Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-grxwn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-09T14:35:45.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Structure and Function of the Olfactory System

from Section I - Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology: Olfactory Clues to Brain Development and Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 August 2009

By
Alan Mackay-Sim  and
Jean-Pierre Royet
Edited by
Warrick J. Brewer ,
David Castle  and
Christos Pantelis
Foreword by
Peter Doherty
Warrick J. Brewer
Affiliation:
Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Melbourne
David Castle
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
Christos Pantelis
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
Get access

Summary

Introduction

The olfactory system comprises a sensory organ (the olfactory epithelium) and specific olfactory brain regions, the first of which is the olfactory bulb. The perception of odours poses interesting and different problems for the nervous system – problems unique to the odorous world. The first of these is that there is no single dimension that relates stimulus to sensation. Vision and hearing are stimulated by predictable variations in frequencies of light and sound; touch by variations in frequencies of pressure on the skin. Odorant molecules have no obvious connections with each other except that they are odorous – that is, they evoke sensations in the olfactory system. The second unique attribute of the olfactory system is that there seems to be no limit to the number of odorous molecules that can be detected and described. Vision, hearing and touch all operate within limited spectra of light, sound and pressure, predictable spectra to which the systems have evolved. Odorous molecules are mainly limited to molecules of 200 to 400 mW but within that range, there are essentially an infinite number of odorous molecules. The molecular structures are highly variable and no individual or group of individuals has been exposed to all of the range, or possibly even the majority of the range.

How, then, could a system evolve to detect and respond to such an open ended set of stimuli?

Keywords

chemosensory systemsfunctional magnetic resonance imaginghuman brainnasal chemoreceptionolfactory bulbolfactory epitheliumneural activityodorant moleculespositron emission tomography
Type
Chapter
Information
Olfaction and the Brain , pp. 3 - 27
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, A. & Mathai, K. V. (1983) The effect of right temporal lobe lesions on matching of smells. Neuropsychologia, 21, 277–81.Google Scholar
Allison, A. C. (1954) The secondary olfactory areas in the human brain. J Anat, 88, 481–90.Google Scholar
Amaral, D. G., Insausti, R. & Cowan, W. M. (1987) The entorhinal cortex of the monkey: I. Cytoarchitectonic organization. J Comp Neurol, 264, 326–55.Google Scholar
Anderson, A. K., Christoff, K., Stappen, I., et al. (2003) Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction. Nature Neurosci, 6, 196–202.Google Scholar
Araneda, R. C., Peterlin, Z., Zhang, X., et al. (2004) A pharmacological profile of the aldehyde receptor repertoire in rat olfactory epithelium. J Physiol, 555, 743–56.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. (1996 )The fractionation of working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 13468–72.Google Scholar
Banzett, R. B., Mulnier, H. E., Murphy, K., et al. (2000) Breathlessness in humans activates insular cortex. Neuroreport, 11, 2117–20.Google Scholar
Benjamin, R. M. & Jackson, J. C. (1974) Unit discharges in the mediodorsal nucleus of the squirrel monkey evoked by electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb. Brain Res, 75, 181–91.Google Scholar
Bennett, M. H. (1968) The role of the anterior limb of the anterior commissure in olfaction. Physiol Behav, 3, 507–15.Google Scholar
Bisulco, S. & Slotnick, B. (2003) Olfactory discrimination of short chain fatty acids in rats with large bilateral lesions of the olfactory bulbs. Chem Senses, 28, 361–70.Google Scholar
Brodmann, K. (1909) Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Großhirninde. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth.
Bryden, M. P. & Bulman–Fleming, M. B. (1994) Laterality effects in normal subjects: Evidence for interhemispheric interactions. Behav Brain Res, 64, 119–29.Google Scholar
Buck, L. & Axel, R. (1991) A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: A molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell, 65, 175–87.Google Scholar
Cajal, R. y. (1901–1902) Estudios sobre la corteza cerebral humana. Trab Inst Cajal Invest Biol, 1, 1–227.Google Scholar
Carmichael, S. T., Clugnet, M. C. & Price, J. L. (1994) Central olfactory connections in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol, 346, 403–34.Google Scholar
Casey, K. L., Minoshima, S., Morrow, T. J., et al. (1996) Comparison of human cerebral activation pattern during cutaneous warmth, heat pain, and deep cold pain. J Neurophysiol, 76, 571–81.Google Scholar
Cerf-Ducastel, B. & Murphy, C. (2001) fMRI activation in response to odorants orally delivered in aqueous solutions. Chem Senses, 26, 625–37.Google Scholar
Cinelli, A. R., Ferreyra-Moyano, H. & Barragan, E. (1987) Reciprocal functional connections of the olfactory bulbs and other olfactory related areas with the prefrontal cortex. Brain Res Bull, 19, 651–61.Google Scholar
Coopersmith, R. & Leon, M. (1984) Enhanced neural response to familiar olfactory cues. Science, 225, 849–51.Google Scholar
Critchley, H. D. & Rolls, E. T. (1996) Olfactory neuronal responses in the primate orbitofrontal cortex: analysis in an olfactory discrimination task. J Neurophysiol, 75, 1659–72.Google Scholar
Dade, L. A., Zatorre, R. J., Evans, A. C., et al. (2001) Working memory in another dimension: Functional imaging of human olfactory working memory. Neuroimage, 14, 650–60.Google Scholar
Dade, L. A., Zatorre, R. J. & Jones-Gotman, M. (2002) Olfactory learning: Convergent findings from lesion and brain imaging studies in humans. Brain, 125, 86–101.Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R., Grabowski, T. J., Bechara, A., et al. (2000) Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nat Neurosci, 3, 1049–56.Google Scholar
Doty, R. L., Brugger, W. E., Jurs, P. C., et al. (1978) Intranasal trigeminal stimulation from odorous volatiles: Psychometric responses from anosmic and normal humans. Physiol Behav, 20, 175–87.Google Scholar
Doty, R. L., Bartoshuk, L. M. & Snow, J. B. (1991) Causes of olfactory and gustatory disorders. In Smell and Taste in Health and Disease (eds Getchell, T. V., Doty, R. L., Bartoshuk, L. M., et al.), pp. 449–62. New York: Raven Press.
Doty, R. L., Bromley, S. M., Moberg, P. J., et al. (1997) Laterality in Human Nasal Chemoreception. In Cerebral Asymmetries in Sensory and Perceptual Processing (ed Christman, S.), pp. 497–542. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Duchamp-Viret, P., Chaput, M. A. & Duchamp, A. (1999) Odor response properties of rat olfactory receptor neurons. Science, 284, 2171–4.Google Scholar
Eichenbaum, H., Shedlack, K. J. & Eckmann, K. W. (1980) Thalamocortical mechanisms in odor-guided behavior. I. Effects of lesions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and frontal cortex on olfactory discrimination in the rat. Brain Behav Evol, 17, 255–75.Google Scholar
Eichenbaum, H., Morton, T. H., Potter, H., et al. (1983) Selective olfactory deficits in case H.M. Brain, 106, 459–72.Google Scholar
Engen, T. & McBurney, D. H. (1964) Magnitude and category scales of the pleasantness of odors. J Exp Psychol, 68, 435–40.Google Scholar
Eskenazi, B., Cain, W. S., Lipsitt, E. D., et al. (1988) Olfactory functioning and callosotomy: A report of two cases. Yale J Biol Med, 61, 447–56.Google Scholar
Eslinger, P. J., Damasio, A. R. & Hoesen, G. W. (1982) Olfactory dysfunction in man: Anatomical and behavioral aspects. Brain Cognition, 1, 259–85.Google Scholar
Faurion, A., Cerf, B., Moortele, P. F., et al. (1999) Human taste cortical areas studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging: evidence of functional lateralization related to handedness. Neurosci Lett, 277, 189–92.Google Scholar
Féron, F., Perry, C., McGrath, J. J., et al. (1998) New techniques for biopsy and culture of human olfactory epithelial neurons. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 124, 861–6.Google Scholar
Francis, S., Rolls, E. T., Bowtell, R., et al. (1999) The representation of pleasant touch in the brain and its relationship with taste and olfactory areas. Neuroreport, 10, 453–9.Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S., Risse, G. L., Springer, S. P., et al. (1975) Psychologic and neurologic consequences of partial and complete cerebral commissurotomy. Neurology, 25, 10–15.Google Scholar
Gerfen, C. R. & Clavier, R. M. (1979) Neural inputs to the prefrontal agranular insular cortex in the rat: horseradish peroxidase study. Brain Res Bull, 4, 347–53.Google Scholar
Gilbertson, T. A., Damak, S. & Margolskee, R. F. (2000) The molecular physiology of taste transduction. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 10, 519–27.Google Scholar
Glusman, G., Yanai, I., Rubin, I., et al. (2001) The complete human olfactory subgenome. Genome Res, 11, 685–702.Google Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) Architecture of the prefrontal cortex and the central executive. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 769, 71–83.Google Scholar
Gordon, H. W. & Sperry, R. W. (1969) Lateralization of olfactory perception in the surgically separated hemispheres of man. Neuropsychologia, 7, 111–20.Google Scholar
Gottfried, J. A., Deichmann, R., Winston, J. S., et al. (2002) Functional heterogeneity in human olfactory cortex: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci, 22, 10819–28.Google Scholar
Haberly, L. B. & Bower, J. M. (1989) Olfactory cortex: Model circuit for study of associative memory?TINS, 12, 258–64.Google Scholar
Hasselmo, M. E. & Barkai, E. (1995) Cholinergic modulation of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the piriform cortex and associative memory function in a network biophysical simulation. J Neurosci, 15, 6592–604.Google Scholar
Heimer, L., Zaborsky, L., Zahm, D. S., et al. (1987) The ventral striatopallidothalamic projections: I. The striatopallidal link originating in the strial parts of the olfactory tubercle. J Comp Neurol, 255, 571–91.Google Scholar
Insausti, R., Tuñón, T., Sobreviela, T., et al. (1995) The human entorhinal cortex. A cytoarchitectonic analysis. J Comp Neurol, 355, 171–98.Google Scholar
Johnson, B. A., Woo, C. C. & Leon, M. (1998) Spatial coding of odorant features in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol, 393, 457–71.Google Scholar
Jones-Gotman, M. & Zatorre, R. J. (1993) Odor recognition memory in humans – Role of right temporal and orbitofrontal regions. Brain Cognition, 22, 182–98.Google Scholar
Jung, M. W., Larson, J. & Lynch, G. (1990) Long-term potentiation of monosynaptic EPSPS in rat piriform cortex invitro. Synapse, 6, 279–83.Google Scholar
Kareken, D. A., Doty, R. L., Moberg, P. J., et al. (2001) Olfactory-evoked regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 15, 18–29.Google Scholar
Kareken, D. A., Mosnik, D. M., Doty, R. L., et al. (2003) Functional anatomy of human odor sensation, discrimination, and identification in health and aging. Neuropsychology, 17, 482–95.Google Scholar
Kauer, J. S. & White, J. (2001) Imaging and coding in the olfactory system. Annu Rev Neurosci, 24, 963–79.Google Scholar
Krettek, J. E. & Price, J. L. (1978) Amygdaloid projections to subcortical structures within the basal forebrain and brainstem in the rat and cat. J Comp Neurol, 178, 225–54.Google Scholar
Kucharski, D. & Hall, W. G. (1987) New routes to early memories. Science, 238, 786–8.Google Scholar
Laing, D. G. & Francis, G. W. (1989) The capacity of humans to identify odors in mixtures. Physiol Behav, 46, 809–14.Google Scholar
Leon, M. & Johnson, B. A. (2003) Olfactory coding in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 42, 23–32.Google Scholar
Leopold, D. A., Hummel, T., Schwob, J. E., et al. (2000) Anterior distribution of human olfactory epithelium. Laryngoscope, 110, 417–21.Google Scholar
Levy, L. M., Henkin, R. I., Hutter, A., et al. (1997) Functional MRI of human olfaction. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 21, 849–56.Google Scholar
Linster, C., Johnson, B. A., Morse, A., et al. (2002) Spontaneous versus reinforced olfactory discriminations. J Neurosci, 22, 6842–5.Google Scholar
Linster, C., Johnson, B. A., Yue, E., et al. (2001) Perceptual correlates of neural representations evoked by odorant enantiomers. J Neurosci, 21, 9837–43.Google Scholar
Litaudon, P., Mouly, A. M., Sullivan, R., et al. (1997) Learning-induced changes in rat piriform cortex activity mapped using multisite recording with voltage sensitive dye. Eur J Neurosci, 9, 1593–1602.Google Scholar
Lowe, G. (2003) Electrical signaling in the olfactory bulb. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 13, 476–81.Google Scholar
Mair, R. G. & Engen, T. (1976) Some effects of aphasic lesions on order perception. Sens Processes, 1, 33–9.Google Scholar
McLean, J. H. & Harley, C. W. (2004) Olfactory learning in the rat pup: A model that may permit visualization of a mammalian memory trace. Neuroreport, 15, 1691–7.Google Scholar
McLean, J. H., Harley, C. W., Darby-King, A., et al. (1999) pCREB in the neonate rat olfactory bulb is selectively and transiently increased by odor preference-conditioned training. Learn Mem, 6, 608–18.Google Scholar
McLean, J. H. & Shipley, M. T. (1987) Serotonergic afferents to the rat olfactory bulb: I. Origins and laminar specificity of serotonergic inputs in the adult rat. J Neurosci, 7, 3016–28.Google Scholar
Mombaerts, P., Wang, F., Dulac, C., et al. (1996) Visualizing an olfactory sensory map. Cell, 87, 675–86.Google Scholar
Mori, K. (1987) Membrane and synaptic properties of identified neurons in the olfactory bulb. Prog Neurobiol, 29, 275–320.Google Scholar
Mori, K., Nagao, H. & Yoshihara, Y. (1999) The olfactory bulb: Coding and processing of odor molecule information. Science, 286, 711–15.Google Scholar
Morris, J. S., Friston, K. J., Buchel, C., et al. (1998) A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions. Brain, 121 (Pt 1), 47–57.Google Scholar
O'Doherty, J., Rolls, E. T., Bowtell, R., et al. (2000) Sensory-specific satiety-related olfactory activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex. Neuroreport, 11, 399–403.Google Scholar
Pager, J., Giachetti, I., Holley, A., et al. (1972) A selective control of olfactory bulb electrical activity in relation to food deprivation and satiety in rats. Physiol Behav, 9, 573–9.Google Scholar
Peiffer, C., Poline, J. B., Thivard, L., et al. (2001) Neural substrates for the perception of acutely induced dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163, 951–7.Google Scholar
Petrides, M. & Pandya, D. N., (1994) Comparative architectonic analysis of the human and the macaque frontal cortex. In Handbook of Neuropsychology (eds Boller, F. & Grafman, J.), pp. 17–58. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Peyron, R., Laurent, B. & Garcia-Larrea, L. (2000) Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis. Neurophysiol Clin, 30, 263–88.Google Scholar
Plailly, J., Bensafi, M., Pachot, M., et al. (2003) Functional anatomy of the task of odor familiarity judgment: Influence of handedness. Chem Senses, 28, E45.Google Scholar
Poellinger, A., Thomas, R., Lio, P., et al. (2001) Activation and habituation in olfaction – An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 13, 547–60.Google Scholar
Potter, H. & Nauta, W. J. (1979) A note on the problem of olfactory associations of the orbitofrontal cortex in the monkey. Neuroscience, 4, 361–7.Google Scholar
Powell, T. P., Cowan, W. M. & Raisman, G. (1965) The central olfactory connexions. J Anat, 99, 791–813.Google Scholar
Price, J. L. (1990) Olfactory system. In The Human Nervous System (ed Paxinos, G.), pp. 979–98. San Diego: Academic Press.
Price, J. L. & Powell, T. P. (1970) An experimental study of the origin and the course of the centrifugal fibres to the olfactory bulb in the rat. J Anat, 107, 215–37.Google Scholar
Price, J. L. & Slotnick, B. M. (1983) Dual olfactory representation in the rat thalamus: An anatomical and electrophysiological study. J Comp Neurol, 215, 62–77.Google Scholar
Qureshy, A., Kawashima, R., Imran, M. B., et al. (2000) Functional mapping of human brain in olfactory processing: A PET study. J Neurophysiol, 84, 1656–66.Google Scholar
Rainville, P., Carrier, B., Hofbauer, R. K., et al. (1999) Dissociation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain using hypnotic modulation. Pain, 82, 159–71.Google Scholar
Rauch, S. L., Savage, C. R., Alpert, N. M., et al. (1995) A positron emission tomographic study of simple phobic symptom provocation. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 20–8.Google Scholar
Rausch, R., Serafetinides, E. A. & Crandall, P. H. (1977) Olfactory memory in patients with anterior temporal lobectomy. Cortex, 13, 445–52.Google Scholar
Reiman, E. M. (1997) The application of positron emission tomography to the study of normal and pathologic emotions. J Clin Psychiatry, 58 Suppl 16, 4–12.Google Scholar
Ressler, K. J., Sullivan, S. L. & Buck, L. B. (1993) A zonal organization of odorant receptor gene expression in the olfactory epithelium. Cell, 73, 597–609.Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T. (1999) The Brain and Emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rolls, E. T. (2004) The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex. Brain Cog, 55, 11–29.Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T., Kringelbach, M. L. & Araujo, I. E. T. (2003) Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the human brain. Eur J Neurosci, 18, 695–703.Google Scholar
Royet, J. P., Hudry, J., Zald, D. H., et al. (2001) Functional neuroanatomy of different olfactory judgments. Neuroimage, 13, 506–19.Google Scholar
Royet, J. P., Koenig, O., Gregoire, M. C., et al. (1999) Functional anatomy of perceptual and semantic processing for odors. J Cognitive Neurosci, 11, 94–109.Google Scholar
Royet, J. P. & Pager, J. (1980) Neophobic behavior to food and electrical responses of olfactory bulb in rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol, 94, 255–62.Google Scholar
Royet, J. P. & Pager, J. (1981) Olfactory bulb responsiveness to an aversive or novel food odor in the unrestrained rat. Brain Res Bull, 7, 375–8.Google Scholar
Royet, J. P. & Plailly, J. (2004) Lateralization of olfactory processes. Chem Senses, 29, 731–45.Google Scholar
Royet, J. P., Plailly, J., Delon-Martin, C., et al. (2003) fMRI of emotional responses to odors: Influence of hedonic valence and judgment, handedness, and gender. Neuroimage, 20, 713–28.Google Scholar
Royet, J. P., Souchier, C., Jourdan, F., et al. (1988) Morphometric study of the glomerular population in the mouse olfactory bulb: Numerical density and size distribution along the rostrocaudal axis. J Comp Neurol, 270, 559–68.Google Scholar
Royet, J. P., Zald, D., Versace, R., et al. (2000) Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant olfactory, visual, and auditory stimuli: A positron emission tomography study. J Neurosci, 20, 7752–9.Google Scholar
Savic, I. & Berglund, H. (2004) Passive perception of odors and semantic circuits. Hum Brain Mapp, 21, 271–8.Google Scholar
Savic, I. & Gulyas, B. (2000) PET shows that odors are processed both ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the stimulated nostril. Neuroreport, 11, 2861–6.Google Scholar
Savic, I., Gulyas, B., Larsson, M., et al. (2000) Olfactory functions are mediated by parallel and hierarchical processing. Neuron, 26, 735–45.Google Scholar
Savic, I., Gulyas, B. & Berglund, H. (2002) Odorant differentiated pattern of cerebral activation: Comparison of acetone and vanillin. Hum Brain Mapp, 17, 17–27.Google Scholar
Scott, J. W. & Leonard, C. M. (1971) The olfactory connections of the lateral hypothalamus in the rat, mouse and hamster. J Comp Neurol, 141, 331–44.Google Scholar
Shipley, M. T. & Adamek, G. D. (1984) The connection of the mouse olfactory bulb: A study using orthograde and retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxydase. Brain Res Bull, 12, 669–88.Google Scholar
Shipley, M. T. & Reyes, P. (1991) Anatomy of the human olfactory bulb and central olfactory pathways. In The Human Sense of Smell (eds Laing, D. G., Doty, R. L. & Breipohl, W.), pp. 29–60. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Silver, W. L. & Finger, T. E. (1991) The trigeminal system. In Smell and Taste in Health and Disease (eds Getchell, T. V.et al.), pp. 97–108. New York: Raven Press.
Small, D. M., Jones-Gotman, M., Zatorre, R. J., et al. (1997) Flavor processing: More than the sum of its parts. Neuroreport, 8, 3913–17.Google Scholar
Small, D. M., Zald, D. H., Jones-Gotman, M., et al. (1999) Human cortical gustatory areas: A review of functional neuroimaging data. Neuroreport, 10, 7–14.Google Scholar
Small, D. M., Gregory, M. D., Mak, E., et al. (2003) Dissociation of neural representation of intensity and affective valuation in human gustation. Neuron, 39, 701–11.Google Scholar
Sobel, N., Prabhakaran, V., Desmond, J. E., et al. (1997) A method for functional magnetic resonance imaging of olfaction. J Neurosci Methods, 78, 115–23.Google Scholar
Sobel, N., Prabhakaran, V., Hartley, C. A., et al. (1998) Odorant-induced and sniff-induced activation in the cerebellum of the human. J Neurosci, 18, 8990–9001.Google Scholar
Sobel, N., Prabhakaran, V., Zhao, Z., et al. (2000) Time course of odorant-induced activation in the human primary olfactory cortex. J Neurophysiol, 83, 537–51.Google Scholar
Squire, L. R., Stark, C. E. & Clark, R. E. (2004) The medial temporal lobe. Annu Rev Neurosci, 27, 279–306.Google Scholar
Tataranni, P. A., Gautier, J. F., Chen, K., et al. (1999) Neuroanatomical correlates of hunger and satiation in humans using positron emission tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 4569–74.Google Scholar
Turner, B. H., Gupta, K. C. & Mishkin, M. (1978) The locus and cytoarchitecture of the projection areas of the olfactory bulb in Macaca mulatta. J Comp Neurol, 177, 381–96.Google Scholar
Hoesen, G. W., Hyman, B. T. & Damasio, A. R. (1991) Entorhinal cortex pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampus, 1, 1–8.Google Scholar
Bonin, G. & Green, J. R. (1949) Connections between orbital cortex and diencephalon in the macaque. J Comp Neurol, 92, 243–54.Google Scholar
Walker, A. E. (1940) A cytoarchitectural study of the prefrontal area of the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol, 73, 59–86.Google Scholar
Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., et al. (2003) Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655–64.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. A., Fletcher, M. L. & Sullivan, R. M. (2004) Acetylcholine and olfactory perceptual learning. Learn Mem, 11, 28–34.Google Scholar
Yousem, D. M., Williams, S. C. R., Howard, R. O., et al. (1997) Functional mr imaging during odor stimulation: Preliminary Data. Radiology, 204, 833–8.Google Scholar
Zald, D. (2003) The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli. Brain Res Rev, 41, 88–123.Google Scholar
Zald, D. H., Donndelinger, M. J. & Pardo, J. V. (1998) Elucidating dynamic brain interactions with across-subjects correlational analyses of positron emission tomographic data: The functional connectivity of the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex during olfactory tasks. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol, 18, 896–905.Google Scholar
Zald, D. H. & Pardo, J. V. (1997) Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Science USA, 94, 4119–24.Google Scholar
Zald, D. H., Lee, J. T., Fluegel, K. W., et al. (1998) Aversive gustatory stimulation activates limbic circuits in humans. Brain, 121 (Pt 6), 1143–54.Google Scholar
Zald, D. H., Lee, J. T., Fluegel, K. W., et al. (2000) Functional neuroimaging of the olfactory system in humans. Int J Psychophysiol, 36, 165–81.Google Scholar
Zatorre, R. J. & Jones-Gotman, M. (1991) Human olfactory discrimination after unilateral frontal or temporal lobectomy. Brain, 114 (Pt 1A), 71–84.Google Scholar
Zatorre, R. J. & Jones-Gotman, M. (2000) Functional imaging of the chemical senses. In Brain Mapping: The Systems (ed Toga, A. W. & Mazziotta, J. C.), pp. 403–24. San Diego: Academic Press.
Zatorre, R. J., Jones-Gotman, M., Evans, A. C., et al. (1992) Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex. Nature, 360, 339–40.Google Scholar
Zucco, G. M. & Tressoldi, P. E. (1988) Hemispheric differences in odour recognition. Cortex, 25, 607–15.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×