Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T21:25:31.919Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 43 - Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 September 2017

By
Mohamad Hamdi
Edited by
Martin Olsen
Martin Olsen
Affiliation:
East Tennessee State University
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Obstetric Care , pp. 399 - 410
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Imes, CC, Burke, LE. The obesity epidemic: The United States as a cautionary tale for the rest of the world. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2014;1(2):82–8.Google Scholar
Yang, J, Cummings, EA, O’Connell, C, Jangaard, K. Fetal and neonatal outcomes of diabetic pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(3 Pt 1):644–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, KM, Pressman, EK, Hackney, DN, Thornburg, LL. Perinatal outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients matched by body mass index. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(6):611–5.Google Scholar
Coustan, DR. Gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1993;16 Suppl 3:8–15.Google Scholar
White, P. Pregnancy complicating diabetes. Am J Med. 1949;7(5):609–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Diabetes A. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33 Suppl 1:S62–9.Google Scholar
Use of Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus: Abbreviated Report of a WHO Consultation. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva, 2011.Google Scholar
American Diabetes A. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2014. Diabetes Care. 2014;37 Suppl 1:S14–80.Google Scholar
Committee on Practice Bulletins--Obstetrics. Practice Bulletin No. 137: Gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(2 Pt 1):406–16.Google Scholar
Danilenko-Dixon, DR, Van Winter, JT, Nelson, RL, Ogburn, PL, Jr. Universal versus selective gestational diabetes screening: application of 1997 American Diabetes Association recommendations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(4):798–802.Google Scholar
Metzger, BE, Buchanan, TA, Coustan, DR, de Leiva, A, Dunger, DB, Hadden, DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30 Suppl 2:S251-60.Google Scholar
Lowe, LP, Metzger, BE, Dyer, AR, Lowe, J, McCance, DR, Lappin, TR, et al. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: associations of maternal A1C and glucose with pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):574–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Association of Diabetes, Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus P, Metzger, BE, Gabbe, SG, Persson, B, Buchanan, TA, et al. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3):676–82.Google Scholar
Klein, BE. Overview of epidemiologic studies of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthal Epidemiol. 2007;14(4):179–83.Google Scholar
Verier-Mine, O, Chaturvedi, N, Webb, D, Fuller, JH. Is pregnancy a risk factor for microvascular complications? The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabet Med. 2005;22(11):1503–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chew, EY, Mills, JL, Metzger, BE, Remaley, NA, Jovanovic-Peterson, L, Knopp, RH, et al. Metabolic control and progression of retinopathy. The Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(5):631–7.Google Scholar
Diabetes, C, Complications Trial Research G. Effect of pregnancy on microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(8):1084–91.Google Scholar
The Kroc Collaborative Study Group. Diabetic retinopathy after two years of intensified insulin treatment. Follow-up of the Kroc Collaborative Study. JAMA. 1988;260(1):37–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Diabetic Retinopathy, Preferred Practice Pattern. Updated 2016.Google Scholar
Kitzmiller, JL, Block, JM, Brown, FM, Catalano, PM, Conway, DL, Coustan, DR, et al. Managing preexisting diabetes for pregnancy: Summary of evidence and consensus recommendations for care. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5):1060–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, LR, Damm, P, Mathiesen, ER. Improved pregnancy outcome in type 1 diabetic women with microalbuminuria or diabetic nephropathy: Effect of intensified antihypertensive therapy? Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):38–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, MA, Hague, WM, Higgins, J, Lowe, S, McCowan, L, Oats, J, et al. The detection, investigation and management of hypertension in pregnancy: Full consensus statement. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;40(2):139–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Shotan, A, Widerhorn, J, Hurst, A, Elkayam, U. Risks of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition during pregnancy: Experimental and clinical evidence, potential mechanisms, and recommendations for use. Am J Med. 1994;96(5):451–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alwan, S, Polifka, JE, Friedman, JM. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist treatment during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2005;73(2):123–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CDC. Chronic Kidney disease issue brief. 2015.Google Scholar
Landon, MB. Diabetic nephropathy and pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;50(4):998–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, DB, Koontz, GL, Gardella, C, Holing, EV, Brateng, DA, Brown, ZA, et al. Diabetic nephropathy in pregnancy: Suboptimal hypertensive control associated with preterm delivery. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19(5):513–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sibai, BM. Risk factors, pregnancy complications, and prevention of hypertensive disorders in women with pregravid diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Med. 2000;9(1):62–5.Google Scholar
Gabbe, SG, Graves, CR. Management of diabetes mellitus complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(4):857–68.Google ScholarPubMed
Miodovnik, M, Rosenn, BM, Khoury, JC, Grigsby, JL, Siddiqi, TA. Does pregnancy increase the risk for development and progression of diabetic nephropathy? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(4):1180–9; discussion 9–91.Google Scholar
Oliver, R, Jagadeesan, P, Howard, RJ, Nikookam, K. Euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy: An unusual presentation. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;27(3):308.Google Scholar
Parker, JA, Conway, DL. Diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2007;34(3):533–43, xii.Google Scholar
Bulletins, ACoP. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists. Number 60, March 2005. Pregestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(3):675–85.Google Scholar
Miodovnik, M, Lavin, JP, Knowles, HC, Holroyde, J, Stys, SJ. Spontaneous abortion among insulin-dependent diabetic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;150(4):372–6.Google Scholar
Jensen, DM, Damm, P, Moelsted-Pedersen, L, Ovesen, P, Westergaard, JG, Moeller, M, et al. Outcomes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies: a nationwide, population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(12):2819–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evers, IM, de Valk, HW, Visser, GH. Risk of complications of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes: Nationwide prospective study in the Netherlands. BMJ. 2004;328(7445):915.Google Scholar
Macintosh, MC, Fleming, KM, Bailey, JA, Doyle, P, Modder, J, Acolet, D, et al. Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies in babies of women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: Population based study. BMJ. 2006;333(7560):177.Google Scholar
Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management of Diabetes and Its Complications from Preconception to the Postnatal Period. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. London 2008.Google Scholar
Reece, EA, Sivan, E, Francis, G, Homko, CJ. Pregnancy outcomes among women with and without diabetic microvascular disease (White’s classes B to FR) versus non-diabetic controls. Am J Perinatol. 1998;15(9):549–55.Google Scholar
Cousins, L. Etiology and prevention of congenital anomalies among infants of overt diabetic women. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1991;34(3):481–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, AT, Reis, D, Eriksson, UJ. Hyperglycemia-induced embryonic dysmorphogenesis correlates with genomic DNA mutation frequency in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes. 1999;48(2):371–6.Google Scholar
Acker, DB, Sachs, BP, Friedman, EA. Risk factors for shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;66(6):762–8.Google Scholar
Rouse, DJ, Owen, J, Goldenberg, RL, Cliver, SP. The effectiveness and costs of elective cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by ultrasound. JAMA. 1996;276(18):1480–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 49, December 2003: Dystocia and augmentation of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(6):1445–54.Google Scholar
Robert, MF, Neff, RK, Hubbell, JP, Taeusch, HW, Avery, ME. Association between maternal diabetes and the respiratory-distress syndrome in the newborn. N Engl J Med. 1976;294(7):357–60.Google Scholar
Francois, R, Picaud, JJ, Ruitton-Ugliengo, A, David, L, Cartal, MJ, Bauer, D. The newborn of diabetic mothers. Observations on 154 cases, 1958–1972. Biol Neonate. 1974;24(1):1–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Persson, B, Gentz, J, Kellum, M. Metabolic observations in infants of strictly controlled diabetic mothers. Plasma levels of glucose, FFA, glycerol and B-beta-hydroxybutyrate during the first two hours after birth. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1973;62(5):465–73.Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. Initial evaluation and diabetes management planning. Diabetes Care. 2015;38 Suppl:S17–9.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Practice Bulletins--Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Number 30, September 2001 (replaces Technical Bulletin Number 200, December 1994). Gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98(3):525–38.Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. Management of diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2016;39 Suppl 1:S94–8.Google Scholar
McFarland, MB, Langer, O, Conway, DL, Berkus, MD. Dietary therapy for gestational diabetes: How long is long enough? Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93(6):978–82.Google Scholar
Committee on Obstetric P. ACOG committee opinion. Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Number 267, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;77(1):79–81.Google Scholar
RCOG. Exercise in pregnancy. Statement number 4. 2006.Google Scholar
Davies, GA, Wolfe, LA, Mottola, MF, MacKinnon, C, Society of Obstetricians and gynecologists of Canada, SOGC Clinical Practice Obstetrics Committee. Joint SOGC/CSEP clinical practice guideline: Exercise in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Can J Appl Physiol. 2003;28(3):330–41.Google Scholar
Kiel, DW, Dodson, EA, Artal, R, Boehmer, TK, Leet, TL. Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in obese women: How much is enough? Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(4):752–8.Google Scholar
Elliott, BD, Langer, O, Schenker, S, Johnson, RF. Insignificant transfer of glyburide occurs across the human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165(4 Pt 1): 807–12.Google Scholar
Elliott, BD, Schenker, S, Langer, O, Johnson, R, Prihoda, T. Comparative placental transport of oral hypoglycemic agents in humans: A model of human placental drug transfer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;171(3):653–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia-Bournissen, F, Feig, DS, Koren, G. Maternal-fetal transport of hypoglycaemic drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(4):303–13.Google Scholar
Langer, O, Conway, DL, Berkus, MD, Xenakis, EM, Gonzales, O. A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(16):1134–8.Google Scholar
Rowan, JA, Hague, WM, Gao, W, Battin, MR, Moore, MP, Mi, GTI. Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(19):2003–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langer, O, Anyaegbunam, A, Brustman, L, Guidetti, D, Levy, J, Mazze, R. Pregestational diabetes: Insulin requirements throughout pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159(3):616–21.Google Scholar
Jovanovic, L. Role of diet and insulin treatment of diabetes in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2000;43(1):46–55.Google Scholar
Langer, O. Management of gestational diabetes: Pharmacologic treatment options and glycemic control. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2006;35(1):53–78, vi.Google Scholar
Sokol, RJ, Blackwell, SC, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin: Shoulder dystocia. Number 40, November 2002. (Replaces practice pattern number 7, October 1997). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003;80(1):87–92.Google Scholar
Combs, CA, Rosenn, B, Miodovnik, M, Siddiqi, TA. Sonographic EFW and macrosomia: Is there an optimum formula to predict diabetic fetal macrosomia? J Matern Fetal Med. 2000;9(1):55–61.Google Scholar
MacNeill, S, Dodds, L, Hamilton, DC, Armson, BA, VandenHof, M. Rates and risk factors for recurrence of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(4):659–62.Google Scholar
Kim, C, Newton, KM, Knopp, RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1862–8.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×