Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T00:14:01.586Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Shallow Water Muddy Sands of the North-West Atlantic Ocean

Latitudinal Patterns in Interactions and Processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2019

By
Sarah A. Woodin ,
Susan S. Bell ,
Jon Grant ,
Paul V. R. Snelgrove  and
David S. Wethey
Edited by
Stephen J. Hawkins ,
Katrin Bohn ,
Louise B. Firth  and
Gray A. Williams
Stephen J. Hawkins
Affiliation:
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth
Katrin Bohn
Affiliation:
Natural England
Louise B. Firth
Affiliation:
University of Plymouth
Gray A. Williams
Affiliation:
The University of Hong Kong
Get access

Summary

We summarise processes determining large-scale patterns of distribution and abundance of macroinfauna from Florida to Newfoundland, ~25°N to 52°N, focussing on intertidal and shallow subtidal (~ 5 m depth) muddy sands and sandy muds, habitats with abundant experimental data. Within the theme of geographic distribution of processes, mechanisms and patterns we suggest latitudinal patterns will likely change most as climate changes intensify. Published studies support the following major biogeographic patterns: (1) reduced importance of large disturbance predators north of Cape Cod, driven by latitudinal shifts in thermal regimes; (2) large digging predators from Delaware Bay (39.25°N) southwards dramatically reduce infaunal densities, restricting competitive interactions; (3) disturbance refugia, e.g., Zostera, drive southern spatial patterns; (4) rising seawater temperatures and reduced water clarity limit the extent and diversity of rooted plants in the south and mid-Atlantic; (5) latitudinal changes in tidal regimes result in greater aerial exposure in the north, magnifying latitudinal sea surface temperature changes; (6) ice cover intensifies to the north and (7) the Boston−Washington, DC megalopolis accentuates human signatures through eutrophication between 36.5°N and 42.6°N. Finally, we discuss potential shifts with climate change in these latitudinal patterns and processes.

Keywords

muddy sandsdisturbancelatitudinal patternsbiogeographyrefugiaclimate changeinfaunapredation
Type
Chapter
Information
Interactions in the Marine Benthos
Global Patterns and Processes
 , pp. 128 - 163
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambrose, W. G. (1984). Influences of predatory polychaetes and epibenthic predators on the structure of a soft-bottom community in a Maine estuary. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 81, 115–45.Google Scholar
Ambrose, W. G., Dawson, M., Gailey, C. et al. (1998). Effects of baitworm digging on the soft-shelled clam, Mya arenaria, in Maine: shell damage and exposure on the sediment surface. Journal of Shellfish Research, 17, 1043–9.Google Scholar
André, C. and Rosenberg, R. (1991). Adult-larval interactions in the suspension-feeding bivalves Cerastoderma edule and Mya arenaria. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 71, 227–34.Google Scholar
Argow, B. A., Hughes, Z. J. and FitzGerald, D. M. (2011). Ice raft formation, sediment load, and theoretical potential for ice-rafted sediment influx on northern coastal wetlands. Continental Shelf Research, 31, 1294–305.Google Scholar
Armonies, W., Herre, E. and Sturm, M. (2001). Effects of the severe winter 1995/96 on the benthic macrofauna of the Wadden Sea and the coastal North Sea near the island of Sylt. Helgoland Marine Research, 55, 170–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ban, S. and Nelson, W. G. (1987). Role of Diopatra cuprea Bosc (Polychaeta: Onuphidae) tubes in structuring a subtropical infaunal community. Bulletin of Marine Science, 40, 11–21.Google Scholar
Banzon, V. F., Reynolds, R. W., Stokes, D. and Xue, Y. (2014). A 1/4° spatial resolution daily sea surface temperature climatology based on a blended satellite and in situ analysis. Journal of Climate, 27, 8221–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bart, J., Brown, S., Harrington, B. and Guy Morrison, R. I. (2007). Survey trends of North American shorebirds: population declines or shifting distributions? Journal of Avian Biology, 38, 73–82.Google Scholar
Beal, B. F. (2006). Relative importance of predation and intraspecific competition in regulating growth and survival of juveniles of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria L., at several spatial scales. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 336, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, S. S., Brooks, R. A., Robbins, B. D., Fonseca, M. S. and Hall, M.O. (2001). Faunal response to fragmentation in seagrass habitats: implications for restoration efforts in a marine environment. Biological Conservation, 100, 115–23.Google Scholar
Bell, S. S., Fonseca, M. S. and Stafford, N. B. (2006). Seagrass Ecology: New Contributions from a Landscape Perspective. In Larcum, T., Orth, R. J. and Duarte, C. M., eds. Seagrass Biology: A Treatise. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp. 625–45.Google Scholar
Bell, S. S., Fonseca, M. S. and Kenworthy, W. J. (2008). Dynamics of a subtropical seagrass landscape: links between disturbance and mobile seed banks. Landscape Ecology, 23, 67–74.Google Scholar
Berke, S. (2012). Biogeographic variability in ecosystem engineering: patterns in the abundance and behavior of the tube-building polychaete Diopatra cuprea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 447, 1–13.Google Scholar
Beukema, J. J. (1995). Long-term effects of mechanical harvesting of lugworms Arenicola marina on the zoobenthic community of a tidal flat in the Wadden Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 33, 219–27.Google Scholar
Beukema, J. J., Honkoop, P. J. C. and Dekker, R. (1998). Recruitment in Macoma balthica after mild and cold winters and its possible control by egg production and shrimp predation. Hydrobiologica, 375 /376, 23–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beukema, J. J., Dekker, R. and Philippart, C. J. M. (2010). Long-term variability in bivalve recruitment, mortality, and growth and their contribution to fluctuations in food stocks of shellfish-eating birds. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 414, 117–30.Google Scholar
Blundon, J. A. and Kennedy, V. S. (1982a). Mechanical and behavioral aspects of blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun), predation on Chesapeake Bay bivalves. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 65, 47–65.Google Scholar
Blundon, J. A. and Kennedy, V. S. (1982b). Refuges for infaunal bivalves from blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun), predation in Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 65, 67–81.Google Scholar
Boesch, D. F., Diaz, R. J. and Virnstein, R. W. (1976). Effects of tropical storm Agnes on soft-bottom microbenthic communities of the James and York estuaries and the lower Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Science, 17, 246–59.Google Scholar
Botton, M. L. (1984). The importance of predation by horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, to an intertidal sand flat community. Journal of Marine Research, 42, 139–61.Google Scholar
Bradley, W. and Cooke, P. (1959). Living and ancient populations of the clam Gemma gemma in a marine coast tidal flat. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Fish Bulletin no., 137(58), 305–34.Google Scholar
Breen, E. and Metaxas, A. (2009). Effects of juvenile non-indigenous Carcinus maenas on the growth and condition of juvenile Cancer irroratus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 377, 12–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenchley, G. A. (1981). Disturbance and community structure: and experimental study of bioturbation in marine soft-bottom environments. Journal of Marine Research, 39, 767–90.Google Scholar
Brenchley, G. A. (1982). Mechanisms of spatial competition in marine soft-bottom communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 60, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bricelj, V. M. (1992). Aspects of the biology of the northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria, with emphasis on growth and survival during early life history. In Rice, M. A. and Grossman-Garber, D., eds. Proceedings of the Second Rhode Island Shellfish Industry Conference. Rhode Island Sea Grant, Narragansett, pp. 29–48.Google Scholar
Bricker, S. B., Longstaff, B., Dennison, W. and Jones, A. (2008). Harmful Algae: effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation’s estuaries: a decade of change. Harmful Algae, 8, 21–32.Google Scholar
Brown, B. and Herbert Wilson, W. Jr. (1997). The role of commercial digging of mudflats as an agent for change of infaunal intertidal populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 218, 49–61.Google Scholar
Brylawski, B. J. and Miller, T. J. (2003). Bioenergetic modeling of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) using the Fish Bioenergetics (3.0) computer program. Bulletin of Marine Science, 72, 491–504.Google Scholar
Burke, J. S. (1995). Role of feeding and prey distribution of summer and southern flounder in selection of estuarine nursery habitats. Journal of Fish Biology, 47(3), 355–66.Google Scholar
Caffrey, J. M., Murrell, M. C., Amacker, K. S., Harper, J. W., Phipps, S. and Woodrey, M. S. (2014). Seasonal and inter-annual patterns in primary production, respiration, and net ecosystem metabolism in three estuaries in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries and Coasts, 37(1), 222–41.Google Scholar
Campbell, C. A. and Valentine, J. W. (1977). Comparability of modern and ancient marine faunal provinces. Paleobiology, 3, 49–57.Google Scholar
Carlson, J. K., Randall, T. A. and Mroczka, M. E. (1997). Feeding habits of winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) in a habitat exposed to anthropogenic disturbance. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 21, 65–73.Google Scholar
Carlton, J. T. and Cohen, A. N. (2003). Episodic global dispersal in shallow water marine organisms: the case history of the European shore crabs Carcinus maenas and C. aestuarii. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 1809–20.Google Scholar
Cavanaugh, K. C., Kellner, J. R., Forde, A. J. et al. (2014). Poleward expansion of mangroves is a threshold response to decreased frequency of cold events. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 723–7.Google Scholar
Chawla, A., Spindler, D. and Tolman, H. L. (2011). A thirty year wave hindcast using the latest ncep climate forecast system reanalysis winds. In the 12th International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting & 3rd Coastal Hazards Symposium. Kohala Coast, Hawaii, National Centers for Environmental Prediction.Google Scholar
Cheng, I.-J., Levinton, J. S., McCartney, M., Martinez, D. and Weissburg, M. J. (1993). A bioassay approach to seasonal variation in the nutritional value of sediment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 94, 275–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheverie, A. V., Hamilton, D. J., Coffin, M. R. S. and Barbeau, M. A. (2014). Effects of shorebird predation and snail abundance on an intertidal mudflat community. Journal of Sea Research, 92, 102–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coffin, M. R. S., Barbeau, M. A., Hamilton, D. J. and Drolet, D. (2012). Effect of the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta on vital rates of the intertidal amphipod Corophium volutator. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 418 -419, 12–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, A. N., Carlton, J. T. and Fountain, M. C. (1995). Introduction, dispersal and potential impacts of the green crab Carcinus maenas in San Francisco Bay, California. Marine Biology, 122, 225–37.Google Scholar
Commito, J. (1982). Effects of Lunatia heros predation on the population dynamics of Mya arenaria and Macoma balthica in Maine, USA. Marine Biology, 69, 187–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, D. O. (1971). Depressions in shallow marine sediment made by benthic fish. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 41(2), 577–8.Google Scholar
Cooksey, C. and Hyland, J. (2007). Sediment quality of the Lower St. Johns River, Florida: an integrative assessment of benthic fauna, sediment-associated stressors, and general habitat characteristics. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 9–21.Google Scholar
Cryer, M., Whittle, G. N. and Williams, R. (1987). The impact of bait collection by anglers on marine intertidal invertebrates. Biological Conservation, 42, 83–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daborn, G. R., Amos, C. L. and Brylinsky, M. (1993). An ecological cascade effect: migratory birds affect stability of intertidal sediments. Limnology and Oceanography, 38, 225–31.Google Scholar
Dame, R., Alber, M., Allen, D. et al. (2000). Estuaries of the South Atlantic coast of North America: their geographical signatures. Estuaries, 23, 793–819.Google Scholar
Dana, J. D. (1853). On an isothermal oceanic chart, illustrating the geographical distribution of marine animals. American Journal of Science, 16, 153–67.Google Scholar
Dashtgard, S. E., Pearson, N. J. and Gingras, M. K. (2014). Sedimentology, Ichnology, Ecology and Anthropogenic Modification of Muddy Tidal Flats in a Cold-Temperate Environment: Chignecto Bay, Canada. In Martini, I. P. and Wanless, H. R., eds. Sedimentary Coastal Zones from High to Low Latitudes: Similarities and Differences. Geological Society, London. Special Publications. London, Geological Society of London, 388, pp. 229-45.Google Scholar
Davis, R. C., Short, F. T. and Burdick, D. M. (1998). Quantifying the effects of green crab damage to eelgrass transplants. Restoration Ecology, 6, 297–302.Google Scholar
Dawes, C. J., Bird, K., Durako, M., Goddard, R., Hoffman, W. and McIntosh, R. (1979). Chemical fluctuations due to seasonal and cropping effects on an algal-seagrass community. Aquatic Botany, 6, 79–86.Google Scholar
Demes, K. W., Littler, M. M. and Littler, D. S. (2010). Comparative phosphate acquisition in giant-celled rhizophytic algae (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta): Fleshy vs. calcified forms. Aquatic Botany, 92, 157–60.Google Scholar
Diaz, R. J. and Rosenberg, R. (2008). Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science, 321, 926–9.Google Scholar
Drolet, D., Kennedy, K. and Barbeau, M. A. (2013). Winter population dynamics and survival strategies of the intertidal mudflat amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 441, 126–37.Google Scholar
Dulvy, N., Metcalfe, J., Glanville, J., Pawson, M. and Reynolds, J. (2000). Fishery stability, local extinctions, and shifts in community structure in skates. Conservation Biology, 14, 283–93.Google Scholar
Dunn, R. R., Mullineaux, L. S. and Mills, S. W. (1999). Resuspension of postlarval soft-shell clams Mya arenaria through disturbance by the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 180, 223–32.Google Scholar
Dyke, A. S. (2004). An outline of North American Deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada. Developments in Quaternary Science, 2, 371–406.Google Scholar
Egbert, G. D. and Erofeeva, S. Y. (2002). Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides. Journal of Atmospheric and Ocean Technology, 19, 183–204.Google Scholar
Emerson, C. W., Grant, J. and Rowell, T. W. (1990). Indirect effects of clam digging on the viability of soft-shelled clams Mya arenaria. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 27, 109–18.Google Scholar
Emerson, C. W. and Grant, J. (1991). The control of soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) recruitment on intertidal sandflats by bedload sediment transport. Limnology and Oceanography, 36, 1288–300.Google Scholar
Emmett, R., Llanso, R., Newton, J. et al. (2000). Geographic signatures of North American West Coast estuaries. Estuaries, 23(6), 765–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engle, V. D. and Summers, J. K. (1999). Latitudinal gradients in benthic community composition in Western Atlantic estuaries. Journal of Biogeography, 26, 1007–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enwright, N. M., Griffith, K. T. and Osland, M. J. (2016). Barriers to and opportunities for landward migration of coastal wetlands with sea-level rise. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14, 307–16.Google Scholar
Firth, L. B., Knights, A. M. and Bell, S. S. (2011). Air temperature and winter mortality: implications for persistence of the invasive mussel, Perna viridis in the intertidal zone of the south-eastern United States. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 400, 250–6.Google Scholar
Fielman, K. T., Woodin, S. A. and Lincoln, D. E. (2001). Polychaete indicator species as a source of natural halogenated organic compounds in marine sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20, 738–47.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A., Call, G. C. and Grubbs, R. D. (2011). Cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus) predation relative to bivalve ontogeny. Journal of Shellfish Research, 30, 187–96.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A., Call, G. C. and Grubbs, R. D. (2013). Age, growth, and reproductive biology of cownose rays in Chesapeake Bay. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science, 5, 224–35.Google Scholar
Flach, E. and de Bruin, W. (1994). Does the activity of cockles, Cerastoderma edule (L.) and lugworms, Arenicola marina L., make Corophium volutator Pallas more vulnerable to epibenthic predators: a case of interaction modification? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 182, 265–85.Google Scholar
Floyd, T. and Williams, J. (2004). Impact of green crab (Carcinus maenas L.) predation on a population of soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria L.) in the southern gulf of Maine. Journal of Shellfish Research, 23, 457–62.Google Scholar
Fonseca, M. S. and Bell, S. S. (1998). Influence of physical setting on seagrass landscapes near Beaufort, North Carolina, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 171, 109–21.Google Scholar
Garbary, D. G., Miller, A. G. and Seymour, N. S. (2004). Destruction of Eelgrass Beds in Nova Scotia by the Invasive Green Crab. In Hanson, A. R., ed. Status and Conservation of Eelgrass (Zostera marina) in Eastern Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service Technical Report, Toronto, no. 412, pp. 13–14.Google Scholar
Garbary, D. J., Miller, A. G., Williams, J. and Seymour, N. R. (2014). Drastic decline of an extensive eelgrass bed in Nova Scotia due to the activity of the invasive green crab (Carcinus maenas). Marine Biology, 161, 3–15.Google Scholar
Garlo, E. V., Milstein, C. B. and Jahn, A. E. (1979). Impact of hypoxic conditions in the vicinity of Little Egg Inlet, New Jersey in summer 1976. Estuarine Coastal Marine Science, 8, 421–32.Google Scholar
Garvis, S. K., Sacks, P. E., and Walters, L. J. (2015). Formation, movement, and restoration of dead intertidal oyster reefs in Canaveral National Seashore and Mosquito Lagoon, Florida. Journal of Shellfish Research, 34, 251–8.Google Scholar
Gerwing, T. G., Drolet, D. and Barbeau, M. A. (2015). Resilience of an intertidal infaunal community to winter stressors. Journal of Sea Research, 97, 40–9.Google Scholar
Gordon, D. C. Jr and Desplanque, C. (1983). Dynamics and environmental effects of ice in the Cumberland Basin of the Bay of Fundy. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40, 1331–42.Google Scholar
Goshima, S. and Peterson, C. H. (2012). Both below- and aboveground shoalgrass structure influence whelk predation on hard clams. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 451, 75–92.Google Scholar
Grant, J. (1983). The relative magnitude of biological and physical sediment reworking in an intertidal community. Journal of Marine Research, 41, 673–89.Google Scholar
Green, L., Blumstein, D. T. and Fong, P. (2015). Macroalgal mats in a eutrophic estuary obscure visual foraging cues and increase variability in prey availability for some shorebirds. Estuaries and Coasts, 38, 917–26.Google Scholar
Griffiths, J., Dethier, M. N., Newsom, A. et al. (2006). Invertebrate community responses to recreational clam digging. Marine Biology, 149, 1489–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grizzle, R. E. (1981). Opportunistic species of macrobenthos in a sewage-polluted lagoon, and an analysis of the indicator concept. Masters, University of Central Florida.Google Scholar
Grizzle, R. E. (1984). Pollution indicator species of macrobenthos in a coastal lagoon. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 18, 191–200.Google Scholar
Grosholz, E. D. and Ruiz, G. M. (1995). Spread and potential impact of the recently introduced European green crab, Carcinus maenas, in central California. Marine Biology, 122, 239–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosholz, E. D., Ruiz, G. M., Dean, C. A., Shirley, K. A., Maron, J. L. and Connors, P. G. (2000). The implication of a nonindigenous marine predator in a California bay. Ecology, 81, 1206–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, C. J. (1964). Shallow water marine climates and molluscan provinces. Ecology, 45, 226–34.Google Scholar
Hall, S. J. (1994). Physical Disturbance and Marine Benthic Communities: Life in Unconsolidated Sediments. In Ansell, A. D., Gibson, R. N. and Barnes, M., eds. Oceanography and Marine Biology. UCL Press, London, 32, 179–239.Google Scholar
Hawkins, S. J., Moore, P. J., Burrows, M. T. et al. (2008). Complex interactions in a rapidly changing world: responses of rocky shore communities to recent climate change. Climate Research, 37, 123–33.Google Scholar
Hicklin, P. W. (1987). The migration of shorebirds in the Bay of Fundy. Wilson Bulletin, 99 (4), 540–70.Google Scholar
Hicklin, P. W., Linkletter, L. E. and Peer, D. L. (1980). Distribution and abundance of Corophium volutator (Pallas), Macoma balthica (L.) and Heteromastus filiformis (Claparède) in the intertidal zone of Cumberland Basin and Shepody Bay, Bay of Fundy. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 965. Dartmouth, Nova Scotia : Fisheries and Oceans CanadaGoogle Scholar
Hicks, D. W., Onuf, C. P. and Tunnell, J. W. (1998). Response of shoal grass, Halodule wrightii, to extreme winter conditions in the Lower Laguna Madre, Texas. Aquatic Botany, 62, 107–14.Google Scholar
Hunt, H. L. and Mullineaux, L. S. (2002). The roles of predation and postlarval transport in recruitment of the soft shell clam (Mya arenaria). Limnology and Oceanography, 47, 151–64.Google Scholar
Hunt, J. H., Ambrose, W. G. and Peterson, C. H. (1987). Effects of the gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say) and the bivalve, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.), on larval settlement and juvenile recruitment of infauna. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 108, 229–40.Google Scholar
Hutchins, L. W. (1947). The bases for temperature zonation in geographic distribution. Ecological Monographs, 17, 325–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymel, S. N. (2009). Inventory of Marine and Estuarine Benthic Macroinvertebrates for Nine Southeast Coast Network Parks, Natural Resource Report, NPS/SECN/NRR—2009/121, IUCN Red List. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, www.iucnredlist.org/details/60128/0, accessed July 10, 2016.Google Scholar
Ingólfsson, A. (1992). The origin of the rocky shore fauna of Iceland and the Canadian Maritimes. Journal of Biogeography, 19(6), 705–12.Google Scholar
Irlandi, E. A. (1994). Large- and small-scale effects of habitat structure on rates of predation: how percent coverage of seagrass affects rates of predation and siphon nipping on an infaunal bivalve. Oecologia, 98(2), 176–83.Google Scholar
Irlandi, E. A. (1997). Seagrass patch size and survivorship of an infaunal bivalve. Oikos, 78, 511–18.Google Scholar
Jenkins, S. R., Moore, P., Burrows, M. T. et al. (2008). Comparative ecology of North Atlantic shores: do differences in players matter for process? Ecology, 89(11 Supplement), S3–S23.Google Scholar
Jennings, L. B. and Hunt, H. L. (2009). Distances of dispersal of juvenile bivalves (Mya arenaria (Linnaeus), Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus), Gemma gemma (Totten)). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 376, 76–84.Google Scholar
Jennings, R. M., Shank, T. M., Mullineaux, L. S. and Halanych, K. M. (2009). Assessment of the Cape Cod phylogeographic break using the bamboo worm Clymenella torquata reveals the role of regional water masses in dispersal. Journal of Heredity, 100, 86–96.Google Scholar
Jensen, O. P., Seppelt, R., Miller, T. J. and Bauer, L. J. (2005). Winter distribution of blue crab Callinectes sapidus in Chesapeake Bay: application and cross-validation of a two-stage generalized additive model. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 299, 239–55.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. S. (2015). The savory swimmer swims north: a northern range extension of the blue crab? Journal of Crustacean Biology, 35, 105–10.Google Scholar
Johnston, D. W., Friedlaender, A. S., Torres, L. G. and Lavigne, D. M. (2005). Variation in ice cover on the east coast of Canada from 1969 to 2002: climate variability and implications for harp and hooded seals. Climate Research, 29, 209–22.Google Scholar
Kaiser, M. J., Clarke, K. R., Hinz, H., Austen, M. C. V., Somerfield, P. J. and Karakassis, I. (2006). Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 311, 1–14.Google Scholar
Kelaher, B. P. and Levinton, J. S. (2003). Variation in detrital enrichment causes spatiotemporal variation in soft-sediment assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 261, 85–97.Google Scholar
Kneib, R. T. (1988). Testing for indirect effects of predation in an intertidal soft-bottom community. Ecology, 69, 1795–805.Google Scholar
Lambert, A. M., Dudley, T. L. and Saltonstall, K. (2010). Ecology and impacts of the large-statured invasive grasses Arundo donax and Phragmites australis in North America. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 3, 489–94.Google Scholar
Lerberg, S. B., Holland, A. F. and Sanger, D. M. (2000). Responses of tidal creek macrobenthic communities to the effects of watershed development. Estuaries, 23, 838–53.Google Scholar
Levinton, J. and Kelaher, B. (2004). Opposing organizing forces of deposit-feeding marine communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 300, 65–82.Google Scholar
Lima, F. P. and Wethey, D. S. (2012). Three decades of high-resolution coastal sea surface temperatures reveal more than warming. Nature Communications, 3, 704.Google Scholar
Logan, J. M. (2005). Effects of clam digging on benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in a Maine mudflat. Northeastern Naturalist, 12, 315–24.Google Scholar
Lotze, H. K. (2010). Historical reconstruction of human-induced changes in U.S. estuaries. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 48, 265–336.Google Scholar
Lu, L. and Grant, J. (2008). Recolonization of intertidal infauna in relation to organic deposition at an oyster farm in Atlantic Canada – a field experiment. Estuaries and Coasts, 31, 767–75.Google Scholar
Lu, L., Grant, J. and Barrell, J. (2008). Macrofaunal spatial patterns in relationship to environmental variables in the Richibucto Estuary, New Brunswick, Canada. Estuaries and Coasts, 31, 994–1005.Google Scholar
Luckenbach, M. W. (1984). Biogenic structure and foraging by five species of shorebirds (Charadrii). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 19, 691–6.Google Scholar
Luckenbach, M. W. (1987). Effects of adult infauna on new recruits: implications for the role of biogenic refuges. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 105, 197–206.Google Scholar
MacDonald, J. A., Roudez, R., Glover, T. and Weis, J. S. (2007). The invasive green crab and Japanese shore crab: behavioral interactions with a native crab species, the blue crab. Biological Invasions, 9 , 837–48.Google Scholar
Maggs, C. A., Castilho, R., Foltz, D. et al. (2008). Evaluating signatures of glacial refugia for North Atlantic benthic marine taxa. Ecology, 89, S108–22.Google Scholar
Mallet, A. L., Carver, C. E. and Landry, T. (2006). Impact of suspended and off-bottom Eastern oyster culture on the benthic environment in eastern Canada. Aquaculture, 255, 362–73.Google Scholar
Malyshev, A. and Quijón, P. A. (2011). Disruption of essential habitat by a coastal invader: new evidence of the effects of green crabs on eelgrass beds. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68, 1852–6.Google Scholar
Mangum, C. P. (1964). Studies on speciation in maldanid polychaetes of the North American Atlantic coast II. Distribution and competitive interaction of five sympatric species. Limnology and Oceanography, 9, 12–26.Google Scholar
Martin, P. J., Barron, C. N., Smedstad, L. F. et al. (2009). User’s Manual for the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) version 4.0, Naval Research Laboratory Report NRL/MR/7320--09-9151. United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Matheson, K., McKenzie, C. H., Gregory, R. S. et al. (2016). Linking eelgrass decline and impacts on associated fish communities to European green crab Carcinus maenas invasion. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 548, 31–45.Google Scholar
Mazzotti, F. J., Pearlstine, L. G., Barnes, T. et al. (2006). Stressor Response Model for the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus, Technical Assistance for an Ecological Evaluation of the Southwest Florida Feasibility Study. University of Florida, Florida Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL.Google Scholar
McDonald, P. S., Jensen, G. and Armstrong, D. A. (2001). The competitive and predatory impacts of the nonindigenous crab Carcinus maenas (L.) on early benthic phase Dungeness crab Cancer magister Dana. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 258, 39–54.Google Scholar
Micheli, F. and Peterson, C. H. (1999). Estuarine vegetated habitats as corridors for predator movements. Conservation Biology, 13, 869–81.Google Scholar
Micheli, F., Bishop, M. J., Peterson, C. H. and Rivera, J. (2008). Alteration of seagrass species composition and function over two decades. Ecological Monographs, 78, 225–44.Google Scholar
Middelburg, J. J., Soetaert, K. and Herman, P. M. J. (1997). Empirical relationships for use in global diagenetic models. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 44, 327–44.Google Scholar
Mieszkowska, N., Hawkins, S. J., Burrows, M. T. and Kendall, M. A. (2007). Long-term changes in the geographic distribution and population structures of Osilinus lineatus (Gastropoda: Trochidae) in Britain and Ireland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 537–45.Google Scholar
Milne-Edwards, H. (1838). Mémoire sur la distribution géographique des Crustacés. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie, Series 2, 10, 129–74.Google Scholar
Möller, P. and Rosenberg, R. (1983). Recruitment, abundance and production of Mya arenaria in marine shallow waters, western Sweden. Ophelia, 22, 33–55.Google Scholar
Moore, D. R. (1963). Distribution of the sea grass, Thalassia, in the United States. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 13, 329–42.Google Scholar
Moore, K. A. and Jarvis, J. C. (2008). Environmental factors affecting recent summertime eelgrass diebacks in the lower Chesapeake Bay: implications for long-term persistence. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 55, 135–47.Google Scholar
Moore, K. A., Shields, E. C., Parrish, D. B. and Orth, R. J. (2012). Eelgrass survival in two contrasting systems: role of turbidity and summer water temperatures. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 448, 247–58.Google Scholar
Moore, K. A., Shields, E. C. and Parrish, D. B. (2014). Impacts of varying estuarine temperature and light conditions on Zostera marina (eelgrass) and its interactions with Ruppia maritima (widgeongrass). Estuaries and Coasts, 37, 20–30.Google Scholar
Najjar, R. G., Pyke, C. R., Adams, M. B. et al. (2010). Potential climate change impacts on the Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 86, 1–20.Google Scholar
Nelson, W. G. (1981). Experimental studies of decapod and fish predation on seagrass macrobenthos. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 5, 141–49.Google Scholar
Niles, L. J., Bart, J., Sitters, H. P. et al. (2009). Effects of horseshoe crab harvest in Delaware Bay on Red Knots: Are harvest restrictions working? Bioscience, 59, 153–64.Google Scholar
Norkko, A., Rosenberg, R., Thrush, S. F. and Whitlatch, R. B. (2006). Scale- and intensity-dependent disturbance determines the magnitude of opportunistic response. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 330, 195–207.Google Scholar
Norkko, J., Reed, D. C., Timmermann, K. et al. (2012). A welcome can of worms? Hypoxia mitigation by an invasive species. Global Change Biology, 18, 422–34.Google Scholar
Ogburn, M. V., Allen, D. M. and Michener, W. K. (1988). Fishes, Shrimps, and Crabs of the North Inlet Estuary, SC: A Four-Year Seine and Trawl Survey, Baruch Institute Technical Report 88-1. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology, Georgetown, SC.Google Scholar
Oliver, J. S. and Slattery, P. N. (1985). Effects of crustacean predators on species composition and population structure of soft-bodied infauna from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Ophelia, 24, 155–75.Google Scholar
O’Reilly, K. M. and Wingfield, J. C. (1995). Spring and autumn migration in arctic shorebirds: same distance, different strategies. American Zoologist, 35, 222–33.Google Scholar
Olsen, J. L., Stam, W. T., Coyer, J. A. et al. (2004). North Atlantic phylogeography and large-scale population differentiation of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Molecular Ecology, 13, 1923–41.Google Scholar
Orth, R. J. (1973). Benthic infauna of eelgrass, Zostera marina, beds. Chesapeake Science, 14, 258–69.Google Scholar
Orth, R. J. (1977). The Importance of Sediment Stability in Seagrass Communities. In Coull, B. C., ed. The Ecology of Marine Benthos. Hobcaw Barony, Georgetown, SC, 6, 281–300.Google Scholar
Orth, R. J., Heck, K. L. Jr and van Montfrans, J. (1984). Faunal communities in seagrass beds: a review of the influence of plant structure and prey characteristics on predator–prey relationships. Estuaries, 7, 339–50.Google Scholar
Oviatt, C. A., Keller, A. A., Sampou, P. A. and Beatty, L. L. (1986). Patterns of productivity during eutrophication: a mesocosm experiment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 28, 69–80.Google Scholar
Packer, D. B., Griesbach, S. J., Berrien, P. L., Zetlin, C. A., Johnson, D. L. and Morse, W. W. (1999). Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, Life History and Habitat Characteristics, Northeast Region, National Marine Fisheries Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA.Google Scholar
Pappalardo, P., Pringle, J. M., Wares, J. P. and Byers, J. E. (2015). The location, strength, and mechanisms behind marine biogeographic boundaries of the east coast of North America. Ecography, 38, 722–31.Google Scholar
Partridge, V. A. (2000). Aspects of the winter ecology and spring recolonization of the Windsor mudflat. Masters, Acadia University.Google Scholar
Pearson, N. J., Gingras, M. K., Armitage, I. A. and Pemberton, S. G. (2007). Significance of Atlantic sturgeon feeding excavations, Mary’s Point, Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. Palaios, 22, 457–64.Google Scholar
Pearson, T. H. and Rosenberg, R. (1978). Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 16, 229–311.Google Scholar
Pershing, A. J., Alexander, M. A., Hernandez, C. M. et al. (2015). Slow adaptation in the face of rapid warming leads to collapse of the Gulf of Maine cod fishery. Science, 350, 809–12.Google Scholar
Pejrup, M. and Andersen, T. J. (2000). The influence of ice on sediment transport, deposition and reworking in a temperate mudflat area, the Danish Wadden Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 20, 1621–34.Google Scholar
Peterson, C. H. (1977). Competitive organisation of the soft bottom macrobenthic communities of Southern California Lagoons. Marine Biology, 43, 343–59.Google Scholar
Peterson, C. H. (1982). Clam predation by whelks (Busycon spp.): experimental tests of the importance of prey size, prey density, and seagrass cover. Marine Biology, 66, 158–70.Google Scholar
Pettibone, M. H. (1963). Marine polychaete worms of the New England region. I. Aphroditidae through Trochochaetidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 227, 1–356.Google Scholar
Pfister, C., Harrington, B. A. and Lavine, M. (1992). The impact of human disturbance on shorebirds at a migration staging area. Biological Conservation, 60, 115–26.Google Scholar
Pineda, J., DiBacco, C. and Starczak, V. (2005). Barnacle larvae in ice: survival, reproduction, and time to postsettlement metamorphosis. Limnology and Oceanography, 50, 1520–8.Google Scholar
Posey, M. H., Alphin, T. D., Meyer, D. L. and Johnson, J. M. (2003). Benthic communities of common reed Phragmites australis and marsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora marshes in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 261, 51–61.Google Scholar
Poulakis, G. R. (2013). Reproductive biology of the Cownose Ray in the Charlotte Harbor Estuarine System, Florida. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science, 5, 159–73.Google Scholar
Quijón, P. A., Kelly, M. C. and Snelgrove, P. V. R. (2008). The role of sinking phytodetritus in structuring shallow-water benthic communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 366, 134–45.Google Scholar
Quijón, P. A. and Snelgrove, P. V. R. (2005). Predation regulation of sedimentary faunal structure: potential effects of a fishery-induced switch in predators in a Newfoundland sub-Arctic fjord. Oecologia, 144, 125–36.Google Scholar
Quijón, P. A. and Snelgrove, P. V. R. (2008). Trophic complexity in marine sediments. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 371, 85–9.Google Scholar
Rayner, N. A., Parker, D. E., Horton, E. B. et al. (2003). Global analysis of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D14), 4407.Google Scholar
Reise, K., Simon, M. and Herre, E. (2001). Density-dependent recruitment after winter disturbance on tidal flats by the lugworm Arenicola marina. Helgoland Marine Research, 55, 161–5.Google Scholar
Risk, M. J. and Craig, H. D. (1976). Flatfish feeding traces in the Minas Basin. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 46, 411–13.Google Scholar
Robertson, A. I. and Mann, K. H. (1984). Disturbance by ice and life-history adaptations of the seagrass Zostera marina. Marine Biology, 80, 131–41.Google Scholar
Roman, C. T., Jaworski, N., Short, F. T., Findlay, S. and Warren, R. S. (2000). Estuaries of the northeastern United States: habitat and land use signatures. Estuaries, 23, 743–64.Google Scholar
Roman, J. (2006). Diluting the founder effect: cryptic invasions expand a marine invader’s home range. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273, 1–7.Google Scholar
Rossong, M. A., Williams, P. J., Comeau, M., Mitchell, S. C. and Apaloo, J. (2006). Agonistic interactions between the invasive green crab, Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus) and juvenile American lobster, Homarus americanus (Milne Edwards). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 329, 281–8Google Scholar
Rossong, M. A. (2016). Impacts of newly established non-indigenous green crab (Carinus maenas) on native fauna in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. PhD, Memorial University of Newfoundland.Google Scholar
Rossong, M. A., Barrett, T. J., Quijón, P. A. and Snelgrove, P. V. R. (2011a). Regional differences in foraging behaviour and morphology of invasive green crab (Carcinus maenas) populations in Atlantic Canada. Biological Invasions, 14, 659–69.Google Scholar
Rossong, M. A., Quijón, P. A., Williams, P. J. and Snelgrove, P. V. R. (2011b). Foraging and shelter behaviour of juvenile American lobster (Homarus americanus): the influence of a non-indigenous crab. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 403, 75–80.Google Scholar
Ruiz, G. M., Fofonoff, P. W., Carlton, J. T., Wonham, M. J. and Hines, A. H. (2000). Invasion of coastal marine communities in North America: apparent patterns, processes, and biases. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31 , 481–531.Google Scholar
Ruiz, G. M., Fofonoff, P. W., Steves, B. P. and Carlton, J. T. (2015). Invasion history and vector dynamics in coastal marine ecosystems: a North American perspective. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 18, 299–311.Google Scholar
St-Onge, P., Sévigny, J.-M., Strasser, C. and Tremblay, R. (2013). Strong population differentiation of softshell clams (Mya arenaria) sampled across seven biogeographic marine ecoregions: possible selection and isolation by distance. Marine Biology, 160, 1065–81.Google Scholar
Sasko, D. E., Dean, M. N., Motta, P. J. and Hueter, R. E. (2006). Prey capture behavior and kinematics of the Atlantic cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus. Zoology, 109, 171–81.Google Scholar
Saucier, F. J., Roy, F. and Gilbert, D. (2003). Modeling the formation and circulation processes of water masses and sea ice in the Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(C8), 3269.Google Scholar
Schwartz, F. J. (1990). Mass migratory congregations and movements of several species of cownose rays, genus Rhinoptera: a world-wide review. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 106, 10–13.Google Scholar
Schwemmer, P., Hälterlein, B., Geiter, O., Günther, K., Corman, V. M. and Garthe, S. (2014). Weather-related winter mortality of Eurasian oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) in the northeastern Wadden Sea. Waterbirds, 37, 319–30.Google Scholar
Scrosati, R. A. and Eckersley, L. K. (2007). Thermal insulation of the intertidal zone by the ice foot. Journal of Sea Research, 58, 331–4.Google Scholar
Shalack, J. D., Power, A. J. and Walker, R. L. (2011). Hand harvesting quickly depletes intertidal whelk populations. American Malacological Bulletin, 29, 37–50.Google Scholar
Shaw, A. L., Frazier, B. S., Kucklick, J. R. and Sancho, G. (2016). Trophic ecology of a predatory community in a shallow-water, high-salinity estuary assessed by stable isotope analysis. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science, 8, 46–61.Google Scholar
Shearman, R. K. and Lentz, S. J. (2010). Long-term sea surface temperature variability along the U. S. east coast. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 40, 1004–17.Google Scholar
Sheehan, E. V., Coleman, R. A., Thompson, R. C. and Attrill, M. J. (2010). Crab-tiling reduces the diversity of estuarine infauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 411, 137–48.Google Scholar
Short, F. T. and Wyllie-Echeverria, S. (1996). Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses. Environmental Conservation, 23, 17–27.Google Scholar
Shuster, C. N. and Botton, M. L. (1985). A contribution to the population biology of horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus (L.), in Delaware Bay. Estuaries, 8, 363–72.Google Scholar
Simon, J. L. and Dauer, D. M. (1977). Re-establishment of a Benthic Community Following Natural Defaunation. In Coull, B. C., ed. The Ecology of Marine Benthos. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 6, 139–54.Google Scholar
Skilleter, G. A., Zharikov, Y., Cameron, B. and McPhee, D. P. (2005). Effects of harvesting callianassid (ghost) shrimps on subtropical benthic communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 320, 133–58.Google Scholar
Smith, J. W. and Merriner, J. V. (1985). Food habits and feeding behavior of the Cownose Ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, in Lower Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries, 8(3), 305–10.Google Scholar
Snelson, F. F. Jr and Williams, S. E. (1981). Notes on the occurrence, distribution, and biology of elasmobranch fishes in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida. Estuaries, 4, 110–20.Google Scholar
Sordo, L., Fournier, J., de Oliveira, V. M., Gern, F., de Castro Panizza, A. and da Cunha Lana, L. (2011). Temporal variations in morphology and biomass of vulnerable Halodule wrightii meadows at their southernmost distribution limit in the southwestern Atlantic. Botanica Marina, 54, 13–21.Google Scholar
Stafford, N. B. and Bell, S. S. (2006). Space competition between seagrass and Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskaal) Lamouroux following simulated disturbances in Lassing Park, FL. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 333, 49–57.Google Scholar
Stephenson, T. A. and Stephenson, A. (1954). Life between tide-marks in North America. IIIB. Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island: geographical features of the region. Journal of Ecology, 42, 46–70.Google Scholar
Steward, J. S., Virnstein, R. W., Morris, L. J. and Lowe, E. F. (2005). Setting seagrass depth, coverage, and light targets for the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida. Estuaries, 28 , 923–35.Google Scholar
Strasser, M. T., Hertlein, A. and Reise, K. (2001a). Differential recruitment of bivalve species in the northern Wadden Sea after the severe winter of 1995/96 and of subsequent milder winters. Helgoland Marine Research, 55, 182–9.Google Scholar
Strasser, M., Reinwald, T. and Reise, K. (2001b). Differential effects of the severe winter of 1995/96 on the intertidal bivalves Mytilus edulis, Cerastoderm edule and Mya arenaria in the northern Wadden Sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 55, 190–7.Google Scholar
Strasser, M. and Pieloth, U. (2001). Recolonization pattern of the polychaete Lanice conchilega on an intertidal sand flat following the severe winter of 1995/96. Helgoland Marine Research, 55, 176–81.Google Scholar
Thrush, S. F. and Dayton, P. K. (2002). Disturbance to marine benthic habitats by trawling and dredging: implications for marine biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33, 449–73.Google Scholar
Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., Cummings, V. J., Green, M. O., Funnell, G. A. and Wilkinson, M. R. (2000). The generality of field experiments: interactions between local and broad-scale processes. Ecology, 81, 399–415.Google Scholar
Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., Parkes, S. et al. (2014). Experimenting with ecosystem interaction networks in search of threshold potentials in real world marine ecosystems. Ecology, 95, 1451–7.Google Scholar
Townsend, E. C. and Fonseca, M. S. (1998). Bioturbation as a potential mechanism influencing spatial heterogeneity of North Carolina seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 169, 123–32.Google Scholar
Urian, A. G., Hatle, J. D. and Gilg, M. R. (2011). Thermal constraints for range expansion of the invasive green mussel, Perna viridis, in the southeastern United States. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 315, 12–21.Google Scholar
van Gils, J. A., van der Geest, M., Jansen, E. J., Govers, L. L., de Fouw, J. and Piersma, T. (2012). Trophic cascade induced by molluscivore predator alters porewater biogeochemistry via competitive release of prey. Ecology, 93, 1143–52.Google Scholar
van Gils, J. A., Lisovski, S., Lok, T. et al. (2016). Body shrinkage due to Arctic warming reduces red knot fitness in tropical wintering range. Science, 352, 819–21.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J., Dietl, G. P. and Reid, D. G. (2008). The trans-Atlantic history of diversity and body size in ecological guilds. Ecology, 89(Suppl.), S39–52.Google Scholar
Virnstein, R. W. (1977). The importance of predation by crabs and fishes on benthic fauna in Chesapeake Bay. Ecology, 58, 1199–217.Google Scholar
Wares, J. P. and Cunningham, C. W. (2001). Phylogeography and historical ecology of the North Atlantic intertidal. Evolution, 55(12), 2455–69.Google Scholar
Welsh, D. T. (2003). It’s a dirty job but someone has to do it: the role of marine benthic macrofauna in organic matter turnover and nutrient recycling to the water column. Chemistry & Ecology, 19(5), 321–42.Google Scholar
Wethey, D. S. (1985). Catastrophe, extinction, and species diversity: a rocky intertidal example. Ecology, 66, 445–6.Google Scholar
Wethey, D. S., Woodin, S. A., Hilbish, T. J., Jones, S. J., Lima, F. P. and Brannock, P. M. (2011). Response of intertidal populations to climate: effects of extreme events versus long term change. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 400, 132–44.Google Scholar
Whitlatch, R. B. (1976). Seasonality, species diversity and patterns of resource utilization in a marine deposit-feeding community. PhD, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Whitlatch, R. B. (1977). Seasonal changes in the community structure of the macrobenthos inhabiting the intertidal sand and mud flats of Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts. Biological Bulletin, 152, 275–94.Google Scholar
Widener, J. W. and Barlow, R. B. (1999). Decline of a horseshoe crab population on Cape Cod. Biological Bulletin, 197, 300–2.Google Scholar
Williams, P. J., Floyd, T. A. and Rossong, M. A. (2006). Agonistic interactions between invasive green crabs, Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus), and sub-adult American lobsters, Homarus americanus (Milne Edwards). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 329, 66–74.Google Scholar
Wilson, W. H. Jr (1989). Predation and the mediation of intraspecific competition in an infaunal community in the Bay of Fundy. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 132, 221–45.Google Scholar
Wilson, W. H. Jr (1991). The importance of epibenthic predation and ice disturbance in a Bay of Fundy mudflat. Ophelia, (Suppl. 5):507–14.Google Scholar
Wiltse, W. (1980). Effects of Polinices duplicatus (Gastropoda: Naticidae) on infaunal community structure at Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts, USA. Marine Biology, 56, 301–10.Google Scholar
Wiltse, W., Foreman, K., Teal, J. and Valiela, I. (1984). Effects of predators and food resources on the macrobenthos of salt marsh creeks. Journal of Marine Research, 42, 923–42.Google Scholar
Wong, M. C. (2013). Green crab (Carcinus maenas [Linnaeus, 1758]) foraging on soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758) across seagrass complexity: Behavioural mechanisms and a new habitat complexity index. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 446, 139–50.Google Scholar
Wong, M. C. and Dowd, M. (2014). Role of invasive green crabs in the food web of an intertidal sand flat determined from field observations and a dynamic simulation model. Estuaries and Coasts, 37, 1004–16.Google Scholar
Woodin, S. A. (1976). Adult-larval interactions in dense infaunal assemblages: patterns of abundance. Journal of Marine Research, 34, 25–41.Google Scholar
Woodin, S. A. (1978). Refuges, disturbance, and community structure: a marine soft-bottom example. Ecology, 59, 274–84.Google Scholar
Woodin, S. A. (1981). Disturbance and community structure in a shallow water sand flat. Ecology, 62, 1052–66.Google Scholar
Woodin, S. A., Volkenborn, N., Pilditch, C. A. et al. (2016). Same pattern, different mechanism: locking onto the role of key species in seafloor ecosystem process. Scientific Reports, 6, 26678.Google Scholar
Zieman, J. C. (1982). The Ecology of the Seagrasses of South FLORIDA: A Community Profile, FWS/OBS-82/25. U.S Fish Wildlife Service, Biological Service Program, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×