Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T15:37:42.525Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - The self in social anxiety

from Section 3 - The self in specific psychological disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2016

By
Bree Gregory ,
Lorna Peters  and
Ronald M. Rapee
Edited by
Michael Kyrios ,
Richard Moulding ,
Guy Doron ,
Sunil S. Bhar ,
Maja Nedeljkovic  and
Mario Mikulincer
Foreword by
Aaron T. Beck
Michael Kyrios
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Richard Moulding
Affiliation:
Deakin University, Victoria
Guy Doron
Affiliation:
Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
Sunil S. Bhar
Affiliation:
Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria
Maja Nedeljkovic
Affiliation:
Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria
Mario Mikulincer
Affiliation:
Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
The Self in Understanding and Treating Psychological Disorders , pp. 91 - 101
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2006). Post-event rumination and negative self-appraisal in social phobia before and after treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 136–144. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.136Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C. T., et al. (2009). Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 961–973. doi: 10.1037/a0016685CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amir, N., Weber, G., Beard, C., Bomyea, J., & Taylor, C. T. (2008). The effect of a single-session attention modification program on response to a public-speaking challenge in socially anxious individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 860–868. doi: 10.1037/a0013445Google Scholar
Anderson, B., Goldin, P. R., Kurita, K., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Self-representation in social anxiety disorder: Linguistic analysis of autobiographical narratives. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1119–1125. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.07.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, M. W. (1994). Primed relational schemas as a source of self-evaluation reactions. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 380–403. doi: 10.1521/jscp.1994.13.4.380CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. T., & Emery, G. (1985). Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Boden, M. T., John, O. P., Goldin, P. R., et al. (2012). The role of maladaptive beliefs in cognitive-behavioral therapy: Evidence from social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 287–291. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boettcher, J., Berger, T., & Renneberg, B. (2012). Internet-based attention training for social anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 522–536. doi: 10.1007/s10608-011-9374-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bögels, S. M. (2006). Task concentration training versus applied relaxation, in combination with cognitive therapy, for social phobia patients with fear of blushing, trembling, and sweating. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1199–1210. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bögels, S. M., & Lamers, C. T. J. (2002). The causal role of self-awareness in blushing-anxious, socially anxious and social phobics individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1367–1384. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00096-1Google Scholar
Bögels, S. M., & Mansell, W. (2004). Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: Hypervigilance, avoidance, and self-focused attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 827–856. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.005Google Scholar
Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 17–31. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003Google Scholar
Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2015). A longitudinal test of the vulnerability–stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depression and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 85–99. doi: 10.1007/s10862-014-9438-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, D. M. (2001). A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In Crozier, W. R. & Alden, L. E. (Eds.), International Handbook of Social Anxiety (pp. 405–430). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., et al. (2006). Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: A randomised control trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 568–578. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.568CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F., et al. (2003). Cognitive therapy vs. fluoxetine in generalized social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1058–1067. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.6.1058Google Scholar
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A., & Schneier, F. R. (Eds.), Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment (pp. 69–93). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (2002). Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 262–286. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135228CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frets, P. G., Kevenaar, C., & Heiden, C. (2014). Imagery rescripting as a stand alone treatment for patients with social phobia: A case series. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45, 160–169. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.09.006Google Scholar
Goldin, P. R., Jazaieri, H., Ziv, M., et al. (2013). Changes in positive self-views mediate the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 187–201. doi: 10.1177/2167702613476867Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Diez, Z., Calvete, E., Riskind, J. H., & Orue, I. (2015). Test of a hypothesized model of relationships between cognitive style and social anxiety: A 12-month prospective study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 30, 59–65. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.12.014Google Scholar
Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & McManus, F. (2000). Recurrent images and early memories in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 601–610. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00161-8Google Scholar
Harvey, A. G., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., & Rapee, R. M. (2000). Social anxiety and self-impression: Cognitive preparation enhances the beneficial effects of video feedback following a stressful social task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 1183–1192. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00148-5Google Scholar
Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2010). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: Update and extension. In: Hofmann, S. G., & DiBartolo, P. M. (2nd Eds.), Social Anxiety: Clinical, Developmental, and Social Perspectives (pp. 395–422). New York, NY: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, T. E. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319Google Scholar
Hirsch, C., Mathews, A., Clark, D. M., Williams, R., & Morrison, J. (2003). Negative self-imagery blocks inferences. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1383–1396. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00057-3Google Scholar
Hirsch, C., Meynen, T., & Clark, D. (2004). Negative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions. Memory, 12, 496–506. doi: 10.1080/09658210444000106Google Scholar
Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 26, 195–209. doi: 10.1080/16506070701421313Google Scholar
Hofmann, S. G., Moscovitch, D. A., Kim, H., & Taylor, A. (2004). Changes in self-perception during treatment of social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 588–596. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.4.588Google Scholar
Hulme, N., Hirsch, C., & Stopa, L. (2012). Images of the self and self-esteem: Do positive self-images improve self-esteem in social anxiety? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 163–173. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2012.664557CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jakymin, A. K., & Harris, L. M. (2012). Self-focused attention and social anxiety. Australian Journal of Psychology, 64, 61–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00027.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Julian, K., Beard, C., Schmidt, N. B., Powers, M. B., & Smits, J. A. J. (2012). Attention training to reduce attention bias and social anxiety stressor reactivity: An attempt to replicate and extend previous findings. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 350–358. doi:1 0.1016/j.brat.2012.02.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashdan, T. B., & Roberts, J. E. (2004). Social anxiety’s impact on affect, curiosity, and social self-efficacy during a high self-focus threat situation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 199–141. doi: 10.1023/B:COTR.0000016934.20981.68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koerner, N., Antony, M. M., Young, L., McCabe, R. E. (2013). Changes in beliefs about the social competence of self and others following group cognitive-behavioral treatment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 256–265. doi: 10.1007/s10608-012-9472-5Google Scholar
Laposa, J. M., & Rector, N. A. (2014). Effects of videotaped feedback in group cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 7, 360–372. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2014.7.4.360Google Scholar
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1995). The self-presentation model of social phobia. In Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A., & Schneier, F. R. (Eds.), Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment (pp. 94–112). New York,NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lee, S. R., & Kwon, J. (2013). The efficacy of imagery rescripting (IR) for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavioural Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 351–360. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.03.001Google Scholar
Makkar, S. R., & Grisham, J. R. (2011). Social anxiety and the effects of negative self-imagery on emotion, cognitive, and post-event processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 654–664. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.004Google Scholar
McEvoy, P. M., & Saulsman, L. M. (2014). Imagery-enhanced cognitive behavioural group therapy for social anxiety disorder: A pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 55, 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.01.006Google Scholar
McEvoy, P. M., Erceg-Hurn, D. M., Saulsman, L. M., & Thibodeau, M. A. (2015). Imagery enhancements increase the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural group therapy for social anxiety disorder: A benchmarking study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 65, 42–51. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moscovitch, D. A. (2009). What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualisation and treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16, 123–134. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.04.002Google Scholar
Moscovitch, D. A., & Huyder, C. (2011). The negative self-portrayal scale: Development, validation, and application to social anxiety. Behavior Therapy, 42, 183–196. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.007Google Scholar
Moscovitch, D. A., Rowa, K., Paulitzki, J. R., et al. (2013). Self-portrayal concerns and their relation to safety behaviors and negative affect in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 476–486. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.05.002Google Scholar
Mulkens, S., Bögels, S. M., de Jong, P. J., & Louwers, J. (2001). Fear of blushing: Effects of task concentration training versus exposure in vivo on fear and physiology. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15, 413–432. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(01)00073-1Google Scholar
Ng, A. S., Abbott, M. J., & Hunt, C. (2014). The effect of self-imagery on symptoms and processes in social anxiety: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 620–633. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.09.003Google Scholar
Nilsson, J., Lundh, L., & Viborg, G. (2012). Imagery rescripting of early memories in social anxiety disorder: An experimental study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 387–392. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.03.004Google Scholar
Pinto-Gouveia, J., Castilho, P., Galhardo, A., & Cunha, M. (2006). Early maladaptive schemas and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 571–584. doi: 10.1007/s10608-006-9027-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapee, R. M., Gaston, J. E., & Abbott, M. J. (2009). Testing the efficacy of theoretically derived improvements in the treatment of social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 317–327. doi: 10.1037/a0014800Google Scholar
Rapee, R. M., & Hayman, K. (1996). The effects of video feedback on the self-evaluation of performance in socially anxious subjects. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 315–322. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(96)00003-4Google Scholar
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741–756. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruscio, A. M., Brown, T. A., Chiu, W. T., et al. (2008). Social fears and social phobia in the United States: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Psychological Medicine, 38, 15–28. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707001699CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641–669. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., Buckner, J. D., & Timpano, K. R. (2009). Attention training for generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 5–14. doi: 10.1037/a0013643Google Scholar
Schulz, S. M., Alpers, G. W., & Hofmann, S. G. (2008). Negative self-focused cognitions mediate the effect of trait social anxiety on social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 438–449. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.008Google Scholar
Showers, C. (1992). Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1036–1049. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1036Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., & Stein, D. J. (2008). Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet, 371, 1115–1125. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60488-2Google Scholar
Stopa, L. (2009). Why is the self important in understanding and treating social phobia? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38, 48–54. doi: 10.1080/16506070902980737Google Scholar
Stopa, L., & Jenkins, A. (2007). Images of the self in social anxiety: Effects on the retrieval of autobiographical memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 459–473. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.08.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szafranski, D. D., Talkovsky, A. M., Farris, S. G., & Norton, P. J. (2014). Comorbidity: Social anxiety disorder and psychiatric comorbidity are not shy to co-occur. In Weeks, J. W. (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Social Anxiety Disorder (pp. 201–222). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/9781118653920.ch10Google Scholar
Turner, S. M., Johnson, M. R., Beidel, D. C., Heiser, N. A., & Lydiard, R. B. (2003). The social thoughts and beliefs scale: A new inventory for assessing cognitions in social phobia. Psychological Assessment, 15, 384–391. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.384Google Scholar
Wild, J., & Clark, D. M. (2011). Imagery rescripting of early traumatic experience in social phobia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18, 433–443. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.03.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wild, J., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2007). When the present visits the past: Updating traumatic memories in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 386–401. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.003Google Scholar
Wild, J., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2008). Rescripting early memories linked to negative images in social anxiety disorder: A pilot study. Behavior Therapy, 39, 47–56. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2007.04.003Google Scholar
Wong, J., Gordon, E. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2014). Cognitive-behavioral models of social anxiety disorder. In Weeks, J. W. (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Social Anxiety Disorder (pp. 3–23). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK. doi: 10.1002/9781118653920.ch1Google Scholar
Wong, Q. J. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2009). Impact of rumination versus distraction on anxiety and maladaptive self-beliefs in socially anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 861–867. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.06.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, Q. J. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2011). The relationship between the maladaptive self-beliefs characteristic of social anxiety and avoidance. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 171–178. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.11.004Google Scholar
Wong, Q. J. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2012). Does rumination predict the strength of maladaptive self-beliefs characteristic of social anxiety over time? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 94–102. doi: 10.1007/s10608-010-9316-0Google Scholar
Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1990). Young Schema Questionnaire. New York, NY: Cognitive Therapy Center of New York.Google Scholar
Zhou, J. B., Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2007). The effect of attentional focus on social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2326–2333. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.014Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×