Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T23:22:16.516Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter Forty Three - Clinical Stroke Trials

from Treatment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2022

Louis R. Caplan
Affiliation:
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre
Aishwarya Aggarwal
Affiliation:
John F. Kennedy Medical Center
Get access

Summary

Clinical trials have played a key role in the transformation of stroke from a neglected, untreatable condition to a field where some of the most dramatic outcomes are achieved. The development of concepts in stroke clinical trials has largely occurred during the last six decades and is closely linked to development of clinical trial methodology and evidence-based medicine in general. Stroke trials sometimes played a pioneering role in this development.

Type
Chapter
Information
Stories of Stroke
Key Individuals and the Evolution of Ideas
, pp. 413 - 426
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Wright, I, Millikan, CH. Cerebrovascular Diseases: Transactions of the First Conference Held January 24–26, 1954 at Princeton, New Jersey. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1954.Google Scholar
Wright, I, Millikan, CH. Cerebrovascular Diseases: Second Conference. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1958.Google Scholar
NINDS Ad Hoc Committee. A classification and outline of cerebrovascular diseases. Neurology 1958;8:188216.Google Scholar
Fisher, CM. Anticoagulant therapy in cerebral thrombosis and cerebral embolism: A national cooperative study, interim report. Neurology 1961;11:119131.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
Fisher, CM. Anticoagulant study. In Memoirs of a Neurologist. Rutland, VT: Sharp, 2006, vol. 3, pp. 173235.Google Scholar
Millikan, C. Reassessment of anticoagulant therapy in various types of occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1971;2:201208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The story of aspirin is the topic of Chapter 47 and other antiplatelets are considered in Chapter 48.Google Scholar
Vane, JR. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nat. New Biol. 1971;231:232235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fields, WS, Lemak, NA, Frankowski, RF, Hardy, RJ. Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1977;8:301314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canadian Cooperative Study Group. A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 1978;299:5359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, Henry J. M.. Wikipedia. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._M._Barnett.Google Scholar
Spence, JD, Hachinsky, V. Henry J. M. Barnett (1922–2016). Stroke 2017;48(1):24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Horn, G, Grotta, JC. William S. Fields, MD, Texas medical center pioneer. Ann. Neurol. 2004;56(2):314. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fields, WS, Lemak, NA. A History of Stroke. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Patrono, C, Ciabattoni, G, Patrignani, P, et al. Clinical pharmacology of platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition. Circulation 1985;72:11771184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallentin, LC. Aspirin (75 mg/day) after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease: Long-term effects on the risk for myocardial infarction, occurrence of severe angina and the need for revascularization. Research Group on Instability in Coronary Artery Disease in Southeast Sweden. JACC 1991;18:15871593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SALT Collaborative Group. The Swedish Aspirin Low-Dose Trial. Lancet 1991;338:13451349.Google Scholar
A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke: The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991;325:1261–1266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, B, Godwin, J, Richards, S, Warlow, C. The United Kingdom Transient Ischaemic Attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: Final results. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1991;54:10441054.Google Scholar
Diener, HC, Cunha, L, Forbes, C, et al. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J. Neurol. Sci. 1996 Nov;143(1–2):113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, RG, Harrison, MJG. Aspirin wars: The optimal dose of aspirin to prevent stroke. Stroke 1996;27:585587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peto, R, Pike, MC, Armitage, P, et al. Design and analysis of randomised clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. Br. J. Cancer 1977;35:139.Google Scholar
Peto, R. Editorial: Aspirin and myocardial infarction. Lancet 1980;1:11721173.Google Scholar
Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged antiplatelet treatment. BMJ 1988;296:320331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy – 1. Prevention of death, myocardial infarction and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 1994;308:81106.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
ISIS-2 (Second international Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1988 Dec;12(6 suppl A):3A–13A.Google Scholar
The International Stroke Trial (IST): A randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet 1997;349:1569–1581.Google Scholar
CAST: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1997 Jun 7;349(9066):1641–1649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sackett, DL, Haynes, RB, Tugwell, P. Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown, 1985.Google Scholar
Cochrane, A. Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services. The Nuffield Provincial Hospital Trust, 1972.Google Scholar
Qiu, J. Charles Warlow: A career of “successive flukes.” Lancet 2008 Jun;7(6):478.Google Scholar
Djulbegovic, B, Guyatt, GH. Progress in evidence-based medicine: A quarter century on. Lancet 2017;390:415423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GRADE Working Group. The Grades of Recommendation. Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group. 2004.Google Scholar
The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. The stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation study: Final results. Circulation 1991;84:527539.Google Scholar
Mohr, JP, Thompson, JLP, Lazar, RM, et al. for the Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study Group. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001;345:14441451.Google Scholar
Chimowitz, MI, Lynn, MJ, Howlett-Smith, H, et al. Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;352:13051316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The newer anticoagulants are discussed in Chapter 46.Google Scholar
European Investigators published the results of the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). Hacke, W, Kaste, M, Fieschi, C, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 1995;274:10171025.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995;333:15811587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furlan, AJ, Higashida, RT, Wechsler, L, et al. PROACT II. Intra-arterial Pro-urokinase for acute ischemic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;282;20032011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The EC-IC Bypass Study Group. Failure of the extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985;313:11911200.Google Scholar
The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Group. Study design for randomized prospective trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic atherosclerosis. Stroke 1989;20:844849.Google Scholar
NASCET Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991;325:445453.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
Brott, TG, Hobson, RW II, Howard, G, et al. CREST Investigators. Stenting vs endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010;363:1123.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
Halliday, A, Mansfield, A, Marro, J, et al. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:14911502. Carotid artery surgery is discussed in Chapter 54 and carotid artery stenting in Chapter 55.Google Scholar
Vahedi, K, Hofmeijer, J, Juettler, E, et al. Early decompressive surgery in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: A pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:215222.Google Scholar
Chimowitz, M, Lynn, MJ, Derdeyn, CP, et al. for the SAMMPRIS Trial Investigators. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011;365:9931003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turan, TN, Nizam, A, Lynn, MJ, et al. Relationship between risk factor control and vascular events in the SAMMPRIS trial. Neurology 2017;88(4):379385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohr, JP, Parides, MK, Stapf, C, et al. Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): A multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial. Lancet 2014;383 (9917):614621.Google Scholar
Trials that evaluated the safety and effectiveness of endovascular management of acute ischemic stroke are discussed in Chapter 56.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×