Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T21:44:04.239Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 27 - Tuberculosis Infection Control in Healthcare Settings

from Section 6 - Special Topics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2018

Ebbing Lautenbach
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Preeti N. Malani
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Keith F. Woeltje
Affiliation:
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis
Jennifer H. Han
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Emily K. Shuman
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Jonas Marschall
Affiliation:
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Organization WH. Global Tuberculosis Report 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015.Google Scholar
Sepkowitz, KA. Tuberculosis and the health care worker: a historical perspective. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:7179.Google Scholar
Myers, JA, Diehl, HS, Boynton, RE, Horns, HL. Tuberculosis in physicians. JAMA. 1955;158:18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iademarco, MF, Castro, KG. Epidemiology of tuberculosis. Semin Respir Infect. 2003;18:225240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menzies, D, Fanning, A, Yuan, L, Fitzgerald, M. Tuberculosis among health care workers. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:9298.Google Scholar
Snider, DE Jr., Roper, WL. The new tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:703705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvis, WR. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Res Microbiol. 1993;144:117122.Google Scholar
Daley, CL, Small, PM, Schecter, GF, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: an analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:231235.Google Scholar
Castro, KG, Dooley, SW, Curran, JW. Transmission of HIV-associated tuberculosis to healthcare workers. Lancet. 1992;340:10431044.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischl, MA, Uttamchandani, RB, Daikos, GL, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant tubercle bacilli among patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:177183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck-Sague, C, Dooley, SW, Hutton, MD, et al. Hospital outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections: factors in transmission to staff and HIV-infected patients. JAMA. 1992;268:12801286.Google Scholar
Coronado, VG, Beck-Sague, CM, Hutton, MD, et al. Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in an urban hospital: epidemiologic and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:10521055.Google Scholar
Zaza, S, Blumberg, HM, Beck-Sague, C, et al. Nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of health care workers in outbreak propagation. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:15421549.Google Scholar
Pearson, ML, Jereb, JA, Frieden, TR, et al. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a risk to patients and health care workers. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:191196.Google Scholar
Jereb, JA, Klevens, RM, Privett, TD, et al. Tuberculosis in health care workers at a hospital with an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:854859.Google Scholar
Ikeda, RM, Birkhead, GS, DiFerdinando, GT Jr., et al. Nosocomial tuberculosis: an outbreak of a strain resistant to seven drugs. J Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995;16:152159.Google Scholar
Edlin, BR, Tokars, JI, Grieco, MH, et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:15141521.Google Scholar
Dooley, SW, Jarvis, WR, Martone, WJ, Snider, DE Jr. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:257259.Google Scholar
Dooley, SW, Villarino, ME, Lawrence, M, et al. Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis in a hospital unit for HIV-infected patients. JAMA. 1992;267:26322634.Google Scholar
Wells, DA, Ross, JS, Detsky, AS. What is different about the market for health care? JAMA. 2007;298:27852787.Google Scholar
Gandhi, NR, Moll, A, Sturm, AW, et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet. 2006;368:15751580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, NR, Weissman, D, Moodley, P, et al. Nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in a rural hospital in South Africa. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aita, J, Barrera, L, Reniero, A, et al. Hospital transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Rosario, Argentina. Medicina (B Aires). 1996;56:4850.Google Scholar
Bock, NN, Jensen, PA, Miller, B, Nardell, E. Tuberculosis infection control in resource-limited settings in the era of expanding HIV care and treatment. J Infect Dis. 2007;196 Suppl 1:S108S113.Google Scholar
Ritacco, V, Di Lonardo, M, Reniero, A, et al. Nosocomial spread of human immunodeficiency virus–related multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Buenos Aires. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:637642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sacks, LV, Pendle, S, Orlovic, D, Blumberg, L, Constantinou, C. A comparison of outbreak- and nonoutbreak-related multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients in a South African hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:96101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campos, PE, Suarez, PG, Sanchez, J, et al. Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:15711578.Google Scholar
Menzies, D, Joshi, R, Pai, M. Risk of tuberculosis infection and disease associated with work in health care settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11:593605.Google Scholar
Joshi, R, Reingold, AL, Menzies, D, Pai, M. Tuberculosis among health-care workers in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. WHO policy on TB infection control in health-care facilities, congregate settings and households: World Health Organization; 2009.Google Scholar
Jensen, PA, Lambert, LA, Iademarco, MF, Ridzon, R, CDC. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in healthcare settings, 2005. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54: 1141.Google Scholar
(PHAC). CTSCotCLACatPHAoC. Canadian Tuberculosis Standards, 7th ed. Public Health Agency of Canada; 2014.Google Scholar
von Delft, A, Dramowski, A, Khosa, C, et al. Why healthcare workers are sick of TB. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;32:147151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvis, WR. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Infect Control. 1995;23:146151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, CD, Cegielski, JP, Nelson, LJ, et al. HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: the perfect storm. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(Suppl 1):S86S107.Google Scholar
Blumberg, HM, Watkins, DL, Berschling, JD, et al. Preventing the nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:658663.Google Scholar
Wenger, PN, Otten, J, Breeden, A, Orfas, D, Beck-Sague, CM, Jarvis, WR. Control of nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among healthcare workers and HIV-infected patients. Lancet. 1995;345:235240.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine (IOM). Committee on Regulating Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis MJF, ed. Tuberculosis in the Workplace. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2001.Google Scholar
Larsen, NM, Biddle, CL, Sotir, MJ, White, N, Parrott, P, Blumberg, HM. Risk of tuberculin skin test conversion among health care workers: occupational versus community exposure and infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:796801.Google Scholar
Choudhary, M, Ramirez, L, Long, R, et al. A university hospital’s 10-year experience with tuberculin testing: value of the 2-step tuberculin skin test. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34:358361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welbel, SF, French, AL, Bush, P, DeGuzman, D, Weinstein, RA. Protecting health care workers from tuberculosis: a 10-year experience. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37:668673.Google Scholar
Frieden, TR, Fujiwara, PI, Washko, RM, Hamburg, MA. Tuberculosis in New York City–turning the tide. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:229233.Google Scholar
Agoritsas, T, Courvoisier, DS, Combescure, C, Deom, M, Perneger, TV. Does prevalence matter to physicians in estimating post-test probability of disease? A randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26:373378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorman, SE, Belknap, R, Graviss, EA, et al. Interferon-gamma release assays and tuberculin skin testing for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189:7787.Google Scholar
CDC. Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015.Google Scholar
Haddad, MB, Mitruka, K, Oeltmann, JE, Johns, EB, Navin, TR. Characteristics of tuberculosis cases that started outbreaks in the United States, 2002–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:508510.Google Scholar
Sreeramareddy, CT, Panduru, KV, Menten, J, Van den Ende, J. Time delays in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review of literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:91.Google Scholar
Lee, EH, Graham, PL, 3rd, O’Keefe, M, Fuentes, L, Saiman, L. Nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a children’s hospital. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9:689692.Google Scholar
Baussano, I, Nunn, P, Williams, B, Pivetta, E, Bugiani, M, Scano, F. Tuberculosis among health care workers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:488494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Donnell, MR, Jarand, J, Loveday, M, et al. High incidence of hospital admissions with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among South African health care workers. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:516522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitaker, JA, Mirtskhulava, V, Kipiani, M, et al. Prevalence and incidence of latent tuberculosis infection in Georgian healthcare workers. PloS One 2013;8:e58202.Google Scholar
Adams, S, Ehrlich, R, Baatjies, R, et al. Incidence of occupational latent tuberculosis infection in South African healthcare workers. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:13641373.Google Scholar
Pai, M, Kalantri, S, Aggarwal, AN, Menzies, D, Blumberg, HM. Nosocomial tuberculosis in India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:13111318.Google Scholar
Barrera, E, Livchits, V, Nardell, E. F-A-S-T: a refocused, intensified, administrative tuberculosis transmission control strategy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19:381384.Google Scholar
IMPLEMENTING the WHO Policy on TB Infection Control in Healthcare Facilities, Congregate Settings and Households. Available at: www.stoptb.org/wg/tb_hiv/assets/documents/tbicimplementationframework1288971813.pdf.Google Scholar
McGowan, JE Jr. Nosocomial tuberculosis: new progress in control and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:489505.Google Scholar
Sotir, MJ, Parrott, P, Metchock, B, et al. Tuberculosis in the inner city: impact of a continuing epidemic in the 1990s. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:11381144.Google Scholar
Salinas, JL, Mindra, G, Haddad, MB, Pratt, R, Price, SF, Langer, AJ. Leveling of tuberculosis incidence – United States, 2013–2015. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2016;65:273278.Google Scholar
Maloney, SA, Pearson, ML, Gordon, MT, Del Castillo, R, Boyle, JF, Jarvis, WR. Efficacy of control measures in preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to patients and health care workers. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:9095.Google Scholar
Zellweger, JP, Rieder, HL. Serial screening for latent tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers in low-risk settings. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189:34.Google Scholar
da Costa, PA, Trajman, A, Mello, FC, et al. Administrative measures for preventing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers in a teaching hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Hosp Infect. 2009;72:5764.Google Scholar
Adelman, MW, Kurbatova, E, Wang, YF, et al. Cost analysis of a nucleic acid amplification test in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis at an urban hospital with a high prevalence of TB/HIV. PloS One. 2014;9:e100649.Google Scholar
Leonard, MK, Egan, KB, Kourbatova, E, et al. Increased efficiency in evaluating patients with suspected tuberculosis by use of a dedicated airborne infection isolation unit. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34:6972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, MK, Osterholt, D, Kourbatova, EV, Del Rio, C, Wang, W, Blumberg, HM. How many sputum specimens are necessary to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis? Am J Infect Control. 2005;33:5861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Division of Microbiology Devices OoIVD, Radiological Health CfD, Radiological Health F, Drug A, Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Revised device labeling for the Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2015;64:193.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Availability of an assay for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including rifampin-resistant strains, and considerations for its use – United States, 2013. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2013;62: 821827.Google Scholar
Iwata, K, Smith, BA, Santos, E, Polsky, B, Sordillo, EM. Failure to implement respiratory isolation: why does it happen? J Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23:595599.Google Scholar
Scott, B, Schmid, M, Nettleman, MD. Early identification and isolation of inpatients at high risk for tuberculosis. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:326330.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Tuberculosis outbreak in a community hospital–District of Columbia, 2002. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2004;53: 214216.Google Scholar
Leonard, MK Jr., Kourbatova, E, Blumberg, HM. Re: how many sputum specimens are necessary to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34:328329.Google Scholar
Mase, SR, Ramsay, A, Ng, V, et al. Yield of serial sputum specimen examinations in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11:485495.Google Scholar
Chaisson, LH, Roemer, M, Cantu, D, et al. Impact of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay on triage of respiratory isolation rooms for inpatients with presumed tuberculosis: a hypothetical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:13531360.Google Scholar
Boehme, CC, Nabeta, P, Hillemann, D, et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:10051015.Google Scholar
Luetkemeyer, AF, Firnhaber, C, Kendall, MA, et al. Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF versus AFB smear and culture to identify pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with suspected tuberculosis from low and higher prevalence settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:10811088.Google Scholar
Buregyeya, E, Nuwaha, F, Verver, S, et al. Implementation of tuberculosis infection control in health facilities in Mukono and Wakiso districts, Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirtskhulava, V, Whitaker, JA, Kipiani, M, et al. Determinants of tuberculosis infection control–related behaviors among healthcare workers in the country of Georgia. J Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2015;36:522528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tenna, A, Stenehjem, EA, Margoles, L, Kacha, E, Blumberg, HM, Kempker, RR. Infection control knowledge, attitudes, and practices among healthcare workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34:12891296.Google Scholar
Farley, JE, Tudor, C, Mphahlele, M, et al. A national infection control evaluation of drug-resistant tuberculosis hospitals in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:8289.Google Scholar
Tudor, C, Mphahlele, M, Van der Walt, M, Farley, JE. Health care workers’ fears associated with working in multidrug- and or extensively-resistant tuberculosis wards in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:2229.Google Scholar
HM. B. TB Infection Control in the US and Abroad IDWeek 2015; 2015 October 7, 2015; San Diego, CA.: Infectious Diseases Society of America; 2015.Google Scholar
Mazurek, GH, Jereb, J, Vernon, A, et al. Updated guidelines for using Interferon Gamma Release Assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection – United States, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59:125.Google Scholar
Zwerling, A, Benedetti, A, Cojocariu, M, et al. Repeat IGRA testing in Canadian health workers: conversions or unexplained variability? PloS one 2013;8:e54748.Google Scholar
Joshi, M, Monson, TP, Joshi, A, Woods, GL. IFN-gamma release assay conversions and reversions; hallenges with serial testing in U.S. health care workers. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11:296302.Google Scholar
Fong, KS, Tomford, JW, Teixeira, L, et al. Challenges of interferon-gamma release assay conversions in serial testing of healthcare workers in a TB control program. Chest. 2012;142:5562.Google Scholar
Pai, M, Denkinger, CM, Kik, SV, et al. Gamma interferon release assays for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27:320.Google Scholar
Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. This is a Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This statement was endorsed by the Council of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (IDSA), September 1999, and the sections of this statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:221247.Google Scholar
Getahun, H, Matteelli, A, Chaisson, RE, Raviglione, M. Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:21272135.Google Scholar
Gillenwater, KA, Sapp, SC, Pearce, K, Siberry, GK. Increase in tuberculin skin test converters among health care workers after a change from Tubersol to Aplisol. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34:651654.Google Scholar
Blumberg, HM, White, N, Parrott, P, Gordon, W, Hunter, M, Ray, S. False-positive tuberculin skin test results among health care workers. JAMA. 2000;283:2793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villarino, ME, Burman, W, Wang, YC, et al. Comparable specificity of 2 commercial tuberculin reagents in persons at low risk for tuberculous infection. JAMA. 1999;281:169171.Google Scholar
Bailey, TC, Fraser, VJ, Spitznagel, EL, Dunagan, WC. Risk factors for a positive tuberculin skin test among employees of an urban, Midwestern teaching hospital. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:580585.Google Scholar
Driver, CR, Stricof, RL, Granville, K, et al. Tuberculosis in health care workers during declining tuberculosis incidence in New York State. Am J Infect Control. 2005;33:519526.Google Scholar
Thrupp, L, Bradley, S, Smith, P, et al. Tuberculosis prevention and control in long-term-care facilities for older adults. J Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25:10971108.Google Scholar
Ijaz, K, Dillaha, JA, Yang, Z, Cave, MD, Bates, JH. Unrecognized tuberculosis in a nursing home causing death with spread of tuberculosis to the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:12131218.Google Scholar
Verma, G, Chuck, AW, Jacobs, P. Tuberculosis screening for long-term care: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:11701177.Google Scholar
American Society of Heating RaA-CEA. ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.; 2014:122.Google Scholar
(ACGIH). ACoGIH. Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice for Design, 28th ed. Cincinnati, Oh.: ACGIH; 2013.Google Scholar
American Society of Heating RaA-CE, Inc Standard 170–2013 – Ventilation of Health Care Facilities. Atlanta, Ga.: ASHRAE; 2013.Google Scholar
Abdul Salam, ZH, Karlin, RB, Ling, ML, Yang, KS. The impact of portable high-efficiency particulate air filters on the incidence of invasive aspergillosis in a large acute tertiary-care hospital. Am J Infect Control. 2010;38:e1e7.Google Scholar
Rutala, WA, Jones, SM, Worthington, JM, Reist, PC, Weber, DJ. Efficacy of portable filtration units in reducing aerosolized particles in the size range of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995;16:391398.Google Scholar
Health. NIfOSa. Environmental Control for Tuberculosis: Basic Upper-Room Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Guidelines for Health care Settings. Cincinnati, Ohio: DHHS/CDC/NIOSH; 2009.Google Scholar
Nardell, EA. Indoor environmental control of tuberculosis and other airborne infections. Indoor Air 2015.Google Scholar
Nardell, EA. Transmission and institutional infection control of tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;6(2):a018192.Google Scholar
Mphaphlele, M, Dharmadhikari, AS, Jensen, PA, et al. Institutional tuberculosis transmission. controlled trial of upper room ultraviolet air disinfection: a basis for new dosing guidelines. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192:477484.Google Scholar
Escombe, AR, Moore, DA, Gilman, RH, et al. Upper-room ultraviolet light and negative air ionization to prevent tuberculosis transmission. PLoS Medicine. 2009;6:e43.Google Scholar
ASHRAE. Standard 55–2013 – Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta, Ga.: ASHRAE; 2013.Google Scholar
Nardell, E, Vincent, R, Sliney, DH. Upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) for air disinfection: a symposium in print. Photochem Photobiol. 2013;89:764769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacIntyre, CR, Chughtai, AA. Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings. BMJ. 2015;350:h694.Google Scholar
Adal, KA, Anglim, AM, Palumbo, CL, Titus, MG, Coyner, BJ, Farr, BM. The use of high-efficiency particulate air-filter respirators to protect hospital workers from tuberculosis: a cost-effectiveness analysis. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:169173.Google Scholar
Nettleman, MD, Fredrickson, M, Good, NL, Hunter, SA. Tuberculosis control strategies: the cost of particulate respirators. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:3740.Google Scholar
Department of Labor OSaHA. Occupational exposure to tuberculosis: proposed rule. Federal Register1997:5415954308.Google Scholar
Prevention. CfDCa. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in healthcare settings, 1994. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1994;43(RR-13):1132.Google Scholar
Department of Labor OSaHAO. occupational exposure to tuberculosis; proposed rule; termination of rulemaking respiratory protection for M. tuberculosis; final rule; revocation. Federal Register 2003:7576775775.Google Scholar
Department of Labor OSaHAO. Respiratory protection for M. tuberculosis. 29 CFR Part 1910 [Docket No. H–371]. Federal Register2003:7577675780.Google Scholar
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Protection Enforcement. OSHA Letter of Interpretation (March 24, 2008). Resumes full enforcement of the entire Respiratory Protection standard, including 29 CFR 1910.134(f)(2). Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 2008. (Accessed December 31, 2015, at www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=26013.Google Scholar
Coffey, CC, Campbell, DL, Zhuang, Z. Simulated workplace performance of N95 respirators. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1999;60:618624.Google Scholar
Coffey, CC, Lawrence, RB, Zhuang, Z, Campbell, DL, Jensen, PA, Myers, WR. Comparison of five methods for fit-testing N95 filtering-facepiece respirators. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 2002;17:723730.Google Scholar
Coffey, CC, Lawrence, RB, Campbell, DL, Zhuang, Z, Calvert, CA, Jensen, PA. Fitting characteristics of eighteen N95 filtering-facepiece respirators. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2004;1:262271.Google Scholar
NIOSH-Approved N95 Particulate Filtering Facepiece Respirators. CDC/NIOSH, 2015. Available at: www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/n95list1.html. Accessed December 31, 2015.Google Scholar
Zhuang, Z, Coffey, CC, Ann, RB. The effect of subject characteristics and respirator features on respirator fit. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2005;2:641649.Google Scholar
Coffey, CC, Lawrence, RB, Zhuang, Z, Duling, MG, Campbell, DL. Errors associated with three methods of assessing respirator fit. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2006;3:4452.Google Scholar
Zhuang, Z, Liu, Y, Coffey, CC, Miller, C, Inward Leakage, Szalajda J. Variability between respirator fit-test panels – Part I. deterministic approach. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2015;12:753760.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th ed.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2009:1438.Google Scholar
Fennelly, KP, Nardell, EA. The relative efficacy of respirators and room ventilation in preventing occupational tuberculosis. J Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998;19:754759.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Serivces PHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. TB Respiratory Protection Program in Health Care Facilities: Administrator’s Guide. Cincinnati, Ohio: NIOSH; 1999:1112.Google Scholar
Blumberg, HM, Burman, WJ, Chaisson, RE, et al. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:603662.Google Scholar
Parrish, NM, Carroll, KC. Role of the clinical mycobacteriology laboratory in diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in low-prevalence settings. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:772776.Google Scholar
Lawn, SD. Advances in diagnostic assays for tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5:a017806Google Scholar
Taylor, Z, Nolan, CM, Blumberg, HM, et al. Controlling tuberculosis in the United States: recommendations from the American Thoracic Society, CDC, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54:181.Google Scholar
Denkinger, CM, Schumacher, SG, Boehme, CC, Dendukuri, N, Pai, M, Steingart, KR. Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2014;44:435446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steingart, KR, Schiller, I, Horne, DJ, Pai, M, Boehme, CC, Dendukuri, N. Xpert(R) MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;1:CD009593.Google Scholar
Wang, JY, Lee, MC, Chang, JH, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis nucleic acid amplification tests reduce nosocomial tuberculosis exposure in intensive care units: a nationwide cohort study. Respirology. 2015;20:12331240.Google Scholar
Kipiani, M, Mirtskhulava, V, Tukvadze, N, Magee, M, Blumberg, HM, Kempker, RR. Significant clinical impact of a rapid molecular diagnostic test (Genotype MTBDRplus assay) to detect multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:15591566.Google Scholar
Automated Real-Time Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology for Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary TB in Adults and Children: Policy Update. Geneva: 2013.Google Scholar
Gupta, RK, Lawn, SD, Booth, H, Morris-Jones, S. What is the role for Xpert(R) MTB/RIF in high-resource settings? Experience from a central London hospital. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18:13231326.Google Scholar
Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. This statement was endorsed by the Council of the Infectious Disease Society of America, September 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161: 13761395.Google Scholar
Horsburgh, CR Jr., Barry, CE, 3rd, Lange, C. Treatment of tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:21492160.Google Scholar
Chaulk, CP, Kazandjian, VA. Directly observed therapy for treatment completion of pulmonary tuberculosis: Consensus Statement of the Public Health Tuberculosis Guidelines Panel. JAMA. 1998;279:943948.Google Scholar
Chaulk, CP, Moore-Rice, K, Rizzo, R, Chaisson, RE. Eleven years of community-based directly observed therapy for tuberculosis. JAMA. 1995;274:945951.Google Scholar
Getahun, H, Matteelli, A, Abubakar, I, et al. Management of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: WHO guidelines for low tuberculosis burden countries. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:15631576.Google Scholar
Lonnroth, K, Migliori, GB, Abubakar, I, et al. Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:928952.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease C, Prevention, American Thoracic S. Update: adverse event data and revised American Thoracic Society/CDC recommendations against the use of rifampin and pyrazinamide for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection–United States, 2003. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2003;52: 735739.Google Scholar
Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. American Thoracic Society. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000;49: 151.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Recommendations for use of an isoniazid-rifapentine regimen with direct observation to treat latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2011;60: 16501653.Google Scholar
Prevention CfDCa. Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Guide for Primary Healthcare Providers. Treatment of Latent TB Infection. Atlanta, Ga.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2013:36.Google Scholar
Treatment of Latent TB Infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2015. Available at www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/treatment/ltbi.htm. Accessed January 1, 2016.Google Scholar
Fraser, VJ, Kilo, CM, Bailey, TC, Medoff, G, Dunagan, WC. Screening of physicians for tuberculosis. J Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1994;15:95100.Google Scholar
Barrett-Connor, E. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in physicians. JAMA. 1979;241:3338.Google Scholar
Geiseler, PJ, Nelson, KE, Crispen, RG. Tuberculosis in physicians: compliance with preventive measures. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;135:39.Google Scholar
Camins, BC, Bock, N, Watkins, DL, Blumberg, HM. Acceptance of isoniazid preventive therapy by health care workers after tuberculin skin test conversion. JAMA. 1996;275:10131015.Google Scholar
Shukla, SJ, Warren, DK, Woeltje, KF, Gruber, CA, Fraser, VJ. Factors associated with the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers at a Midwestern teaching hospital. Chest. 2002;122:16091614.Google Scholar
Blumberg, HM, Kempker, RR. Interferon-gamma release assays for the evaluation of tuberculosis infection. JAMA. 2014;312:14601461.Google Scholar
Sahni, R, Miranda, C, Yen-Lieberman, B, et al. Does the implementation of an interferon-gamma release assay in lieu of a tuberculin skin test increase acceptance of preventive therapy for latent tuberculosis among healthcare workers? J Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:197199.Google Scholar
Young, KH, Ehman, M, Reves, R, et al. Tuberculosis contact investigations–United States, 2003–2012. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2016;64:13691374.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×