulrich. 2013. “Size Matter: A Look at School-District Consolidation.” Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. Accessed February 22, 2018. www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/SchoolDistrictSize.pdf.Google Scholar
Bozorgmehr, Mehdi, M. Ong, Paul, and Tosh, Sarah. 2016. “Panethnicity Revisited: Contested Group Boundaries in the Post-9/11 Era.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 39 (5): 727–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1081959.Google Scholar
Brodsly, David. 1981. L. A. Freeway: An Appreciative Essay. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brook, Orian. 2016. “Spatial Equity and Cultural Participation: How Access Influences Attendance at Museums and Galleries in London.” Cultural Trends 25 (1): 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09548963.2015.1134098.Google Scholar
Brooks, Charolette. 2009. Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Catherine, Sargrad, Scott, and Benner, Meg. 2017. “Hidden Money: The Outsized Role of Parent Contribution in School Finance.” Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. Accessed February 22, 2018. https://cdn.americanprogress.org/content/uploads/2017/04/18074902/ParentFundraising-report-corrected.pdf.Google Scholar
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. 1954, 347 US 483.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2004. Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Buchanan, James M. 1965. “An Economic Theory of Clubs.” Economica 32 (125): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/2552442.Google Scholar
Buchanan, James M. 1970. The Public Finances: An Introductory Textbook. 3rd edn. Homewood, IL: R. D. Irwin.Google Scholar
Bunel, Mathieu, L’Horty, Yannick, and Petit, Pascale. 2016. “Discrimination Based on Place of Residence and Access to Employment.” Urban Studies 53 (2): 267–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014563470.Google Scholar
Buntin, John. 2009. L. A. Noir: The Struggle for the Soul of America’s Most Seductive City. New York, NY: Harmony Books.Google Scholar
Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike. 1998. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Busse, Meghan R. and Silva-Risso, Jorge M.. 2010. “‘One Discriminatory Rent’ or ‘Double Jeopardy’: Multicomponent Negotiation for New Car Purchases.” The American Economic Review 100 (2): 470–4. http://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.470.Google Scholar
Calem, Paul S. and Mester, Loretta J.. 1995. “Consumer Behavior and the Stickiness of Credit-Card Interest Rates.” The American Economic Review 85 (5): 1327–36. www.jstor.org/stable/2950992.Google Scholar
California Air Resources Board. 2018. “Senate Bill 375 Regional Targets.” California Air Resources Board. Accessed April 13, 2018. www.arb.ca.gov/cc/sb375/sb375.htm.Google Scholar
California Charter Schools Association. 2016. “Los Angeles Charter Public Schools.” California Charter Schools Association. Accessed February 22, 2018. www.ccsa.org/blog/LAUSD_FactSheet_2016.pdf.Google Scholar
California Charter Schools Associationn.d. “Understanding Charters.” California Charter Schools Association. Accessed December 20, 2017. www.ccsa.org/understanding.Google Scholar
California Department of Education. 2017a. “Public Schools Accountability Act (PSAA).” California Department of Education. June 19, 2017. Accessed December 20, 2017. www.cde.ca.gov/ta/ac/pa/.Google Scholar
California Department of Education 2017b. “Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR).” California Department of Education. August 28, 2017. Accessed December 22, 2017. www.cde.ca.gov/re/pr/star.asp.Google Scholar
California Department of Educationn.d. “District Transfers.” California Department of Education. Accessed December 20, 2017. www.cde.ca.gov/re/di/fq/districttransfers.asp.Google Scholar
California Department of Educationn.d. “Public Schools and Districts Data Files.” California Department of Education. Accessed December 28, 2017. www.cde.ca.gov/ds/si/ds/pubschls.asp.Google Scholar
California Department of Education, Analysis, Measurement, and Accountability Reporting Division. 2014. “Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Tables for California’s 2013 School Characteristics Index and Similar Schools Ranks.” Technical Report 00–1. California Department of Education. Accessed February 22, 2018. www.cde.ca.gov/ta/ac/ap/documents/tdgreport1314.pdf.Google Scholar
California Department of Education, School Fiscal Services Division. 2015. “2013–2014 Current Expense of Education & per-Pupil Average Daily Attendance.” Data file. California Department of Education. Accessed February 22, 2018. www.cde.ca.gov/ds/fd/ec/currentexpense.asp.Google Scholar
California Department of Education, Title II Leadership Office. 2014. “2013–14 Private School Affidavit Data – Schools with Enrollment of Six or More Students (August 5, 2014).” Data file. California Department of Education. Accessed February 22, 2018. www.cde.ca.gov/ds/si/ps/index.asp.Google Scholar
California Department of Housing and Community Development. n.d. “Community Development Block Program (CDBG).” California Department of Housing and Community Development. Accessed March 26, 2018. www.hcd.ca.gov/grants-funding/active-funding/cdbg.shtml.Google Scholar
California Department of Industrial Relations. 2016. “California Labor Commissioner Fines 18 Los Angeles Garment Manufacturers $682,344 for Labor Law Violations.” News Release No.: 2016–91. Accessed September 22, 2016. www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2016/2016–91.pdf.Google Scholar
California Employment Development Department. 2016. “2014–2024 Industry Employment Projections.” Accessed February 22, 2018. www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/file/indproj/la$indproj.xlsx.Google Scholar
California School News Report. n.d. “California Public School Governance.” California School News Report. Accessed January 10, 2018. http://caschoolnews.net/issues/california-public-school-governance/.Google Scholar
Campbell, Andrea Louise, Wong, Cara, and Citrin, Jack. 2006. “‘Racial Threat’, Partisan Climate, and Direct Democracy: Contextual Effects in Three California Initiatives.” Political Behavior 28 (2): 129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-006–9005-6.Google Scholar
Campbell, Carla, Greenberg, Rachael, Mankikar, Deepa, and Ross, Ronald D.. 2016. “A Case Study of Environmental Injustice: The Failure in Flint.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13 (10): 951. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100951.Google Scholar
Capozza, Dennis R. and Van Order, Robert. 1978. “A Generalized Model of Spatial Competition.” The American Economic Review 68 (5): 896–908. www.jstor.org/stable/1811321.Google Scholar
Casella, Alessandra and Frey, Bruno. 1992. “Federalism and Clubs: Towards an Economic Theory of Overlapping Political Jurisdictions.” European Economic Review 36 (2): 639–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014–2921(92)90122-D.Google Scholar
Casey, Joan A., James, Peter, Cushing, Lara, Jesdale, Bill M., and Morello-Frosch, Rachel. 2017. “Race, Ethnicity, Income Concentration and 10-Year Change in Urban Greenness in the United States.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (12): 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121546.Google Scholar
Caskey, John P. 1994. “Bank Representation in Low-Income and Minority Urban Communities.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 29 (4): 617–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208169402900406.Google Scholar
Cecelski, D. S. and Tyson, T. B. (eds.). 2000. Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy. Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press Books.Google Scholar
Center for Economic Justice. 1997. “Auto Insurance Redlining in Texas: Availability Worsens.” Austin, TX: Center for Economic Justice. Accessed January 23, 2018. www.cej-online.org/avail.pdf.Google Scholar
Center for Research on Education Outcomes. 2014. “Charter School Performance in California.” Center for Research on Education Outcomes. Accessed February 24, 2018. https://credo.stanford.edu/pdfs/ca_report_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Chandra, Ambarish, Gulati, Sumeet, and Sallee, James M.. 2017. “Who Loses When Prices Are Negotiated? An Analysis of the New Car Market.” The Journal of Industrial Economics 65 (2): 235–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/joie.12125.Google Scholar
Charles, Camille Zubrinsky. 2003. “The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation.” Annual Review of Sociology 29: 167–207. www.jstor.org/stable/30036965.Google Scholar
Charles, Camille Zubrinsky 2006. Won’t You Be My Neighbor: Race, Class, and Residence in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Charles, Kerwin Kofi, Hurst, Erik, and Stephens, Melvin. 2008. “Rates for Vehicle Loans: Race and Loan Source.” The American Economic Review 98 (2): 315–20. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.2.315.Google Scholar
Chetty, Raj and Hendren, Nathaniel. 2015. “The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility: Childhood Exposure Effects and County-Level Estimates.” Working Paper. Harvard University and NBER. http://cms.leoncountyfl.gov/coadmin/agenda/attach/150609/A0905.pdf.Google Scholar
Chetty, Raj, Hendren, Nathaniel, and Katz, Lawrence F.. 2016. “The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment.” American Economic Review 106 (4): 855–902. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150572.Google Scholar
Cho, Sumi, Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams, and Leslie, McCall. 2013. “Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis.” Signs 38 (4): 785–810. https://doi.org/10.1086/669608.Google Scholar
Chow, A. 2018. “ABC Pulls ‘black-ish’ Episode over ‘Creative Differences’,” New York Times. Accessed July 17, 2018. www.nytimes.com/2018/03/11/arts/television/abc-black-ish-episode-creative-differences.html.Google Scholar
City of Los Angeles, Department of Community Empowerment. n.d. “EmpowerLA.” Empower LA. Accessed March 5, 2018. http://empowerla.org/.Google Scholar
Claritas. n.d. “ZIP Code Look-Up.” MyBestSegments. Accessed March 29, 2018. https://segmentationsolutions.nielsen.com/mybestsegments/Default.jsp?ID=20.Google Scholar
Clotfelter, Charles T. 2004. After “Brown”: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation. Princeton, PJ: Princeton University Press. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sxjd.Google Scholar
Clotfelter, Charles T., Ladd, Helen F., and Vigdor, Jacob L.. 2009. “The Academic Achievement Gap in Grades 3 to 8.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 91 (2): 398–419. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.2.398.Google Scholar
Clough, Craig. 2016. “Magnet Schools: The Answer to LAUSD’s Enrollment Problem?” LA School Report. March 15, 2016. Accessed February 4, 2018. http://laschoolreport.com/magnet-schools-the-answer-to-lausds-enrollment-problem/.Google Scholar
Coffee, Neil T., Lockwood, Tony, Hugo, Graeme, Paquet, Catherine, Howard, Natasha J., and Daniel, Mark. 2013. “Relative Residential Property Value as a Socio-Economic Status Indicator for Health Research.” International Journal of Health Geographics 12 (April): 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12–22.Google Scholar
Cohen, Mark A. 2003. “Report on the Racial Impact of GMAC’s Finance Charge Markup Policy.” In the matter of Addie T. Coleman et al. v. General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC). Accessed July 16, 2017. https://consumerfed.org/wp-content/uploads/2004/07/7-30-04-Racial-Impact-Finance-Charge-Markup_Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Coleman, James S., Campbell, Ernest Q., Hobson, Carol J., James McPartland, Alexander M. Mood, Frederic D. Weinfeld, , and York, Robert L.. 1966. “Equality of Educational Opportunity, Chapter 4 Future Teachers of Minority Groups.” OE38001; Superintendant of Documents Catalog No. FS 5.238:-38001. Washington, DC: Office of Education, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, US Government Printing Office. Accessed February 4, 2018. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED012275.pdf.Google Scholar
Coley, Rebekah Levine, Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth, Collins, Melissa, and Kyle Cook, DeMeo. 2016. “Comparing Public, Private, and Informal Preschool Programs in a National Sample of Low-Income Children.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 36 (July): 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.11.002.Google Scholar
Collins, William J. and Margo, Robert A.. 2007. “The Economic Aftermath of the 1960s Riots in American Cities: Evidence from Property Values.” The Journal of Economic History 67 (4): 849–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050707000423.Google Scholar
Commons, John Rogers. 1924. Legal Foundations of Capitalism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Cookson, Graham and Pishue, Bob. 2017. “INRIX Global Traffic Scorecard.” Kirkland, WA: Inrix. Accessed July 24, 2017.http://inrix.com/scorecard/.Google Scholar
Cooper, Christine, Sedgwick, Shannon, and DeWitt, Wesley. 2016. “The Changing Face of Aerospace in Southern California.” Institute for Applied Economics, Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. Accessed January 11, 2018. www.sandiegobusiness.org/sites/default/files/Aerospace_FINAL%20Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Cooper, Christine, Sedgwick, Shannon, and Mitra, Somjita. 2015. “Hospitality and Tourism in Los Angeles County: Its Economic Contribution and Occupational Forecast.” Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. Accessed January 11, 2018. https://laedc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/LAEDC_HT-Cluster-Report_FINAL_20150218.pdf.Google Scholar
Cornman, Stephen Q. 2016. “Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: School Year 2012–13 (Fiscal Year 2013).” NCES 2015–301. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed February 4, 2018. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2015/2015301.pdf.Google Scholar
Cortes, Alvaro, Herbert, Christopher E., Wilson, Erin, and Clay, Elizabeth. 2007. “Factors Affecting Hispanic Homeownership: A Review of the Literature.” Cityscape 9 (2). www.jstor.org/stable/20868619.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, Stuart. 1984. “The Zoot Suit and Style Warfare.” In Zoot Suits and Second-Hand Dresses, edited by McRobbie, Angela, 3–22. Youth Questions. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Coulson, N. Edward and Herman, Li. 2013. “Measuring the External Benefits of Homeownership.” Journal of Urban Economics 77 (September): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2013.03.005.Google Scholar
County of Los Angeles Department of Public Health, Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Development. 2015. “Community Health Assessment 2015.” County of Los Angeles Department of Public Health. Accessed February 4, 2018. www.bhclongbeach.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/LACDPHCommunityHealthAssessment2015Final.pdf.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–99. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039.Google Scholar
Crossney, Kristen B. and Bartelt, David W.. 2005. “The Legacy of the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation.” Housing Policy Debate 16 (3–4): 547–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521555.Google Scholar
Cutler, David M., Glaeser, Edward L., and Vigdor, Jacob L.. 1999. “The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto.” Journal of Political Economy 107 (3): 455–506. https://doi.org/10.1086/250069.Google Scholar
Daniels, Roger. 1962. The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California, and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Daniels, Roger, Taylor, S. C., and Kitano, H. H. (eds.). 2013. Japanese Americans: From Relocation to Redress. Washington, DC: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Darity, William A., Hamilton, Darrick, and Stewart, James B.. 2015. “A Tour de Force in Understanding Intergroup Inequality: An Introduction to Stratification Economics.” The Review of Black Political Economy 42 (1–2): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-014–9201-2.Google Scholar
Darity, William A., Mason, Patrick L., and Stewart, James B.. 2006. “The Economics of Identity: The Origin and Persistence of Racial Identity Norms.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 60 (3): 283–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.09.005.Google Scholar
David, Rebecca, Hesla, Kevin, and Pendergrass, Susan Aud. 2017. “A Growing Movement: America’s Largest Public Charter School Communities.” 12th Annual Edition. Washington, DC: National Alliance for Public Charter Schools. Accessed February 4, 2018. www.publiccharters.org/sites/default/files/documents/2017–10/Enrollment_Share_Report_Web_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Davis, John B. 2014. “Stratification Economics and Identity Economics.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 39 (5): 1215–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beu071.Google Scholar
Davis, Mike. 2006. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. New York, NY and London: Verso.Google Scholar
De La Cruz-Viesca, Melany, Zhenxiang Chen, Paul M. Ong, Darrick Hamilton, , and Darity, William A. Jr. 2016. “The Color of Wealth in Los Angeles.” Duke University, the New School, the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Insight Center for Community Economic Development. Accessed March 10, 2018. www.researchgate.net/publication/301487531.Google Scholar
De La Cruz-Viesca, Melany, Ong, Paul M., Comandon, Andre, Darity, William A. Jr., and Hamilton, Darrick. 2018. “Fifty Years after the Kerner Commission Report: Place, Housing and Racial Wealth Inequality in Los Angeles.” The Russell Sage Foundation Journal off the Social Sciences 4 (6): 160–84.Google Scholar
DeShazo, J. R., Pierce, Gregory, and Henry, McCann. 2015. “Los Angeles County Community Water Systems: Atlas and Policy Guide.” Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Luskin Center for Innovation. Accessed April 7, 2018. http://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/Water_Atlas_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Dietz, Robert D. and Haurin, Donald R.. 2003. “The Social and Private Micro-Level Consequences of Homeownership.” Journal of Urban Economics 54 (3): 401–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(03)00080–9.Google Scholar
Downs, Anthony. 1973. Opening up the Suburbs: An Urban Strategy for America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Duguet, Emmanuel, Gray, David M., L’Horty, Yannick, Loïc, Du Parquet, and Petit, Pascale. 2017. “Labor Market Effects of Urban Riots: An Experimental Assessment.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3083404. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Accessed April 10, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3083404.Google Scholar
Duncan, Brian, Grogger, Jeffrey, Leon, Ana Sofia, and Trejo, Stephen J.. 2017. “New Evidence of Generational Progress for Mexican Americans.” Working Paper 24067. National Bureau of Economic Research. Accessed April 7, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24067.Google Scholar
EIP Associates, Kaku Associates, Inc., and Keyser Marston Associates, Inc. 2005. “City of Beverly Hills General Plan Update: Technical Background Report.” Accessed March 12, 2018. www.beverlyhills.org/business/constructionlanduse/generalplan/technicalbackgroundreports/.Google Scholar
Elkind, Ethan N. 2014. Railtown: The Fight for the Los Angeles Metro Rail and the Future of the City. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ellison, Glenn and Glaeser, Edward L.. 1997. “Geographic Concentration in U.S. Manufacturing Industries: A Dartboard Approach.” Journal of Political Economy 105 (5): 889–927. https://doi.org/10.1086/262098.Google Scholar
Equal Justice Initiative. 2017. “Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror.” 3rd edn. Accessed February 22, 2018. https://lynchinginamerica.eji.org/report/.Google Scholar
Erie, Steven P. 1992. “How the Urban West Was Won: The Local State and Economic Growth in Los Angeles, 1880–1932.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 27 (4): 519–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208169202700403.Google Scholar
Faber, Jacob William. 2017. “Segregation and the Geography of Creditworthiness: Racial Inequality in a Recovered Mortgage Market.” Housing Policy Debate, 28(2): 215–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2017.1341944.Google Scholar
Favot, Sarah. 2017a. “What Are the Chances of Getting into an LAUSD Magnet?” LA School Report. June 19, 2017. Accessed February 22, 2018. http://laschoolreport.com/what-are-the-chances-of-getting-into-an-lausd-magnet/.Google Scholar
Favot, Sarah 2017b. “Supervisor Hilda Solis on Exide Clean-up Funds: ‘Two Americas’ for Too Long.” Los Angeles Daily News, August 28, 2017. Accessed February 22, 2018. www.dailynews.com/environment-and-nature/20160217/supervisor-hilda-solis-on-exide-clean-up-funds-two-americas-for-too-long.Google Scholar
Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2016. 2015 Hate Crime Statistics, Table 1: Incidents, Offenses, Victims, and Known Offenders by Bias Motivation, 2015. Accessed January 11, 2018. https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2015/tables-and-data-declarations/1tabledatadecpdfGoogle Scholar
Federal Bureau of Investigation 2017. 2016 Hate Crime Statistics, Table 1: Incidents, Offenses, Victims, and Known Offenders by Bias Motivation, 2015. Accessed January 11, 2018. https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1Google Scholar
Feltner, Tom and Heller, Douglas. 2015. “High Price of Mandatory Auto Insurance in Predominantly African American Communities.” Washington, DC: Consumer Federation of America. Accessed July 28, 2017. https://consumerfed.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/151118_insuranceinpredominantlyafricanamericancommunities_CFA.pdf.Google Scholar
Fenno, B. Nathan. 2014. “Clippers Owner Donald Sterling Is No Stranger to Race-Related Lawsuits.” Los Angeles Times, April 26, 2014. Accessed January 11, 2018. www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-donald-sterling-past-controversy-20140426-story.html.Google Scholar
Fensterwald, John. 2017. “How Does California Rank in per-Pupil Spending? It All Depends.” EdSource. February 28, 2017. Accessed February 4, 2018. https://edsource.org/2017/how-does-california-rank-in-per-pupil-spending-it-all-depends/577405.Google Scholar
Fischer, Claude S., Stockmayer, Gretchen, Stiles, Jon, and Hout, Michael. 2004. “Distinguishing the Geographic Levels and Social Dimensions of US Metropolitan Segregation, 1960–2000.” Demography 41 (1): 37–59. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2004.0002.Google Scholar
Flippen, Chenoa A. 2010. “The Spatial Dynamics of Stratification: Metropolitan Context, Population Redistribution, and Black and Hispanic Homeownership.” Demography 47 (4): 845–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03214588.Google Scholar
Fogelson, Robert M. 1993. The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850–1930. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Frankenberg, Erica, Siegel-Hawley, Genevieve, and Wang, Jia. 2011. “Choice without Equity: Charter School Segregation.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 19 (1). https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v19n1.2011.Google Scholar
Franklin School Santa Monica PTA. n.d. “Franklin School Santa Monica PTA.” Franklin School Santa Monica PTA. Accessed December 29, 2017. http://franklinschoolpta.org/.Google Scholar
Friedberg, Anne. 2002. “Urban Mobility and Cinematic Visuality: The Screens of Los Angeles – Endless Cinema or Private Telematics.” Journal of Visual Culture 1 (2): 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/147041290200100203.Google Scholar
Fry, Richard and Taylor, Paul. 2012. “The Rise of Residential Segregation by Income.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Accessed January 11, 2018. www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/08/01/the-rise-of-residential-segregation-by-income/.Google Scholar
Fryerr., , Roland, G. 2007. “Guess Who’s Been Coming to Dinner? Trends in Interracial Marriage over the 20th Century.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21 (2): 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.2.71.Google Scholar
Fryer, Roland G. and Levitt, Steven D.. 2006. “The Black-White Test Score Gap through Third Grade.” American Law and Economics Review 8 (2): 249–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahl003.Google Scholar
Fulton, William. 2001. The Reluctant Metropolis: The Politics of Urban Growth in Los Angeles. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Gabbe, Charles Joshua. 2016. “Do Land Use Regulations Matter? Why and How?” Dissertation, Los Angeles, CA: University of California, Los Angeles. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6db0k1k5#author.Google Scholar
Galbraith, John Kenneth. 1967. The New Industrial State. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Galster, George and Sharkey, Patrick. 2017. “Spatial Foundations of Inequality: A Conceptual Model and Empirical Overview.” RSF 3 (2): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2017.3.2.01.Google Scholar
Gautier, Donald L., Tennyson, Marilyn E., Cook, Troy A., Charpentier, Ronald R., and Klett, Timothy R.. 2013. “Remaining Recoverable Petroleum in Giant Oil Fields of the Los Angeles Basin, Southern California.” Fact Sheet 2012–3120. US Geological Survey. Accessed March 12, 2018. https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3120/fs2012-3120.pdf.Google Scholar
Ghent, Andra C., Hernández-Murillo, Rubén, and Owyang, Michael T.. 2014. “Differences in Subprime Loan Pricing across Races and Neighborhoods.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 48 (September): 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2014.07.006.Google Scholar
Gibson, Campbell and Jung, Kay. 2005. “Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States.” Working Paper 76. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau. Accessed March 26, 2018. www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html#intro.Google Scholar
Glaeser, Edward L., Hanushek, Eric A, and Quigley, John M.. 2004. “Opportunities, Race, and Urban Location: The Influence of John Kain.” Journal of Urban Economics 56 (1): 70–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2004.03.002.Google Scholar
Glaeser, Edward L., Kahn, Matthew E., and Rappaport, Jordan. 2008. “Why Do the Poor Live in Cities? The Role of Public Transportation.” Journal of Urban Economics 63 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2006.12.004.Google Scholar
Glaeser, Edward L. and Vigdor, Jacob. 2012. “The End of the Segregated Century: Racial Separation in America’s Neighborhoods, 1890–2010.” Civic Report 66. Manhattan Institute. Accessed March 14, 2018. www.manhattan-institute.org/html/end-segregated-racial-separation-americas-neighborhoods-1890–2010-5848.html.Google Scholar
Gobillon, Laurent, Selod, Harris, and Zenou, Yves. 2007. “The Mechanisms of Spatial Mismatch.” Urban Studies 44 (12): 2401–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701540937.Google Scholar
Goldring, Ellen and Smrekar, Claire. 2000. “Magnet Schools and the Pursuit of Racial Balance.” Education and Urban Society 33 (1): 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124500331003.Google Scholar
Golledge, Reginald G. 2001. “Behavioral Geography.” In Smelser, Neil J. and Baltes, Paul B. (eds.) International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon, 1105–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08–043076-7/02491–8.Google Scholar
Golledge, Reginald G. and Tommy, Gärling. 2004. “Cognitive Maps and Urban Travel.” In Hensher, David A., Button, Kenneth J., Haynes, Kingsley E., and Stopher, Peter R. (eds.) Handbook of Transport Geography and Spatial Systems, Volume 5. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 501–12.Google Scholar
Gong Lum v. Rice. 1927, 275 US 78.Google Scholar
Gordon, Milton M. 1964. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origin. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Peter and Richardson, Harry W.. 1996. “Beyond Polycentricity: The Dispersed Metropolis, Los Angeles, 1970–1990.” Journal of the American Planning Association 62 (3): 289–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369608975695.Google Scholar
Gottschalck, Alfred O. 2008. “Net Worth and the Assets of Households: 2002.” P70-115. Household Economic Studies. US Census Bureau, US Department of Commerce. Accessed March 2, 2018. www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/p70-115.pdf.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91 (3): 481–510. www.jstor.org/stable/2780199.Google Scholar
Grebler, Leo, Moore, Joan W., and Guzman, Ralph C.. 1970. The Mexican-American People: The Nation’s Second Largest Minority. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Gregory, James N. 2009. “The Second Great Migration: A Historical Overview.” In African American Urban History since World War II, edited by Kusmer, Kenneth L. and Trotter, Joe W.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo6682329.html.Google Scholar
Grengs, Joe. 2010. “Job Accessibility and the Modal Mismatch in Detroit.” Journal of Transport Geography 18 (1): 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.01.012.Google Scholar
Grieco, Elizabeth M. and Cassidy, Rachel C.. 2001. “Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: Census 2000 Brief.” C2KBR/01–1. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau. Accessed December 20, 2017. www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf.Google Scholar
Grogger, Jeffrey and Ridgeway, Greg. 2006. “Testing for Racial Profiling in Traffic Stops from behind a Veil of Darkness.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 101 (475): 878–87. https://doi.org/10.1198/016214506000000168.Google Scholar
Guidestar. n.d. “Community School Parents Assoc.” Accessed January 1, 2018. www.guidestar.org/profile/95–4058022.Google Scholar
Guidestarn.d. “Roscomare School Booster Club.” Accessed January 1, 2018. www.guidestar.org/profile/95–3995859.Google Scholar
Guidestarn.d. “Warner Avenue Foundation.” Accessed January 1, 2018. www.guidestar.org/profile/95–4072053.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, Jens and Hopkins, Daniel J.. 2014. “Public Attitudes toward Immigration.” Annual Review of Political Science 17 (1): 225–49. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512–194818.Google Scholar
Hajrasouliha, Amir H. and Hamidi, Shima. 2017. “The Typology of the American Metropolis: Monocentricity, Polycentricity, or Generalized Dispersion?” Urban Geography 38 (3): 420–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1165386.Google Scholar
Hall, Edward T., Birdwhistell, Ray L., Bock, Bernhard, Paul Bohannan, Diebold A. Richard, Marshall Durbin, Edmonson, Munro S. et al. 1968. “Proxemics [and Comments and Replies].” Current Anthropology 9 (2/3): 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1086/200975.Google Scholar
Hang Kie. 1886, 69 Cal. 149. 10 Pac. 327.Google Scholar
Hanson, Andrew, Hawley, Zackary, and Martin, Hal. 2017. “Does Differential Treatment Translate to Differential Outcomes for Minority Borrowers? Evidence from Matching a Field Experiment to Loan-Level Data.” Working Paper 17–14. Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Accessed February 2, 2018. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2945493.Google Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A. 1986. “The Economics of Schooling: Production and Efficiency in Public Schools.” Journal of Economic Literature 24 (3): 1141–77. www.jstor.org/stable/2725865.Google Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A 1989. “The Impact of Differential Expenditures on School Performance.” Educational Researcher 18 (4): 45–62. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X018004045.Google Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A. and Rivkin, Steven G.. 2009. “Harming the Best: How Schools Affect the Black‐White Achievement Gap.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 28 (3): 366–93. www.jstor.org/stable/29739025.Google Scholar
Harrington, Scott E. and Niehaus, Greg. 1998. “Race, Redlining, and Automobile Insurance Prices.” The Journal of Business 71 (3): 439–69. https://doi.org/10.1086/209751.Google Scholar
Hayes, Joseph and Hill, Laura. 2017. “Undocumented Immigrants in California.” Public Policy Institute of California. March 2017. Accessed March 14, 2018. www.ppic.org/publication/undocumented-immigrants-in-california/.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. Vernon. 2014. Economic Theory and the Cities. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hernandez, Donald J. and Napierala, Jeffrey S.. 2013. “Diverse Children: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration in America’s New Non-Majority Generation.” 1. New York, NY: Foundation for Child Development. Accessed April 10, 2018. www.fcd-us.org/assets/2016/04/Diverse-Children-Full-Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Hess, Daniel Baldwin and Almeida, Tangerine Maria. 2007. “Impact of Proximity to Light Rail Rapid Transit on Station-Area Property Values in Buffalo, New York.” Urban Studies 44 (5–6): 1041–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701256005.Google Scholar
Highsmith, Andrew R. 2009. “Demolition Means Progress: Urban Renewal, Local Politics, and State-Sanctioned Ghetto Formation in Flint, Michigan.” Journal of Urban History 35 (3): 348–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144208330403.Google Scholar
Hillier, Amy E. 2003. “Redlining and the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation.” Journal of Urban History 29 (4): 394–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144203029004002.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Charles. 2001. “The Educational Enrollment of Immigrant Youth: A Test of the Segmented-Assimilation Hypothesis.” Demography 38 (3): 317–36. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0028.Google Scholar
Holzer, Harry J. 1991. “The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown?” Urban Studies 28 (1): 105–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989120080071.Google Scholar
Holzer, Harry J., Ihlanfeldt, Keith R., and Sjoquist, David L.. 1994. “Work, Search, and Travel among White and Black Youth.” Journal of Urban Economics 35 (3): 320–45. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1994.1019.Google Scholar
Hom, M., Friedlander, M., Simpson, M., Huerta-Jones, M., Ujimori, A. et al. 2015. “Oriented for Whom? The Impacts of TOD on Six Los Angeles Neighborhoods.” UCLA Urban Planning Capstone Project. Accessed January 5, 2018. www.urbandisplacement.org/sites/default/files/images/spring_2015_tod.pdf.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Daniel J. 2010. “Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition.” American Political Science Review 104 (1): 40–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990360.Google Scholar
Horton, John. 1995. The Politics of Diversity: Immigration, Resistance, and Change in Monterey Park, California. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Hotelling, Harold. 1929. “Stability in Competition.” The Economic Journal 39 (153): 41–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2224214.Google Scholar
Houston, Douglas and Ong, Paul M.. 2013. “Arts Accessibility to Major Museums and Cultural/Ethnic Institutions in Los Angeles: Can School Tours Overcome Neighborhood Disparities?” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 45 (3): 728–48. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45206.Google Scholar
Houston, Douglas, Ong, Paul M., Jaimes, Guillermo, and Winer, Arthur. 2011. “Traffic Exposure Near the Los Angeles–Long Beach Port Complex: Using GPS-Enhanced Tracking to Assess the Implications of Unreported Travel and Locations.” Journal of Transport Geography, Special Section on Alternative Travel Futures, 19 (6): 1399–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.07.018.Google Scholar
Houston, Douglas and Ong, Paul M.. 2012. “Determinants of Voter Participation in Neighborhood Council Elections.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 41 (4): 686–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764011425705.Google Scholar
Houston, Douglas, Jun, Wu, Ong, Paul M., and Winer, Arthur. 2004. “Structural Disparities of Urban Traffic in Southern California: Implications for Vehicle‐related Air Pollution Exposure in Minority and High‐poverty Neighborhoods.” Journal of Urban Affairs 26 (5): 565–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735–2166.2004.00215.x.Google Scholar
Howley, Craig, Johnson, Jerry, and Petrie, Jennifer. 2011. “Consolidation of Schools and Districts: What the Research Says and What It Means.” Boulder, CO: National Education Policy Center, University of Colorado. Accessed February 22, 2108. http://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/consolidation-schools-districts.Google Scholar
Hu, Lingqian. 2014. “Changing Job Access of the Poor: Effects of Spatial and Socioeconomic Transformations in Chicago, 1990–2010.” Urban Studies 51 (4): 675–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013492229.Google Scholar
Hu, Lingqian 2015a. “Changing Effects of Job Accessibility on Employment and Commute: A Case Study of Los Angeles.” The Professional Geographer 67 (2): 154–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2014.886920.Google Scholar
Hu, Lingqian 2015b. “Job Accessibility of the Poor in Los Angeles.” Journal of the American Planning Association 81 (1): 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1042014.Google Scholar
Hyman, Joshua. 2017. “Does Money Matter in the Long Run? Effects of School Spending on Educational Attainment.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 9 (4): 256–80. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150249.Google Scholar
Iacono, Michael, Krizek, Kevin, and El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.. 2008. “Access to Destinations: How Close Is Close Enough? Estimating Accurate Distance Decay Functions for Multiple Modes and Different Purposes.” Report 4. Access to Destinations Study. Saint Paul, MN: Minnesota Department of Transportation. University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy. Accessed January 24, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11299/151329.Google Scholar
Iceland, John, Weinberg, Daniel, and Hughes, Lauren. 2014. “The Residential Segregation of Detailed Hispanic and Asian Groups in the United States: 1980–2010.” Demographic Research 31: 593–624. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.31.20.Google Scholar
Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. 1999. “Are Poor People Really Excluded from Jobs Located in Their Own Neighborhoods? Comments on Reingold and Some Additional Evidence from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality.” Economic Development Quarterly 13 (4): 307–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124249901300402.Google Scholar
Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. and Sjoquist, David L.. 1998. “The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: A Review of Recent Studies and Their Implications for Welfare Reform.” Housing Policy Debate 9 (4): 849–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1998.9521321.Google Scholar
Immergluck, Dan. 2008. “The Accumulation of Foreclosed Properties: Trajectories of Metropolitan REO Inventories during the 2007–2008 Mortgage Crisis.” Community Affairs Discussion Paper 02–08. Atlanta, GA: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta: Community Affairs. Accessed March 12, 2018. www.frbatlanta.org/-/media/documents/community-development/publications/discussion-papers/2008/02-accumulation-of-foreclosed-properties-2008-12-15.pdf.Google Scholar
INRIX. 2017. “Los Angeles Tops INRIX Global Congestion Ranking.” INRIX – INRIX. 2017. Accessed March 12, 2018. http://inrix.com/press-releases/scorecard-2017/.Google Scholar
Institute for Local Government. n.d. “The Basics of SB 375.” Institute for Local Government. Accessed February 21, 2018. www.ca-ilg.org/post/basics-sb-375.Google Scholar
Irons, P. 1993. Justice at war: The Story of the Japanese-American Internment Cases. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, C. Kirabo, Rucker C. Johnson, , and Persico, Claudia. 2016. “The Effects of School Spending on Educational and Economic Outcomes: Evidence from School Finance Reforms.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 131 (1): 157–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv036.Google Scholar
Jackson, Candace. 2017. “Who Wants to Buy the Most Expensive House in America?” New York Times. December 23, 2017. Accessed January 7, 2018. . www.nytimes.com/2017/12/23/style/the-most-expensive-house-in-america.html.Google Scholar
Jackson, Kenneth T. 1980. “Race, Ethnicity, and Real Estate Appraisal: The Home Owners Loan Corporation and the Federal Housing Administration.” Journal of Urban History 6 (4): 419–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/009614428000600404.Google Scholar
Jaffee, Dwight M. and Russell, Thomas. 2002. “Regulation of Automobile Insurance in California.” In Deregulating Property-Liability Insurance: Restoring Competition and Increasing Market Efficiency, edited by David Cummins, J., 195–236. Washington, DC: AEI-Brookings Institution Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.Google Scholar
Janowitz, Morris. 1967. The Community Press in an Urban Setting: The Social Elements of Urbanism, Volume 263. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jencks, Christopher. 1998. “Racial Bias in Testing.” In Jencks, Christopher and Phillips, Meredith (eds.) The Black-White Test Score Gap. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 55–85.Google Scholar
Jeynes, William H. 2015. “A Meta-Analysis on the Factors That Best Reduce the Achievement Gap.” Education and Urban Society 47 (5): 523–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124514529155.Google Scholar
Jimenez, Silvia and Pierce, Gregory. 2013. “Inequality at the Tap: Explaining Shortcomings in Safe Water Access in Los Angeles’ Mobile Home Communities.” Social Justice Fellowship Publication. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs. Accessed March 12, 2018. https://luskin.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/Jimenez_Pierce.pdf.Google Scholar
Joassart-Marcelli, Pascale. 2010. “Leveling the Playing Field? Urban Disparities in Funding for Local Parks and Recreation in the Los Angeles Region.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 42 (5): 1174–92. https://doi.org/10.1068/a42198.Google Scholar
Johansson, Börje and Quigley, John M.. 2003. “Agglomeration and Networks in Spatial Economies.” Papers in Regional Science 83 (1): 165–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10110-003–0181-z.Google Scholar
Johnson, Charles Spurgeon. 1943. Patterns of Negro Segregation. 1st edn. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Johnson, Scott, Eberstein, Amanda, and Pener, Degen. 2017. “The Hollywood Insider’s Guide to L.A. Private Schools.” The Hollywood Reporter, August 17, 2017. Accessed December 19, 2017. www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/hollywood-insiders-guide-la-private-schools-1029445.Google Scholar
Johnson, Walter. 2015. “Ferguson’s Fortune 500 Company.” The Atlantic, April 26, 2015. Accessed November 21, 2017. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/04/fergusons-fortune-500-company/390492/.Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, Michael. 2000. “The Origins and Diffusion of Racial Restrictive Covenants.” Political Science Quarterly 115 (4): 541–68. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657609.Google Scholar
Judd, Kenneth L. 1985. “Redistributive Taxation in a Simple Perfect Foresight Model.” Journal of Public Economics 28 (1): 59–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047–2727(85)90020–9.Google Scholar
Kain, John F. 1968. “Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 82 (2): 175–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885893.Google Scholar
Kain, John F 2004. “A Pioneer’s Perspective on the Spatial Mismatch Literature.” Urban Studies 41 (1): 7–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000155669.Google Scholar
Kang, Jerry. 2004. “Trojan Horses of Race.” Harvard Law Review 118: 1489–593. www.jstor.org/stable/4093447.Google Scholar
Kasinitz, Philip, ed. 1995. Metropolis: Center and Symbol of Our Times. New York, NY: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Keil, Roger. 2000. “Governance Restructuring in Los Angeles and Toronto: Amalgamation or Secession?” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24 (4): 758–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468–2427.00277.Google Scholar
Keller, Suzanne. 1968. The Urban Neighborhood: A Sociological Perspective, Volume 33. New York, NY: Random House.Google Scholar
Kerr, Jillian. n.d. “Concentration of Entertainment-Related Employment by Metropolitan Area.” US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Accessed February 8, 2018. www.bls.gov/oes/entertainment.pdf.Google Scholar
Kim, Claire Jean. 1999. “The Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans.” Politics and Society 27 (1): 105–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329299027001005.Google Scholar
King, Martin Luther Jr. 1997. “‘Desegregation and the Future,’ Address Delivered at the Annual Luncheon of the National Committee for Rural Schools.” In The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Volume III: Birth of a New Age, December 1955–December 1956, edited by Carson, Clayborne, Burns, Stewart, Carson, Susan, Powell, Dana, and Holloran, Peter. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kitroeff, Natalie and Kim, Victoria. 2017. “Behind a $13 Shirt, a $6-an-Hour Worker: How Forever 21 and Other Retailers Avoid Liability for Factories That Underpay Workers to Sew Their Clothes.” Los Angeles Times, August 31, 2017. Accessed March 5, 2018. www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-forever-21-factory-workers/.Google Scholar
Klein, Nicholas J. and Smart, Michael J.. 2017. “Car Today, Gone Tomorrow: The Ephemeral Car in Low-Income, Immigrant and Minority Families.” Transportation 44 (3): 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-015–9664-4.Google Scholar
Kleinhenz, Robert, Guerra, Ferdinando, Cooper, Christine, and Poghosyan, Myasnik. 2012. “The Entertainment Industry and the Los Angeles County Economy.” Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. Accessed February 14, 2018. https://laedc.org/reports/EntertainmentinLA.pdf.Google Scholar
Kleinhenz, Robert, Ritter-Martinez, Kimberly, Entis, George, and Cooper, Christine. 2015. “2014 Otis Report on the Creative Economy of the Los Angeles Region.” Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation, Otis College of Art and Design. Accessed February 14, 2018. www.otis.edu/sites/default/files/2014_Otis-Report-on-the-Creative-Economy-of-the-Los-Angeles-Region.pdf.Google Scholar
Kling, Jeffrey R., Liebman, Jeffrey B, and Katz, Lawrence F.. 2007. “Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects.” Econometrica 75 (1): 83–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468–0262.2007.00733.x.Google Scholar
Klinger, David A. 1997. “Negotiating Order in Patrol Work: An Ecological Theory of Police Response to Deviance.” Criminology 35 (2): 277–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745–9125.1997.tb00877.x.Google Scholar
Knox, Paul L. and Pinch, Steven. 2010. Urban Social Geography: An Introduction. 6th edn. Essex, UK: Pearson Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kochhar, Rakesh and Fry, Richard. 2014. “Wealth Inequality Has Widened along Racial, Ethnic Lines since End of Great Recession.” Pew Research Center (blog). December 12, 2014. Accessed January 17, 2018. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/12/racial-wealth-gaps-great-recession/.Google Scholar
Kohli, Sonali, Poindexter, Sandra, and Welsh, Ben. 2016. “These Magnets Have Become Some of L.A.’s Highest-Scoring Public Schools.” Los Angeles Times, September 8, 2016. Accessed December 4, 2017. www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-edu-magnet-test-scores-2016/.Google Scholar
Krenkel, John H. 1947. “The Port of Los Angeles as a Municipal Enterprise.” Pacific Historical Review 16 (3): 285–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/3635999.Google Scholar
Krysan, Maria and Crowder, Kyle. 2017. Cycle of Segregation: Social Processes and Residential Stratification. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Kudler, Adrian Glick. 2015. “9 Views of the LA River Today and before It Was Paved in 1938.” Curbed LA (blog). August 19, 2015. Accessed April 13, 2018. https://la.curbed.com/2015/8/19/9936922/la-river-before-concrete-after.Google Scholar
Kuo, Joyce. 1998. “Excluded, Segregated and Forgotten: A Historical View of the Discrimination of Chinese Americans in Public Schools.” Asian Law Journal 5: 181–212. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z385G39.Google Scholar
Lacy, Karyn R. 2004. “Black Spaces, Black Places: Strategic Assimilation and Identity Construction in Middle-Class Suburbia.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (6): 908–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987042000268521.Google Scholar
Lafortune, Julien, Rothstein, Jesse, and Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore. 2016. “School Finance Reform and the Distribution of Student Achievement.” Working Paper 22011. National Bureau of Economic Research. Accessed January 8, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3386/w22011.Google Scholar
Laing, Keith. 2015. “Feds Settle with Honda in Auto Loan Racial Discrimination Case.” The Hill, July 14, 2015. Accessed March 14, 2018. http://thehill.com/policy/transportation/247907-feds-settle-with-honda-in-auto-loan-racial-discrimination-case.Google Scholar
Lamont, Michèle and Virág, Molnár. 2002. “The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences.” Annual Review of Sociology 28: 167–95.Google Scholar
Larson, Jeff, Angwin, Julia, Kirchner, Lauren, and Mattu, Surya. 2017. “How We Examined Racial Discrimination in Auto Insurance Prices.” ProPublica. April 5, 2017. Accessed November 22, 2017. www.propublica.org/article/minority-neighborhoods-higher-car-insurance-premiums-methodology.Google Scholar
Lassen, David Dreyer, and Serritzlew, Søren. 2011. “Jurisdiction Size and Local Democracy: Evidence on Internal Political Efficacy from Large-Scale Municipal Reform.” American Political Science Review 105 (2): 238–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305541100013X.Google Scholar
LAUSD eChoices. n.d. “Frequently Asked Questions.” LAUSD EChoices. Accessed December 29, 2017. http://echoices.lausd.net/WhyApply.Google Scholar
Lee, Jennifer and Zhou, Min. 2014. “The Success Frame and Achievement Paradox: The Costs and Consequences for Asian Americans.” Race and Social Problems 6 (1): 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-014–9112-7.Google Scholar
Lee, Jennifer and Zhou, Min 2015. The Asian American Achievement Paradox. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Henri. 1974. “La production de l’espace.” L’Homme et la société 31 (1): 15–32. https://doi.org/10.3406/homso.1974.1855.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Henri 1991. The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Levin, B. and Reitzel, J. D.. 2018. “Hate Crimes Rise in U.S. Cities and Counties in Time of Division and Foreign Interference.” Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism; California State University, San Bernardino. Accessed November 13, 2018. www.ochumanrelations.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2018-Hate-Report-CSU-San-Bernardino.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Paul George. 2003. California’s Housing Element Law: The Issue of Local Oncompliance. San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California.Google Scholar
Lewis, W. Arthur. 1954. “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour.” The Manchester School 22 (2): 139–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–9957.1954.tb00021.x.Google Scholar
Li, Wei, Dymski, Gary, Zhou, Yu, Chee, Maria, and Aldana, Carolyn. 2002. “Chinese-American Banking and Community Development in Los Angeles County.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92 (4): 777–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–8306.00316.Google Scholar
Lichter, Daniel T., Parisi, Domenico, and Taquino, Michael C.. 2015. “Toward a New Macro-Segregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Metropolitan Cities and Suburbs.” American Sociological Review 80 (4): 843–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415588558.Google Scholar
Lindsey, Robert. 1981. “Los Angles Schools End Busing Program.” The New York Times, March 17, 1981. Accessed November 20, 2017. www.nytimes.com/1981/03/17/us/los-angles-schools-end-busing-program.html.Google Scholar
Lipsitz, George. 2004. “Learning from Los Angeles: Another One Rides the Bus.” American Quarterly 56 (3): 511–29. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2004.0037.Google Scholar
Logan, John R., Zhang, Wenquan, and Alba, Richard D.. 2002. “Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Communities in New York and Los Angeles.” American Sociological Review 67 (2): 299–322. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088897.Google Scholar
Long Beach Unified School District. n.d. “Accolades.” Long Beach Unified School District. Accessed January 9, 2018. www.lbschools.net/District/accolades.cfm.Google Scholar
Lopez, David and Espiritu, Yen. 1990. “Panethnicity in the United States: A Theoretical Framework.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 13 (2): 198–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1990.9993669.Google Scholar
López, Ian F. Haney, . 2004. Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Los Angeles Almanac. 2017. “Wealthiest Persons and Families in Los Angeles County, California.” Los Angeles Almanac. 2017. Accessed March 12, 2018. www.laalmanac.com/economy/ec21.php.Google Scholar
Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. 2010. “Industry Clusters in Los Angeles County.” Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. Accessed March 5, 2018. https://laedc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/industryclusters_online.pdf.Google Scholar
Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporationn.d. “Explore the Regions and Cities of Los Angeles County.” Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. Accessed February 8, 2018. https://laedc.org/wtc/chooselacounty/regions-of-la-county/.Google Scholar
Los Angeles Unified School District. n.d. “About the Los Angeles Unified School District.” Los Angeles Unified School District. Accessed January 9, 2018. https://achieve.lausd.net/about.Google Scholar
Lösch, August. 1954. Economics of Location. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia and Fink, Camille. 2009. “Addressing Women’s Fear of Victimization in Transportation Settings: A Survey of U.S. Transit Agencies.” Urban Affairs Review 44 (4): 554–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087408322874.Google Scholar
Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia and Gottlieb, Robert. 2004. “The Day That People Filled the Freeway: Re-Envisioning the Arroyo Seco Parkway and the Urban Environment in Los Angeles.” DisP – The Planning Review 40 (159): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2004.10556895.Google Scholar
Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia, Liggett, Robin, and Iseki, Hiroyuki. 2002. “The Geography of Transit Crime: Documentation and Evaluation of Crime Incidence on and around the Green Line Stations in Los Angeles.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 22 (2): 135–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X02238443.Google Scholar
Lubienski, Christopher and Lubienski, Sarah Theule. 2006. “Charter, Private, Public Schools and Academic Achievement: New Evidence from NAEP Mathematics Data.” New York, NY: National Center for Study of Privatization in Education, Columbia University. Accessed January 9, 2018. http://nepc.colorado.edu/files/EPRU-0601–137-OWI[1].pdf.Google Scholar
Magnuson, Katherine and Waldfogel, Jane. 2016. “Trends in Income-Related Gaps in Enrollment in Early Childhood Education: 1968 to 2013.” AERA Open 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858416648933.Google Scholar
Mahoney, Jim, Mitchell, Brad, VanVoorhis, Judy, and Lasley, Tom. 2012. “Six Drivers of Student Success: A Look inside Five of the World’s Highest-Performing School Systems.” Battelle for Kids. Accessed November 29, 2017. http://battelleforkids.org/docs/default-source/publications/six-drivers-of-student-success_a-look-inside-five-of-the-world-39-s-highest-performing-school-systems.pdf?sfvrsn=6.Google Scholar
Manhattan Beach Education Foundation. n.d. “What We Do.” Manhattan Beach Education Foundation. Accessed December 29, 2017. http://mbef.org/how/.Google Scholar
Manhattan Beach Middle School. n.d. “Join: PTA Membership Form.” Manhattan Beach Middle School. Accessed December 29, 2017. http://mbms.mbusd.edlioschool.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=916859&type=d&pREC_ID=1256514.Google Scholar
Manning, Alan. 2003. “The Real Thin Theory: Monopsony in Modern Labour Markets.” Labour Economics, European Association of Labour Economists, 14th Annual Conference, 2002, 10 (2): 105–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5371(03)00018–6.Google Scholar
Manville, Michael, Taylor, Brian D., and Blumenberg, Evelyn. 2018. “Falling Transit Ridership: California and Southern California.” Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies. Accessed March 12, 2018. www.its.ucla.edu/2018/01/31/new-report-its-scholars-on-the-cause-of-californias-falling-transit-ridership/.Google Scholar
Marsden, Peter V. 1988. “Homogeneity in Confiding Relations.” Social Networks 10 (1): 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378–8733(88)90010-X.Google Scholar
Marshall, Thurgood. 1940. “Letter from Thurgood Marshall to Roger Baldwin.” April 19, 1940. Accessed January 23, 2018. www.documentcloud.org/documents/3237788-Correspondence-Between-Roger-Baldwin-and.html.Google Scholar
Martin, Hugo. 2017. “Los Angeles County Brings in a Record-High Number of Tourists in 2016.” Los Angeles Times, January 11, 2017. Accessed March 2, 2018. www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-tourism-numbers-20170111-story.html.Google Scholar
Massey, Doreen B., Allen, John, and Pile, Steve (eds.). 1999. City Worlds. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S. 1985. “Ethnic Residential Segregation: A Theoretical Synthesis and Empirical Review.” Sociology and Social Research 69 (3): 315–50.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S 2007. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S. and Mullan, Brendan P.. 1984. “Processes of Hispanic and Black Spatial Assimilation.” American Journal of Sociology 89 (4): 836–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/227946.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S., Rugh, Jacob S., Steil, Justin P., and Albright, Len. 2016. “Riding the Stagecoach to Hell: A Qualitative Analysis of Racial Discrimination in Mortgage Lending.” City and Community 15 (2): 118–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12179.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S., and Denton, Nancy A.. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mather, Kate. 2015. “LAPD Found No Bias in All 1,356 Complaints Filed against Officers.” Los Angeles Times, December 15, 2015. Accessed January 22, 2018. www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lapd-biased-policing-report-20151215-story.html.Google Scholar
McConnell, Eileen Diaz, and Marcelli, Enrico A.. 2007. “Buying into the American Dream? Mexican Immigrants, Legal Status, and Homeownership in Los Angeles County.” Social Science Quarterly 88 (1): 199–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540–6237.2007.00454.x.Google Scholar
McConnell, Rob, Berhane, Kiros, Yao, Ling, Jerrett, Michael, Lurmann, Fred et al. 2006. “Traffic, Susceptibility, and Childhood Asthma.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (5): 766–72. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8594.Google Scholar
Merriman, Peter, Jones, Martin, Olsson, Gunnar, Sheppard, Eric, Thrift, Nigel et al. 2012. “Space and Spatiality in Theory.” Dialogues in Human Geography 2 (1): 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820611434864.Google Scholar
Messer, C. M. 2011. “The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921: Toward an Integrative Theory of Collective Violence.” Journal of Social History, 44(4), 1217–32. www.jstor.org/stable/41305432.Google Scholar
Mian, Atif and Sufi, Amir. 2017. “Fraudulent Income Overstatement on Mortgage Applications during the Credit Expansion of 2002 to 2005.” The Review of Financial Studies 30 (6): 1832–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhw104.Google Scholar
Milliken v. Bradley. 1974, 418 US 717.Google Scholar
Mills, C. Wright. 2000. The Sociological Imagination. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mills, Edwin S. 1972. Urban Economics. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.Google Scholar
Mills, Edwin S. and Lav, Michael R.. 1964. “A Model of Market Areas with Free Entry.” Journal of Political Economy 72 (3): 278–88.Google Scholar
Mongeau, Lillian. 2016. “The Long Beach Miracle.” The Atlantic, February 2, 2016. Accessed December 19, 2017. www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/02/the-long-beach-miracle/459315/?single_page=true&amp%3Bprint.Google Scholar
Montello, D. R. 2001. “Spatial Cognition.” In Smelser, Neil J. and Baltes, Paul B. (eds.) International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon, 14771–5.Google Scholar
Moreno, Ivan. 2017. “US Charter Schools Put Growing Numbers in Racial Isolation.” The Associated Press, December 3, 2017. Accessed December 4, 2017. www.apnews.com/e9c25534dfd44851a5e56bd57454b4f5.Google Scholar
Morgan v. Kerrigan. 1976, 530 F.2d 401.Google Scholar
Morrow, Gregory D. 2013. “The Homeowner Revolution: Democracy, Land Use and the Los Angeles Slow-Growth Movement, 1965–1992.” Dissertation, Los Angeles, CA: University of California, Los Angeles. Accessed March 12, 2018. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6k64g20f.Google Scholar
Morton, Fiona Scott, Zettelmeyer, Florian, and Silva-Risso, Jorge. 2003. “Consumer Information and Discrimination: Does the Internet Affect the Pricing of New Cars to Women and Minorities?” Quantitative Marketing and Economics 1 (1): 65–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023529910567.Google Scholar
Moudon, Anne Vernez, Cook, Andrea J., Jared Ulmer, Philip M. Hurvitz, and Drewnowski, Adam. 2011. “A Neighborhood Wealth Metric for Use in Health Studies.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 41 (1): 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.03.009.Google Scholar
Musgrave, Richard Abel. 1939. “The Voluntary Exchange Theory of Public Economy.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 53 (2): 213–37. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882886.Google Scholar
Muth, Richard F. 1969. Cities and Housing: The Spatial Pattern of Urban Residential Land Use. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
“MyFICO Loan Center.” n.d. MyFICO. Accessed December 19, 2017. www.myfico.com/loancenter/mortgage/.Google Scholar
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. 1968. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. New York, NY: Bantam Books.Google Scholar
National Alliance for Public Charter Schools. n.d. “About Charter Schools.” National Alliance for Public Charter Schools. Accessed December 20, 2017. www.publiccharters.org/about-charter-schools.Google Scholar
National Center for Safe Routes to School. 2011. “How Children Get to School: School Travel Patterns from 1969 to 2009.” Accessed January 12, 2018. http://archive.saferoutesinfo.org//sites/default/files/resources/NHTS_school_travel_report_2011_0.pdf.Google Scholar
National Consumer Law Center. 2010. “Racial Disparities in Auto Lending: A State-by-State Reminder Why Auto Dealers Must Be Subject to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.” Boston, MA: National Consumer Law Center. Accessed January 23, 2018. www.nclc.org/images/pdf/regulatory_reform/issue-brief-auto-dealer-racial-disparites.pdf.Google Scholar
Nelson, Laura J. 2017. “The Epic and Ugly Battle over What to Do about the 710 Freeway.” Los Angeles Times, May 24, 2017. Accessed January 22, 2018. www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-710-freeway-history-20170524-htmlstory.html.Google Scholar
Neudorff, Louis G., Randall, Jeffrey E., Reiss, Robert, and Gordon, Robert. 2006. “Freeway Management and Operations Handbook.” FHWA-OP-04–003. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Accessed March 12, 2018. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freewaymgmt/publications/frwy_mgmt_handbook/fmoh_complete_all.pdf.Google Scholar
Normark, D. 2003. Chávez Ravine: A Los Angeles Story. Accessed March 12, 2018. www.pbs.org/independentlens/chavezravine/film.htmlGoogle Scholar
North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C 2016. “Institutions and Economic Theory.” The American Economist 61 (1): 72–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0569434516630194.Google Scholar
Oakes, J. 1985. “Keeping Track: How Schools Structure Inequality.” New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Oakes, J. and Saunders, M. 2008. Beyond Tracking: Multiple Pathways to College, Career, and Civic Participation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.Google Scholar
Oaxaca, Ronald L. and Ransom, Michael R. 1994. “On Discrimination and the Decomposition of Wage Differentials.” Journal of Econometrics 61 (1): 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304–4076(94)90074–4.Google Scholar
Office of the Inspector General. 2015. “Review of Biased Policing Complaints.” Los Angeles Police Commission. Accessed January 22, 2018. www.lapdpolicecom.lacity.org/121515/BPC_15-0055A.pdf.Google Scholar
Okamoto, Dina G. 2014. Redefining Race: Asian American Panethnicity and Shifting Ethnic Boundaries. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Oliver, Melvin L. and Shapiro, Thomas M.. 1995. Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Omi, Michael and Takagi, Dana Y.. 1996. “Situating Asian Americans in the Political Discourse on Affirmative Action.” Representations 55: 155–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/3043744.Google Scholar
Omi, Michael and Winant, Howard. 2014. Racial Formation in the United States. 3rd edn. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M., Arguelles, Dennis, Castro, Susan, Chow, Bruce, Hirunpidok, Chanchanit et al. 1993. Beyond Asian American Poverty: Community Economic Development Policies and Strategies. Los Angeles, CA: LEAP Asian Pacific American Public Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M., Cheng, Alycia, Cheng, Chhandara, and Gonzalez, Silvia R.. 2017. “1992 Revisited: Divergent Paths.” Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Neighborhood Knowledge, Luskin School of Public Affairs. Accessed November 21, 2017. www.aasc.ucla.edu/news/1992_Revisited_CNK.pdf.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. 1981. “An Ethnic Trade: The Chinese Laundries in Early California.” The Journal of Ethnic Studies 8 (4): 95–111. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1300555687?accountid=14512.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M 1984. “Chinatown Unemployment and the Ethnic Labor Market.” Amerasia Journal 11 (1): 34–54. www.uclajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.17953/amer.11.1.025430w450287253.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M 1996. “Work and Automobile Ownership among Welfare Recipients.” Social Work Research 20 (4): 255–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/20.4.255.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul Med. 1999. Impacts of Affirmative Action: Policies and Consequences in California. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M 2002. “Car Ownership and Welfare‐to‐work.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21 (2): 239–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.10025.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M 2003. “The Affirmative Action Divide.” In Asian American Politics: Law, Participation, and Policy, edited by Nakanishi, Don T. and Lai, James S., 377–406. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. and Blumenberg, Evelyn. 1998. “Job Access, Commute and Travel Burden among Welfare Recipients.” Urban Studies 35 (1): 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098985087.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M., Bonacich, Edna, and Cheng, Lucie (eds.). 1994. The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M., Comandon, Andre, Cheng, Alycia, and Gonzalez, Silvia R.. 2018. “South Los Angeles: Since the Sixities.” Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Neighborhood Knowledge. Accessed March 21, 2018. http://knowledge.luskin.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/SLA-since-the-60s.pdf.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. and Grigsby III, J. Eugene. 1988. “Race and Life-Cycle Effects on Home Ownership in Los Angeles 1970 to 1980.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 23 (4): 601–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168802300407.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. and Lawrence, Janette R.. 1995. “Race and Employment Dislocation in California’s Aerospace Industry.” The Review of Black Political Economy 23 (3): 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02689993.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. and Liu, J. M. 1994. “US Immigration Policies and Asian Migration.” The New Asian immigration in Los Angeles and global restructuring. Temple University Press, pp. 45–72.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M., Lucie, C., and Evans, L. 1992. “Migration of Highly Educated Asians and Global Dynamics.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1(3–4), 543–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100307.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. and Miller, Douglas. 2005. “Spatial and Transportation Mismatch in Los Angeles.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 25 (1): 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X04270244.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M., Pech, Chhandra, and Cheng, Alycia. 2017. “Wealth Heterogeneity among Asian American Elderly.” Asian American Policy Review 27 (July): 15–32. http://aapr.hkspublications.org/2017/06/26/wealthheterogeneity/.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M., Pech, Chhandra, Chhea, Jenny, and Aujean Lee, C.. 2016. “Race, Ethnicity, and Income Segregation in Los Angeles.” Working Paper. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Neighborhood Knowledge. Accessed March 21, 2018. www.anderson.ucla.edu/Documents/areas/ctr/ziman/Ziman-Segregation-LA-Ong.pdf.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M., Pech, Chhandra, and Pfeiffer, Deirdre. 2014. “The Foreclosure Crisis in Los Angeles.” California Policy Options 2014. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs Lewis Center. Accessed January 19, 2018. http://luskin.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/ong_foreclosure.pdf.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M., Ray, Rosalie, and Jimenez, Silvia. 2015. “Impacts of the Widening Divide: Why Is LA’s Homeownership Rate so Low?” Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Neighborhood Knowledge. Accessed March 19, 2018. www.anderson.ucla.edu/Documents/areas/ctr/ziman/2015-13WP.pdf.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. and Rickles, Jordan. 2004. “The Continued Nexus between School and Residential Segregation.” Berkeley Women’s Law Journal 19: 379–94. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38JS1P.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M., Sciara, Gian-Claudia, Pech, Chhandra, Cheng, Alycia, Gonzalez, Silvia R. et al. 2018. “Identifying, Evaluating, and Selecting Indicators and Data for Tracking Land Use and Transportation-Related Trends Related to SB 375 Goals.” Unpublished. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Neighborhood Knowledge. www.arb.ca.gov/research/apr/past/15rd010.pdf.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. and Stoll, Michael A.. 2007. “Redlining or Risk? A Spatial Analysis of Auto Insurance Rates in Los Angeles.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 26 (4): 811–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20287.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. and Mar, Don. 2007. “Differential Impacts of Immigrants on Native Black and White Workers.” The American Economic Review 97 (2): 383–7. www.jstor.org/stable/30034480.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. and Ong, Elana. 2017. “Spatial Inequality and Gaps in Expanded Learning Time Opportunities.” In Saunders, Marisa, de Velasco, Jorge Ruiz, and Oakes, Jeannie (eds.) Learning Time: In Pursuit of Educational Equity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.Google Scholar
Ong, Paul M. and Terriquez, Veronica. 2008. “Can Multiple Pathways Offset Inequalities in the Urban Spatial Structure.” In Oakes, Jeannie and Saunders, Marisa (eds.) Beyond Tracking: Multiple Pathways to College, Career, and Civic Participation,. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press, 251–68.Google Scholar
Orfield, Gary. 1984. “Lessons of the Los Angeles Desegregation Case.” Education and Urban Society 16 (3): 338–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124584016003007.Google Scholar
Orfield, Gary and Eaton, Susan E.. 1996. Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of Brown v. Board of Education. New York, NY: New Press.Google Scholar
Ortiz, P. 2006. Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920, Volume 16. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ortiz, Vilma. 1996. “The Mexican-Origin Population: Permanent Working Class or Emerging Middle Class?” In Waldinger, Roger and Bozorgmehr, Mehdi (eds.) Ethnic Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 247–78.Google Scholar
Owens, Ann, Reardon, Sean F., and Jencks, Christopher. 2016. “Income Segregation between Schools and School Districts.” American Educational Research Journal 53 (4): 1159–97. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831216652722.Google Scholar
Pagán, Eduardo Obregón. 2000. “Los Angeles Geopolitics and the Zoot Suit Riot, 1943.” Social Science History 24 (1): 223–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200010129.Google Scholar
Pagán, Eduardo Obregón 2003. Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Pais, Jeremy, South, Scott J., and Crowder, Kyle. 2012. “Metropolitan Heterogeneity and Minority Neighborhood Attainment: Spatial Assimilation or Place Stratification?” Social Problems 59 (2): 258–81. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2012.59.2.258.Google Scholar
Palm, Matthew and Niemeier, Deb. 2017. “Achieving Regional Housing Planning Objectives: Directing Affordable Housing to Jobs-Rich Neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area.” Journal of the American Planning Association 83 (4): 377–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2017.1368410.Google Scholar
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1. 2007, 551 US 701.Google Scholar
Parks, Virginia. 2004. “Access to Work: The Effects of Spatial and Social Accessibility on Unemployment for Native-Born Black and Immigrant Women in Los Angeles.” Economic Geography 80 (2): 141–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944–8287.2004.tb00305.x.Google Scholar
Pascual, Psyche. 1995. “Long Beach Wins Suit over Costs of Desegregation: Education: School District Will Receive $63.7 Million from the State for Expenses Incurred as Part of Its Integration Program, Which Was Voluntary.” Los Angeles Times, April 14, 1995. Accessed January 9, 2018. http://articles.latimes.com/1995–04-14/local/me-54723_1_long-beach-school-district.Google Scholar
Pastor, Manuel, Sadd, Jim, and Hipp, John. 2001. “Which Came First? Toxic Facilities, Minority Move-in, and Environmental Justice.” Journal of Urban Affairs 23 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735–2166.00072.Google Scholar
Pattillo, Mary. 2013. Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class. 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pebley, Anne R. and Sastry, Narayan. 2017. “Our Place: Perceived Neighborhood Size and Names in Los Angeles.” UCLA CCPR Population Working Papers, August. Accessed April 13, 2018. http://128.97.186.17/index.php/pwp/article/view/839.Google Scholar
Pfaelzer, Jean. 2008. Driven out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, Deirdre. 2012. “African Americans’ Search for ‘More for Less’ and ‘Peace of Mind’ on the Exurban Frontier.” Urban Geography 33 (1): 64–90. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272–3638.33.1.64.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, Deirdre, Wong, Karna, Ong, Paul M., and Melany, De La Cruz-Viesca. 2017. “Ethnically Bounded Homeownership: Qualitative Insights on Los Angeles Immigrant Homeowners’ Experiences during the U.S. Great Recession.” Housing Studies 32 (3): 319–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2016.1208159.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, M. J. 2004. Rough Justice: Lynching and American society, 1874–1947. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Phelps, Edmund S. 1972. “The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism.” The American Economic Review 62 (4): 659–61.Google Scholar
Piketty, T. 2014. “Capital in the 21st Century.” Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Piore, Michael J. 1979. Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Plucker, Jonathan A., Burroughs, Nathan, and Song, Ruiting. 2010. “Mind the (Other) Gap!: The Growing Excellence Cap in K-12 Education.” Bloomington, IN: Center for Evaluation and Education Policy, Indiana University. Accessed November 20, 2017. http://hub.mspnet.org/index.cfm/20548.Google Scholar
Port of Long Beach. n.d. “Facts at a Glance.” Port of Long Beach. Accessed February 8, 2018. www.polb.com/about/facts.asp.Google Scholar
Port of Long Beach and Port of Los Angeles. 2017. “Economic and Workforce Considerations for the Clean Air Action Plan 2017 Update.” Accessed March 5, 2017. www.portoflosangeles.org/pdf/CAAP_2017_Economic_Considerations-Final.pdf.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro, Fernández-Kelly, Patricia, and Haller, William. 2005. “Segmented Assimilation on the Ground: The New Second Generation in Early Adulthood.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 28 (6): 1000–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870500224117.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro and Zhou, Min. 1993. “The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 530 (1): 74–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716293530001006.Google Scholar
Private School Review. n.d. “Los Angeles Private Elementary Schools.” Private School Review. Accessed December 12, 2017. www.privateschoolreview.com/california/los-angeles/elementary.Google Scholar
Purcell, M. 2001. “Metropolitan Political Reorganization as a Politics of Urban Growth: The Case of San Fernando Valley Secession.” Political Geography 20 (5): 613–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(01)00014–2.Google Scholar
Quillian, Lincoln and Pager, Devah. 2001. “Black Neighbors, Higher Crime? The Role of Racial Stereotypes in Evaluations of Neighborhood Crime.” American Journal of Sociology 107 (3): 717–67. https://doi.org/10.1086/338938.Google Scholar
Ramsey-Musolf, Darrel. 2016. “Evaluating California’s Housing Element Law, Housing Equity, and Housing Production (1990–2007).” Housing Policy Debate 26 (3): 488–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2015.1128960.Google Scholar
Raphael, Steven and Rice, Lorien. 2002. “Car Ownership, Employment, and Earnings.” Journal of Urban Economics 52 (1): 109–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00017–7.Google Scholar
Raphael, Steven, Stoll, Michael A., Small, Kenneth A., and Winston, Clifford. 2001. “Can Boosting Minority Car-Ownership Rates Narrow Inter-Racial Employment Gaps? [With Comments].” Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 99–145.Google Scholar
Ray, Rosalie, Ong, Paul M., and Jimenez, Silvia. 2014. “Impacts of the Widening Divide: Los Angeles at the Forefront of the Rent Burden Crisis.” Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for the Study of Inequality. Accessed March 12, 2018. http://164.67.163.139/Documents/areas/ctr/ziman/2014-08WPrev.pdf.Google Scholar
Reardon, Sean F. and Bischoff, Kendra. 2011. “Income Inequality and Income Segregation.” American Journal of Sociology 116 (4): 1092–1153. https://doi.org/10.1086/657114.Google Scholar
Reardon, Sean F. and Firebaugh, Glenn. 2002. “Measures of Multigroup Segregation.” Sociological Methodology 32 (1): 33–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–9531.00110.Google Scholar
Reardon, Sean F., Grewal, Elena Tej, Kalogrides, Demetra, and Greenberg, Erica. 2012. “Brown Fades: The End of Court‐ordered School Desegregation and the Resegregation of American Public Schools.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 31 (4): 876–904. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21649.Google Scholar
Reardon, Sean F. and Owens, Ann. 2014. “60 Years after Brown: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation.” Annual Review of Sociology 40: 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913–043152.Google Scholar
Reardon, Sean F. and Portilla, Ximena A.. 2016. “Recent Trends in Income, Racial, and Ethnic School Readiness Gaps at Kindergarten Entry.” AERA Open 2 (3): 2332858416657343. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858416657343.Google Scholar
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. 1978, 438 US 265.Google Scholar
Reich, Michael. 1981. Racial Inequality: A Political-Economic Analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Reid, Carolina K., Bocian, Debbie, Wei, Li, and Quercia, Roberto G.. 2017. “Revisiting the Subprime Crisis: The Dual Mortgage Market and Mortgage Defaults by Race and Ethnicity.” Journal of Urban Affairs 39 (4): 469–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2016.1255529.Google Scholar
Renzulli, Linda A. and Roscigno, Vincent J.. 2005. “Charter School Policy, Implementation, and Diffusion across the United States.” Sociology of Education 78 (4): 344–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070507800404.Google Scholar
Rhine, Sherrie L. W., Greene, William H., and Toussaint-Comeau, Maude. 2006. “The Importance of Check-Cashing Businesses to the Unbanked: Racial/Ethnic Differences.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 88 (1): 146–57. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.2006.88.1.146.Google Scholar
Rickles, Jordan and Ong, Paul M.. 2005. “The Integrating (and Segregating) Effect of Charter, Magnet, and Traditional Elementary Schools: The Case of Five California Metropolitan Areas.” California Politics and Policy 9 (1): 16–38.Google Scholar
Rickles, Jordan and Ong, Paul M. 2010. “Effects of Wage and Hour Law Enforcement on Informal Work.” In Informal Work in Developed Nations, edited by Marcelli, Enrico, Colin, C. Williams, and Joassart, Pascale, 153–67. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Robinson, William Wilcox. 1952. The Indians of Los Angeles: Story of the Liquidation of a People. Los Angeles, CA: Glen Dawson Press.Google Scholar
Rohe, William M., Van Zandt, Shannon, and George, McCarthy. 2013. “‘The Social Benefits and Costs of Homeownership: A Critical Assessment of the Research’: From Low Income Homeownership: Examining the Unexamined Goal (2002).” In Tighe, Rosie and Mueller, Elizabeth (eds.) The Affordable Housing Reader. New York, NY: Routledge, 196–213.Google Scholar
Rosenfield, Harvey. 1998. “Auto Insurance: Crisis and Reform.” University of Memphis Law Review 29: 69–136. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/umem29&i=77.Google Scholar
Ross, Stephen L. and Turner, Margery Austin. 2005. “Housing Discrimination in Metropolitan America: Explaining Changes between 1989 and 2000.” Social Problems 52 (2): 152–80. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2005.52.2.152.Google Scholar
Roussell, Aaron. 2015. “Policing the Anticommunity: Race, Deterritorialization, and Labor Market Reorganization in South Los Angeles.” Law and Society Review 49 (4): 813–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12168.Google Scholar
Rugh, Jacob S., Albright, Len, and Massey, Douglas S.. 2015. “Race, Space, and Cumulative Disadvantage: A Case Study of the Subprime Lending Collapse.” Social Problems 62 (2): 186–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spv002.Google Scholar
Ruiz, Jason. 2017. “Demanding Employee Status, Wage-Theft Protection, Truck Drivers’ Protest Continues at Port Complex.” Long Beach Post, June 23, 2017. Accessed March 5, 2018. https://lbpost.com/business/trade-transportation/demanding-employee-status-wage-theft-protection-truck-drivers-protest-continues-at-port-complex/.Google Scholar
Rumberger, Russell W. and Douglas Willms, J.. 1992. “The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Segregation on the Achievement Gap in California High Schools.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 14 (4): 377–96. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737014004377.Google Scholar
Ryan, Sherry. 1999. “Property Values and Transportation Facilities: Finding the Transportation-Land Use Connection.” Journal of Planning Literature 13 (4): 412–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/08854129922092487.Google Scholar
Sacerdote, Bruce. 2011. “Peer Effects in Education: How Might They Work, How Big Are They and How Much Do We Know Thus Far.” In Hanushek, Eric A., Machin, Stephen, and Woessmann, Ludger (eds.) Handbook of the Economics of Education.Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, 249–77Google Scholar
Sadler, Richard Casey and Highsmith, Andrew R.. 2016. “Rethinking Tiebout: The Contribution of Political Fragmentation and Racial/Economic Segregation to the Flint Water Crisis.” Environmental Justice 9 (5): 143–51. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2016.0015.Google Scholar
Sadler, Richard Casey and Lafreniere, Don J.. 2017. “Racist Housing Practices as a Precursor to Uneven Neighborhood Change in a Post-Industrial City.” Housing Studies 32 (2): 186–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2016.1181724.Google Scholar
Sampson, Robert J. and Raudenbush, Stephen W.. 2004. “Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of ‘Broken Windows.’” Social Psychology Quarterly 67 (4): 319–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250406700401.Google Scholar
Sampson, Robert J., Schachner, Jared N., and Mare, Robert D.. 2017. “Urban Income Inequality and the Great Recession in Sunbelt Form: Disentangling Individual and Neighborhood-Level Change in Los Angeles.” RSF 3 (2): 102–28. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2017.3.2.05.Google Scholar
Samson, Frank L. and Bobo, Lawrence D.. 2014. “Ethno-Racial Attitudes and Social Inequality.” In McLeod, Jane D., Lawler, Edward J., and Schwalbe, Michael (eds.) Handbook of the Social Psychology of Inequality. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 515–45.Google Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. 1954. “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 36 (4): 387–9. https://doi.org/10.2307/1925895.Google Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, Lisa, Kling, Jeffrey R., Duncan, Greg J., and Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne. 2006. “Neighborhoods and Academic Achievement Results from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment.” Journal of Human Resources XLI (4): 649–91. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.XLI.4.649.Google Scholar
Sanchez, Thomas, Stolz, Rich, and Jacinta, Ma. 2004. “Inequitable Effects of Transportation Policies on Minorities.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1885 (January): 104–10. https://doi.org/10.3141/1885–15.Google Scholar
Santa Monica-Malibu Education Foundation. n.d. “2017–2018 Honor Roll of Giving.” Santa Monica-Malibu Education Foundation. Accessed December 29, 2017. www.smmef.org/uploads/Honor_Roll.pdf.Google Scholar
Santa Monica-Malibu Education Foundation.n.d. “Financial Overview.” Santa Monica-Malibu Education Foundation. Accessed December 29, 2017. www.smmef.org/about/financial-information/.Google Scholar
Santa Teresita School. n.d. “Volunteer.” Santa Teresita School. Accessed December 19, 2017. www.santateresitaschool.org/support-us/volunteer/.Google Scholar
Scharer, Katherine, Weldon, Ray, Biasi, Glenn, Streig, Ashley, and Fumal, Thomas. 2017. “Ground‐rupturing Earthquakes on the Northern Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault, California, 800 A.D. to Present.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 122 (3): 2193–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013606.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C. 2006. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar
Schneider, Jack. 2008. “Escape from Los Angeles: White Flight from Los Angeles and Its Schools, 1960–1980.” Journal of Urban History 34 (6): 995–1012. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144208317600.Google Scholar
Schuppe, Jon. 2016. “House Panel Accuses Officials of Covering up Flint Water Crisis.” NBC News. February 3, 2016. Accessed April 10, 2018. www.nbcnews.com/storyline/flint-water-crisis/house-panel-chair-vows-hunt-down-official-behind-flint-water-n510411.Google Scholar
Sclofsky, Sebastián. 2016. “Policing Race in Two Cities: From Necropolitcal Governance to Imagined Communities.” Journal of Social Justice 6: 1–24. http://transformativestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Policing-Race-in-Two-Cities.pdf.Google Scholar
Scobey, David M. 2003. Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, Allen J. 1991. “The Aerospace-Electronics Industrial Complex of Southern California: The Formative Years, 1940–1960.” Research Policy 20 (5): 439–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048–7333(91)90068–2.Google Scholar
Scott, Allen J. and Soja, Edward W.. 1996. The City: Los Angeles and Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Scott, Allen J. and Storper, Michael. 2015. “The Nature of Cities: The Scope and Limits of Urban Theory.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 39 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468–2427.12134.Google Scholar
Sewell, Abby. 2015. “L.A. County to Pay $2 Million to Antelope Valley Housing Discrimination Victims.” Los Angeles Times, July 20, 2015. Accessed March 14, 2018. www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-antelope-valley-settlement-20150720-story.html.Google Scholar
Shin, Hyo Jeong, Fuller, Bruce, and Dauter, Luke. 2015. “Differing Effects from Diverse Charter Schools: Uneven Student Selection and Achievement Growth in Los Angeles.” Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley. Accessed December 4, 2017. https://gse.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/docs/FINAL%20Berkeley%20L.A.%20Charter%20Report%20-%20December%202015.pdf.Google Scholar
Siegel-Hawley, Genevieve. 2014. “Mitigating Milliken? School District Boundary Lines and Desegregation Policy in Four Southern Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2010.” American Journal of Education 120 (3): 391–433. https://doi.org/10.1086/675570.Google Scholar
Silver, Christopher. 1997. “The Racial Origins of Zoning in American Cities.” In Thomas, June Manning and Ritzdorf, Marsha (eds.) Urban Planning and the African American Community: In the Shadow. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Simon, Christina. 2013. “Fund(Rais)ing L.A.’s Private Elementary Schools.” Huffington Post. February 25, 2013. Accessed December 19, 2017. www.huffingtonpost.com/the-daily-truffle/la-private-schools-fundraising_b_2719668.html.Google Scholar
Slovak, Jeffrey S. 1987. “Police Organization and Policing Environment: Case Study of a Disjuncture.” Sociological Focus 20 (1): 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1987.10570519.Google Scholar
Smith, Douglas A. 1984. “The Organizational Context of Legal Control.” Criminology 22 (1): 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745–9125.1984.tb00286.x.Google Scholar
Smith, Douglas A 1986. “The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior.” Crime and Justice 8: 313–41. www.jstor.org/stable/1147431.Google Scholar
Smith, James P. 2003. “Assimilation across the Latino Generations.” The American Economic Review 93 (2): 315–19. www.jstor.org/stable/3132246.Google Scholar
Smith, Jeffrey A., McPherson, Miller, and Smith-Lovin, Lynn. 2014. “Social Distance in the United States: Sex, Race, Religion, Age, and Education Homophily among Confidants, 1985 to 2004.” American Sociological Review 79 (3): 432–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122414531776.Google Scholar
Smrekar, Claire and Honey, Ngaire. 2015. “The Desegregation Aims and Demographic Contexts of Magnet Schools: How Parents Choose and Why Siting Policies Matter.” Peabody Journal of Education 90 (1): 128–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2015.988545.Google Scholar
Soja, Edward W. 1986. “Taking Los Angeles Apart: Some Fragments of a Critical Human Geography.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 4 (3): 255–72. https://doi.org/10.1068/d040255.Google Scholar
Soja, Edward W., Morales, Rebecca, and Wolff, Goetz. 1983. “Urban Restructuring: An Analysis of Social and Spatial Change in Los Angeles.” Economic Geography 59 (2): 195–230. https://doi.org/10.2307/143613.Google Scholar
Soja, Edward W. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Soja, Edward W. and Scott, Allen J.. 1986. “Los Angeles: capital of the Late Twentieth Century.” Environment and Planning D, Volume 4 (1986): 249–54.Google Scholar
Soja, E. W. and Scott, A. J.. 1996. Introduction to Los Angeles: City and Region. The City: Los Angeles and Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1–21.Google Scholar
Soja, Edward W. and Scott, Allen J.. 2006. “Los Angeles 1870–1990: Historische Geographie Einer Amerikanischen Megastadt.” In Schwentker, Wolfgang (ed.)Megastädte Im 20. Jahrhundert. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Solorzano, Daniel G. and Bernal, Dolores Delgado. 2001. “Examining Transformational Resistance through a Critical Race and LatCrit Theory Framework: Chicana and Chicano Students in an Urban Context.” Urban Education 36 (3): 308–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085901363002.Google Scholar
Squires, Gregory D. 2003. “Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas.” Journal of Urban Affairs 25 (4): 391–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–9906.t01-1–00168.Google Scholar
Squires, Gregory D. and Chadwick, Jan. 2006. “Linguistic Profiling: A Continuing Tradition of Discrimination in the Home Insuance Industry?” Urban Affairs Review 41 (3): 400–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087405281064.Google Scholar
Storper, Michael. 2013. Keys to the City: How Economics, Institutions, Social Interaction, and Politics Shape Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Storper, Michael and Christopherson, Susan. 1987. “Flexible Specialization and Regional Industrial Agglomerations: The Case of the US Motion Picture Industry.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77 (1): 104–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–8306.1987.tb00148.x.Google Scholar
Storper, Michael, Kemeny, Thomas, Makarem, Naji Philip, and Osman, Taner. 2015. The Rise and Fall of Urban Economies: Lessons from San Francisco and Los Angeles. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Straus, Ryane McAuliffe, . 2004. “Reconstructing Los Angeles Magnet Schools: Representations in Newspapers.” Peabody Journal of Education 79 (2): 98–121. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327930pje7902_7.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Laura, Meschede, Tatjana, Dietrich, Lars, Shapiro, Thomas, Traub, Amy et al. 2015. “The Racial Wealth Gap: Why Policy Matters.” New York, NY; Waltham, MA: Demos; Institute for Assets and Social Policy, Brandeis University. Accessed January 17, 2018. www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/RacialWealthGap_1.pdf.Google Scholar
Sun, Christine P. 2016. “Traffic Courts Don’t Have a License to Discriminate.” Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area (blog). March 30, 2016. Accessed November 21, 2017. www.lccr.com/newsroom/traffic-courts-dont-have-a-license-to-discriminate/.Google Scholar
Surls, Rachel and Gerber, Judith. 2016. From Cows to Concrete: The Rise and Fall of Farming in Los Angeles. Santa Monica, CA: Angel City Press.Google Scholar
Suzuki, M. 1995. “Success Story? Japanese Immigrant Economic Achievement and Return Migration, 1920–1930.” The Journal of Economic History, 55(4), 889–901. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700042200.Google Scholar
Suttles, Gerald D. 1972. The Social Construction of Communities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tape v. Hurley. 1885, 66 Cal. 473. California Supreme Court.Google Scholar
Taylor, Brian D. and Ong, Paul M.. 1995. “Spatial Mismatch or Automobile Mismatch? An Examination of Race, Residence and Commuting in US Metropolitan Areas.” Urban Studies 32 (9): 1453–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989550012348.Google Scholar
Taylor, Mac. 2011. “How Small Is Too Small? An Analysis of School District Consolidation.” Sacramento, CA: Legislative Analyst’s Office. Accessed November 29, 2017. http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Detail/2472.Google Scholar
Terrill, William and Reisig, Michael D.. 2003. “Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40 (3): 291–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427803253800.Google Scholar
The California Endowment. n.d. “14 Places.” The California Endowment. Accessed March 26, 2018. www.calendow.org/places/.Google Scholar
The Port of Los Angeles. n.d. “Facts and Figures.” The Port of Los Angeles. Accessed February 8, 2018. www.portoflosangeles.org/about/facts.asp.Google Scholar
The Times Editorial Board. 2016a. “Why Does Affluent Porter Ranch Get More Urgent Environmental Relief than Working-Class Boyle Heights?” Los Angeles Times, January 29, 2016. Accessed April 10, 2018. www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-exide-20160131-story.html.Google Scholar
The Times Editorial Board 2016b. “Housing for the Homeless Is a Crisis. The Anti-Density Movement Could Create One for the Rest of Us.” Los Angeles Times, May 17, 2016. Accessed March 21, 2018. www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-santa-monica-development-20160513-snap-story.html.Google Scholar
The World Bank. 2017. “GDP Ranking.” The World Bank. December 15, 2017. Accessed February 14, 2018. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/gdp-ranking.Google Scholar
Thomas, Ward F. and Ong, Paul M.. 2002. “Barriers to Rehiring of Displaced Workers: A Study of Aerospace Engineers in California.” Economic Development Quarterly 16 (2): 167–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124240201600206.Google Scholar
Thomas, Ward F. and Ong, Paul M.. 2006. “Race and Space: Hiring Practices of Los Angeles Electronics Firms.” Journal of Urban Affairs 28 (5): 511–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–9906.2006.00312.x.Google Scholar
Thum, Yeow Meng. 2002. “Measuring Student and School Progress with the California API.” CSE Technical Report 578. Los Angeles, CA: Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing, University of California Los Angeles. Accessed November 28, 2017. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/76d7/fbd082de130dfab19658ea4e3c445beac8d7.pdf.Google Scholar
Thünen, Johann Heinrich von, . 1826. Der Isolierte Staat in Beziehung Auf Landwirtschaft Und Nationalökonomie. Hambourg: Puthes.Google Scholar
Thünen, Johann 1966. In Isolated State: An English Edition of Der Isolierte Staat, edited by Hall, Peter. Translated by Carla M. Wartenberg. Oxford and New York, NY: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Tiebout, Charles M. 1956. “A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures.” Journal of Political Economy 64 (5): 416–24. www.jstor.org/stable/1826343.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1998. Durable Inequality. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Chris, Moss, Philip, Kirschenman, Joleen, and Kennelly, Ivy. 2001. “Space as a Signal: How Employers Perceive Neighborhoods in Four Metropolitan Labor Markets.” In O’Connor, Alice, Tilly, Chris, and Bobo, Lawrence (eds.) Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Tippett, Rebecca, Jones-DeWeever, Avis, Rockeymoore, Maya, Hamilton, Darrick, and Darity, William Jr. 2014. “Beyond Broke: Why Closing the Racial Wealth Gap Is a Priority for National Economic Security.” Durham, NC: Duke Center for Global Policy Solutions. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://globalpolicysolutions.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/BeyondBroke_Exec_Summary.pdf.Google Scholar
Tolbert, Caroline J. and Grummel, John A.. 2003. “Revisiting the Racial Threat Hypothesis: White Voter Support for California’s Proposition 209.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 3 (2): 183–202. www.jstor.org/stable/40421487.Google Scholar
TomTom Traffic Index. 2017. “TomTom Traffic Index: Measuring Congestion Worldwide.” TomTom Traffic Index. 2017. Accessed March 12, 2018. www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/.Google Scholar
Tunstall, Rebecca, Green, Anne, Lupton, Ruth, Watmough, Simon, and Bates, Katie. 2014. “Does Poor Neighbourhood Reputation Create a Neighbourhood Effect on Employment? The Results of a Field Experiment in the UK.” Urban Studies 51 (4): 763–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013492230.Google Scholar
Turner, Margery Austin and Mikelsons, Maris. 1992. “Patterns of Racial Steering in Four Metropolitan Areas.” Journal of Housing Economics 2 (3): 199–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/1051–1377(92)90001–7.Google Scholar
Ulman, Lloyd. 1966. The Rise of the National Trade Union: The Development and Significance of Its Structure, Governing Institutions, and Economic Policies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Institute, Urban. 2017. “State and Local Expenditures.” Urban Institute. 2017. www.urban.org/policy-centers/cross-center-initiatives/state-local-finance-initiative/projects/state-and-local-backgrounders/state-and-local-expenditures.Google Scholar
Urban Institute, National Center for Charitable Statistics. n.d. “NCCS Data Archive.” Accessed December 29, 2017. http://nccs.urban.org/.Google Scholar
Urquiola, M. 2016. “Competition among Schools: Traditional Public and Private Schools.” In Hanushek, Eric A., Machin, Stephen, and Woessmann, Ludger (eds.) Handbook of the Economics of Education. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, 209–37.Google Scholar
US Bureau of the Census, US Department of Commerce. 1994. “Statistical Brief: Metropolitan Areas.” SB/94–9. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Accessed March 6, 2018. www2.census.gov/library/publications/1994/demographics/sb94-09.pdf.Google Scholar
Census Bureau, US. 1943. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940, Population, Volume II, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Census Bureau, US 2016. “2011–2015 American Community Survey.” US Census Bureau, American FactFinder. 2016. Accessed January 12, 2018. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml.Google Scholar
Census Bureau, US 2018. “Census Bureau Statement on 2020 Census Race and Ethnicity Questions.” Release CB18-RTQ.02. Accessed March 26, 2018. www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2018/2020-race-questions.html.Google Scholar
Census Bureau, USn.d. “CBP Datasets.” US Census Bureau. Accessed February 12, 2018. www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp/data/datasets.html.Google Scholar
Census Bureau, USn.d. “County Business Patterns (CBP).” US Census Bureau. Accessed February 11, 2018. www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html.Google Scholar
Census Bureau, USn.d. “Wealth and Asset Ownership Data Tables.” US Census Bureau. Accessed November 1, 2017. www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/wealth/data/tables.html.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau, Economic Indicator Division. 2015. “U.S. Trade in Goods and Services – Balance of Payments (BOP) Basis: Value in Millions of Dollars: 1960 through 2014.” June 3, 2015. Accessed March 5, 2018. www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/historical/gands.txt.Google Scholar
US Cluster Mapping. n.d. “Los Angeles, CA Economic Area: Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA.” US Cluster Mapping. Accessed February 11, 2018a. www.clustermapping.us/region/economic/los_angeles_long_beach_riverside_ca.Google Scholar
US Cluster Mapping.n.d. “U.S. Cluster Mapping.” US Cluster Mapping. Accessed March 22, 2018b. www.clustermapping.us/.Google Scholar
US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Analysis Division. n.d. “RIMS II Multipliers (1997/2005): Table 1.5 Total Multipliers for Output, Earnings, Employment, and Value Added by Detailed Industry: Los Angeles County.” US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Accessed March 5, 2018. www.eb5center.com/files/RIMS_table_for_LA_County.pdf.Google Scholar
US Department of Education. 2015. “A Matter of Equity: Preschool in America.” Washington, DC: US Department of Education. Accessed January 9, 2018. www2.ed.gov/documents/early-learning/matter-equity-preschool-america.pdf.Google Scholar
US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 2016a. “Table 208.20. Public and Private Elementary and Secondary Teachers, Enrollment, Pupil/Teacher Ratios, and New Teacher Hires: Selected Years, Fall 1955 through Fall 2024.” Digest of Education Statistics 2015 (NCES 2016–014). Washington, DC: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed January 10, 2018. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_208.20.asp.Google Scholar
US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics 2016b. “Table 216.20. Number and Enrollment of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by School Level, Type, and Charter and Magnet Status: Selected Years, 1990–91 through 2013–14.” Digest of Education Statistics 2015 (NCES 2016–014). Washington, DC: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed January 10, 2018. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d15/tables/dt15_216.20.asp?referrer=report.Google Scholar
US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. n.d. “Establishment Data State and Area Employment Annual Averages, Table 2.” US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Accessed March 4, 2018. www.bls.gov/sae/.Google Scholar
US Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. n.d. “Port Performance Freight Statistics Program: Annual Report to Congress 2016.” Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Accessed February 8, 2018. www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/PPFS_Annual_Report.pdf.Google Scholar
US Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. n.d. “MARAD Open Data Portal, Maritime Data & Statistics.” US Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Accessed February 8, 2018. www.marad.dot.gov/resources/data-statistics/.Google Scholar
US Economic Development Administration. n.d. “U.S. Cluster Mapping Project.” US Economic Development Administration. Accessed February 12, 2018. www.eda.gov/about/cluster-mapping.htm.Google Scholar
US Office of Management and Budget. 2015. “Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas.” OMB Bulletin 15–01. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Accessed March 15, 2018. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2015/15–01.pdf.Google Scholar
Valencia, Richard R. 2005. “The Mexican American Struggle for Equal Educational Opportunity in Mendez v. Westminster: Helping to Pave the Way for Brown v. Board of Education.” Teaching College Record 107 (3): 389–423.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, Abel. 2003. “Day Labor Work.” Annual Review of Sociology 29: 307–33. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100044.Google Scholar
Veblen, Thorstein. 1899. The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Veblen, Thorstein. 2009. The Theory of the Leisure Class. Eastford, CT: Martino Fine Books.Google Scholar
Verge, Arthur C. 1994. “The Impact of the Second World War on Los Angeles.” Pacific Historical Review 63 (3): 289–314. https://doi.org/10.2307/3640968.Google Scholar
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. 1926, 272 US 365.Google Scholar
Voicu, Ioan, Paley, Irina, Lopez, Andres E., and Fang, Irene. 2015. “Information Externalities, Neighborhood Characteristics and Home Mortgage Pricing and Underwriting.” Real Estate Economics 43 (3): 719–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540–6229.12079.Google Scholar
Wachs, Martin. 1984. “Autos, Transit, and the Sprawl of Los Angeles: The 1920s.” Journal of the American Planning Association 50 (3): 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944368408976597.Google Scholar
Wachs, Martin 1996. “The Evolution of Transportation Policy in Los Angeles: Images of Past Policy and Future Prospects.” In Scott, Allen J. and Soja, Edward W. (eds.) The City: Los Angeles and Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 106–59.Google Scholar
Wachs, M. 1998. “Chapter 5: The Evolution of Transportation Policy in Los Angeles.” In Scott, A. J. and Soja, E. W. (eds.) The City: Los Angeles and Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 106–159.Google Scholar
Walberg, Herbert J. and Fowler, William J. Jr. 1987. “Expenditure and Size Efficiencies of Public School Districts.” Educational Researcher 16 (7): 5–13. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X016007005.Google Scholar
Waldinger, Roger and Bozorgmehr, Mehdi (eds.). 1996. Ethnic Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Waldinger, Roger and Feliciano, Cynthia. 2004. “Will the New Second Generation Experience ‘Downward Assimilation’? Segmented Assimilation Re-Assessed.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (3): 376–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/01491987042000189196.Google Scholar
Walker, Renee E., Keane, Christopher R., and Burke, Jessica G.. 2010. “Disparities and Access to Healthy Food in the United States: A Review of Food Deserts Literature.” Health and Place 16 (5): 876–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.013.Google Scholar
Walton, Emily. 2012. “Resurgent Ethnicity among Asian Americans: Ethnic Neighborhood Context and Health.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53 (3): 378–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146512455426.Google Scholar
Wang, Jia, Schweig, Jonathan D., and Herman, Joan L.. 2017. “Is There a Magnet-School Effect? A Multisite Study of MSAP-Funded Magnet Schools.” Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) 22 (2): 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10824669.2017.1292853.Google Scholar
Weller, Christian E. 2009. “Credit Access, the Costs of Credit and Credit Market Discrimination.” The Review of Black Political Economy 36 (1): 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-009–9034-6.Google Scholar
Wen, Ming, Lauderdale, Diane S., and Kandula, Namratha R.. 2009. “Ethnic Neighborhoods in Multi-Ethnic America, 1990–2000: Resurgent Ethnicity in the Ethnoburbs?” Social Forces 88 (1): 425–60. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0244.Google Scholar
Westerdahl, Dane, Fruin, Scott, Todd Sax, Philip M. Fine, and Sioutas, Constantinos. 2005. “Mobile Platform Measurements of Ultrafine Particles and Associated Pollutant Concentrations on Freeways and Residential Streets in Los Angeles.” Atmospheric Environment 39 (20): 3597–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.034.Google Scholar
Westminster School Dist. of Orange County v. Mendez. 1947, 161 F.2d 774. Circuit Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit. Accessed November 29, 2017. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/161/774/1566460/Google Scholar
Westwood Charter School. n.d. “WISE.” Westwood Charter School. Accessed January 1, 2018. https://westwoodcharteres-lausd-ca.schoolloop.com/wise.Google Scholar
Whitehurst, Grover K., Chingos, Matthew M., and Gallaher, Michael R.. 2013. “Do School Districts Matter?” Washington, DC: Brown Center on Education Policy, The Brookings Institution. Accessed November 29, 2017. www.brookings.edu/research/do-school-districts-matter/.Google Scholar
Wilhelm, Michelle and Ritz, Beate. 2003. “Residential Proximity to Traffic and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Los Angeles County, California, 1994–1996.” Environmental Health Perspectives 111 (2): 207–16. http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5688.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications: A Study in the Economics of Internal Organization. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E 2000. “The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead.” Journal of Economic Literature 38 (3): 595–613. www.jstor.org/stable/2565421.Google Scholar
Wilson, Steven G., Plane, David A., Mackun, Paul J., Fischetti, Thomas R., and Goworowska, Justyna. 2012. “Patterns of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Population Change: 2000 to 2010.” C2010SR-01. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Accessed March 6, 2018. www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2012/dec/c2010sr-01.pdf.Google Scholar
Wilson, William Julius 2009. “The Forces Shaping Concentrated Poverty.” In More Than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City (issues of our time). New York, NY: WW Norton & Company, 25–61.Google Scholar
Wilson, William Julius. 2012. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wimmer, Andreas. 2008. “Elementary Strategies of Ethnic Boundary Making.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (6): 1025–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870801905612.Google Scholar
Wolch, Jennifer, Wilson, John P., and Fehrenbach, Jed. 2005. “Parks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity-Mapping Analysis.” Urban Geography 26 (1): 4–35. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272–3638.26.1.4.Google Scholar
Wolff, Edward N. 2016. “Household Wealth Trends in the United States, 1962 to 2013: What Happened over the Great Recession?” RSF 2 (6): 24–43. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2016.2.6.02.Google Scholar
Wong, K. Scott. 1995. “Chinatown: Conflicting Images, Contested Terrain.” MELUS 20 (1): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/467850.Google Scholar
Wright, Richard, Ellis, Mark, and Parks, Virginia. 2005. “Re‐placing Whiteness in Spatial Assimilation Research.” City and Community 4 (2): 111–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540–6040.2005.00107.x.Google Scholar
Yerkes, R. F., McCulloh, T. H., Schoellhamer, J. E., and Vedder, J. G.. 1965. “Geology of the Los Angeles Basin Californina – An Introduction.” U.S. Government Printing Office. Accessed March 12, 2018. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0420a/report.pdf.Google Scholar
Yoshikawa, Hirokazu, Weiland, Christina, and Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne. 2016. “When Does Preschool Matter?” The Future of Children 26 (2): 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2016.0010.Google Scholar
Zhou, Min. 2004. “Are Asian Americans Becoming ‘White?’” Contexts 3 (1): 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2004.3.1.29.Google Scholar
Zhou, Min and Gatewood, James V.. 2007. Contemporary Asian America: A Multidisciplinary Reader. New York, NY and London: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Zillow. n.d. “Los Angeles County Home Prices & Values.” Zillow. Accessed February 5, 2018. www.zillow.com:443/los-angeles-county-ca/home-values/.Google Scholar
Zillown.d. “Malibu Home Prices & Values.” Zillow. Accessed February 5, 2018. www.zillow.com:443/malibu-ca/home-values/.Google Scholar
Zonta, Michela M. 2012. “The Continuing Significance of Ethnic Resources: Korean-Owned Banks in Los Angeles, New York and Washington DC.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38 (3): 463–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.658547.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×