Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T20:00:44.991Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Social Capital: An Update

from III - Later Foundations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2021

Mario L. Small
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Brea L. Perry
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
Bernice Pescosolido
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
Edward B. Smith
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Illinois
Get access

Summary

Social capital, defined as resources embedded in social networks, is one of the most frequently employed and referenced concepts and theories in social sciences today (Burt 2019). This essay addresses the emergence of the theory, describes its measurements and research, and explores some key issues. While the essay focuses on individual-level (ego-based) theorization and research, the final section offers some suggestions on how its theoretical basis can be extended to community-level research as well.

Type
Chapter
Information
Personal Networks
Classic Readings and New Directions in Egocentric Analysis
, pp. 504 - 518
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bian, Yanjie. 1997. “Bringing Strong Ties Back In: Indirect Ties, Network Bridges, and Job Searches in China.American Sociological Review 62: 266–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bian, Yanjie. 2001/2017. “Guanxi Capital and Social Eating in Chinese Cities: Theoretical Models and Empirical Analyses,” pp. 275–95 in Social Capital: Theory and Research, edited by Lin, N., Cook, K., and Burt, R. S.. New York: Aldine.Google Scholar
Bian, Yanjie. 2008. “The Formation of Social Capital among Chinese Urbanites: Theoretical Explanation and Empirical Evidence,” pp. 81104 in Social Capital: An International Research Program, edited by Lin, Nan and Erickson, Bonnie. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bian, Yanjie. 2018. “The Prevalence and the Increasing Significance of Guanxi.The China Quarterly 235: 597621.Google Scholar
Bian, Yanjie. 2019. Guanxi: How China Works. Cambridge: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Bian, Yanjie, and Ang, Soon. 1999. “Guanxi Networks and Job Mobility in China and Singapore.” Social Forces 75: 9811006.Google Scholar
Bian, Yanjie, and Ikeda, Ken’ichi. 2014. “East Asian Social Networks,” pp. 417–45 in Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining, edited by Alhajj, R. and Rokne., J. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Bian, Yanjie, and Yu, Li. 2000. “Social Network Capital of the Chinese Family.Tsinghua Sociological Review 2: 118 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1983/1986. “The Forms of Capital,” pp. 241–58 in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by Richardson., J. G. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1984. “Network Items and the General Social Survey.Social Networks 6: 293339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2019. “Nan Lin and Social Capital,” pp. 436 in Social Capital, Social Support and Stratification, edited by Burt, R. S., Bian, Y., Song, L., and Lin, N.. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., and Batjargal, Bat. 2019. “Comparative Network Research in China.Management and Organization Review 15(1): 329.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., Bian, Yanjie, and Opper, Sonja. 2018. “More or Less Guanxi: Trust Is 60% Network Context, 10% Individual Difference.Social Networks 54: 1225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., and Burzynska, Katarzyna. 2017. “Chinese Entrepreneurs, Social Networks, and Guanxi.” Management and Organizational Research 13(2): 221–60.Google Scholar
Chen, Yunsong. 2020. Social Capital: A New Discourse. Beijing: Remin University Press.Google Scholar
Coleman, James S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cook, Karen S. 2005. “Networks, Norms and Trust: The Social Psychology of Social Capital.Social Psychology Quarterly 68(1): 414.Google Scholar
DiMaggio, Paul J., and Powell, Walter W.. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48(2): 147–60.Google Scholar
DiTomaso, Nancy, and Bian, Yanjie. 2018. “The Structure of Labor Markets in the U.S. and China: Social Capital and Guanxi.Management and Organization Review 14(1): 536.Google Scholar
Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Goodwin, Jeff. 1994. “Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency.American Journal of Sociology 99: 1411–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fei, Xiaotong. 1947/1992. From the Soil, The Foundations of Chinese Society. A Translation of Fei Xiaotong’s Xiangtu Zhongguo, with an Introduction and Epilogue by Gary Hamilton and Wang Zheng. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, Claude S. 1982. To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Flap, Henk, and Volker, Beate. 2004. Creation and Returns of Social Capital: A New Research Program. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flap, Henk, and Volker, Beate. 2008. “Social, Cultural and Economic Capital and Job Attainment: The Position Generator as a Measure of Cultural and Economic Resources,” in Social Capital: An International Research Program, edited by Lin, N. and Erickson., B. H. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fu, Yang-Chih. 2005. “Measuring Personal Networks with Daily Contacts: A Single-Item Survey Question and the Contact Diary.Social Networks 27: 169–86.Google Scholar
Galaskiewicz, Joseph, and Zaheer, Akbar. 1999. “Networks of Competitive Advantage.Research in the Sociology of Organizations 16: 237–61.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, Ricardo, Fuentes, Adolfo, and Munoz, Esteban. 2020. “On Social Capital and Health: The Moderating Role of Income Inequality in Comparative Perspective.” International Journal of Sociology 50(1): 6885.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1995. “Afterword,” pp. 13982 in Getting a Job, 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulati, Ranjay, Nohria, Nitin, and Zaheer, Akbar. 2000. “Strategic Networks.Strategic Management Journal 21: 203–15.Google Scholar
Homans, George C. 1950. The Human Group. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar
Hwang, Kwang-Kuo. 1987. “Face and Favor: The Chinese Power Game.American Journal of Sociology 92: 944–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joye, Dominique, Sapin, Marlene, and Wolf, Christof. 2019. Measuring Social Networks and Social Resources: An Exploratory ISSP Survey Around the World. Leibniz: Institut fur Sozialwissenschaften.Google Scholar
Kawachi, Ichiro, and Berkman, Lisa. 2000. “Social Cohesion, Social Capital, and Health,” pp. 174–90 in Social Epidemiology, edited by Berkman, L. and Kawachi., I. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kawachi, Ichiro, Kennedy, Bruce P., and Glass, Roberta. 1999. “Social Capital and Self-Rated Health: A Contextual Analysis.American Journal of Public Health 89(8): 1187–93.Google Scholar
Kawachi, Ichiro, Kennedy, Bruce P., Lochner, Kimberly, and Prothrow-Stith, D.. 1997. “Social Capital, Income Inequality and Mortality.American Journal of Public Health 87: 1491–8.Google Scholar
Kawachi, , Ichiro, S. Subramanian, V., and Kim, Daniel, (eds.). 2009. Social Capital and Health. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Kilduff, Martin, and Brass, Daniel. 2010. “Organizational Social Network Research: Core Ideas and Key Debates.Academy of Management Annuals 4: 317–57.Google Scholar
King, Ambrose. 1985. “The Individual and Group in Confucianism: A Relational Perspective,” pp. 5770 in Individualism and Holism: Studies in Confucian and Taoist Values, edited by Munro, D. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Knoke, David. 1999. “Organizational Networks as Social Capital,” pp. 530 in Corporate Social Capital and Liability, edited by Leenders, R. and Gabbay, S.. Dordrecht: Kluwer Press.Google Scholar
Laumann, Edward O. 1966. Prestige and Association in an Urban Community. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Li, Yaojun, Savage, Mike, and Pickles, Andrew. 2003. “Social Capital and Social Exclusion in England and Wales (1972–1999).The British Journal of Sociology 54(4): 497526.Google Scholar
Li, Yaojun, Savage, Mike, and Pickles, Andrew. 2005. “Social Capital and Social Trust in Britain.European Sociological Review 21(2): 109–23.Google Scholar
Li, Yaojun, Savage, Mike, and Warde, Alan. 2008. “Social Mobility and Social Capital in Contemporary Britain.The British Journal of Sociology 59(3): 391411.Google Scholar
Lin, Nan. 1989. “Chinese Family Structure and Chinese Society.Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology 65: 382–99.Google Scholar
Lin, Nan. 1999a. “Social Networks and Status Attainment.Annual Review of Sociology 25: 467–87.Google Scholar
Lin, Nan. 1999b. “Building a Network Theory of Social Capital.Connections 22(1): 2851.Google Scholar
Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. London and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lin, Nan, Dayton, Paul, and Greenwald, Peter. 1978. “Analyzing the Instrumental Use of Relations in the Context of Social Structure.Sociological Methods and Research 7: 149–66.Google Scholar
Lin, Nan, and Dumin, Mary. 1986. “Access to Occupations through Social Ties.Social Networks 8: 365–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Nan, Ensel, Walter M., and Vaughn, John C.. 1981. “Social Resources and Strength of Ties: Structural Factors in Occupational Status Attainment.American Sociological Review 46(4): 393405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Nan, and Erickson, Bonnie H., (eds.). 2008. Social Capital: An International Research Program. London and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lin, Nan, Yang-Chih, Fu, and Chen, Chih-Jou Jay, (eds.). 2014. Social Capital and Its Institutional Contingency: A Study of the United States, China and Taiwan. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Marsden, Peter V. 1987. “Core Discussion Networks of Americans.American Sociological Review 52: 122–31.Google Scholar
Marsden, Peter V. 1988. “Homogeneity in Confiding Networks.Social Networks 10: 5776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marx, Karl (McLellan, David, ed.). 1995 [1867, 1885, 1894]. Capital: A New Abridgement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich. 2004 [1848]. “Manifesto of the Communist Party.”Google Scholar
McPherson, Miller, Smith-Lovin, Lynn, and Brashears, Matthew E.. 2006. “Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades.American Sociological Review 71: 353–75.Google Scholar
McPherson, Miller, Smith-Lovin, Lynn, and Cook, James M.. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merton, Robert. 1954. “Friendship as Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis (Part One – Substantive Analysis),” in Freedom and Control in Modern Society, edited by Berger, M., Abel, T., and Page., C. New York: D. Van Nostrand.Google Scholar
Pachucki, Mark, and Breiger, Ronald. 2010. “Cultural Holes: Beyond Relationality in Social Networks and Culture.Annual Review of Sociology 36: 205–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podolny, Joel M., and Page, Karen L.. 1998. “Network Forms of Organization. Annual Review of Sociology 24: 5776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, Woody W., and Smith-Doerr., Larry 1994. “Networks and Economic Life,” pp. 368402 in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Smelser, Neil J. and Swedberg, Richard. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 1993. “The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life.The American Prospect 13: 3542.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 1995a. “Bowling Alone: American’s Declining Social Capital.Journal of Democracy 6(1): 6578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 1995b. “Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America.Political Science and Politics 28(4): 120.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 2004. Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 2007. “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-First Century.Scandinavian Political Studies 30(2): 137–74.Google Scholar
Sapin, Marlene, Joye, Dominique, and Wolf, Christof. 2020. “The ISSP 2017 Social Networks and Social Resources Module.International Journal of Sociology 50(1): 125.Google Scholar
Small, Mario L. 2009. Unanticipated Gains: Origins of Network Inequality in Everyday Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Small, Mario L. 2017. Someone To Talk To: How Networks Matter in Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Son, Joonmo. 2019. “Delimitation of Social Capital: Trust as Precondition.” Presented at the International Workshop on Social Capital and Aging, December 27, Singapore.Google Scholar
Son, Joonmo. 2020. Social Capital. London: Polity.Google Scholar
Son, Joonmo, and Lin, Nan. 2008. “Social Capital and Civic Action: A Network-based Approach.Social Science Research 37: 330–49.Google Scholar
Song, Lijun. 2019. “Nan Lin and Social Support,” pp. 78106 in Social Capital, Social Support and Stratification, edited by Burt, R. S., Bian, Y., Song, L., and Lin, N.. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Song, Lijun and Pettis, Philip J.. 2020. “Does Whom You Know in the Status Hierarchy Prevent or Trigger Health Limitation? Institutional Embeddedness of Social Capital and Social Cost Theories in Three Societies.” Social Science and Medicine 257: 111959.Google Scholar
Stockmann, Daniela, et al. 2020. “The Political Position Generator – A New Instrument for Measuring Political Ties in China.” Social Networks 63: 70–9.Google Scholar
Sung, Pildoo. 2019. “Social Capital and Life Satisfaction: A Crossnational Comparison.” Presented at the International Workshop on Social Capital and Aging, National University of Singapore, December 27.Google Scholar
van der Gaag, Martin, and Snijders, Tom. 2005. “The Resource Generator: Social Capital Quantification with Concrete Items.Social Networks 27: 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volker, Beate. 2020. “Social Capital Across the Life Course: Accumulation, Diminution, or Segregation?Network Science 8(3): 313–32.Google Scholar
Walder, Andrew. 1986. Communist Neo-traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wank, David. 1999. Commodifying Communism: Business, Trust, and Politics in a Chinese City. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wellman, Barry. 1979. “The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers.American Journal of Sociology 84: 1201–31.Google Scholar
Yang, Mayfair. 1994. Gifts, Favors, and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×