Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:00:29.887Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - The Corded Ware Complex in Europe in Light of Current Archaeogenetic and Environmental Evidence

from Part II - Migratory Processes and Linguistic Dispersals between Yamnaya and the Corded Ware

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2023

By
Wolfgang Haak ,
Martin Furholt ,
Martin Sikora ,
Adam Ben Rohrlach ,
Luka Papac ,
Karl-Göran Sjögren ,
Volker Heyd ,
Morten Fischer Mortensen ,
Anne Brigitte Nielsen  and
Johannes Müller
...Show all authors
Edited by
Kristian Kristiansen ,
Guus Kroonen  and
Eske Willerslev
Kristian Kristiansen
Affiliation:
Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
Guus Kroonen
Affiliation:
Universiteit Leiden
Eske Willerslev
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Get access

Summary

Corded Ware is one of the main archaeological phenomena of the third millennium before the common era (BCE), with a wide geographic spread across much of central and northeastern Europe, from Denmark, the Rhineland, and Switzerland in the west to the Baltic and Western Russia in the east, and broadly restricted to the temperate, continental zones north of the Alps, the Carpathians, and the steppe/forest steppe border to the east (Glob 1944; Strahm and Buchvaldek 1991; Furholt 2014).

Type
Chapter
Information
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited
Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
 , pp. 63 - 80
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allentoft, M. E., et al. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522(7555): 167–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersen, S. T. 1993. History of vegetation and agriculture: At Hassing Huse Mose, Thy, Northwest Denmark, since the Ice Age. Journal of Danish Archaeology 11(1): 57–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, S. T. 1995. Pollen analytical investigations of barrows from the Funnel Beaker and Single Grave Cultures in the Vroue area, West Jutland, Denmark. Journal of Danish Archaeology 12(1): 107–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrades Valtueña, A., et al. 2017. The Stone Age plague and its persistence in Eurasia. Current Biology: CB 27(23): 3683–3691.e8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Antanaitis-Jacobs, I., Daugnora, L., & Richards, M.. 2009. Diet in early Lithuanian prehistory and the new stable isotope evidence. Archaeologia Baltica 12: 12–30.Google Scholar
Anthony, D. W. 2007. The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Asam, T., Grupe, G., & Peters, J.. 2006. Menschliche Subsistenzstrategien im Neolithikum: Eine Isotopenanalyse bayerischer Skelettfunde. Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht über die biologisch-anthropologische Literatur 64(1): 1–23.Google Scholar
Bergemann, S. 2018. Zauschwitz (Landkreis Leipzig). Siedlungen und Gräber eines neolithischen Fundplatzes. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.Google Scholar
Bourgeois, Q., & Kroon, E.. 2017. The impact of male burials on the construction of Corded Ware identity: Reconstructing networks of information in the 3rd millennium BC. PLoS ONE 12(10): e0185971.Google Scholar
Brandt, G., et al. 2013. Ancient DNA reveals key stages in the formation of Central European mitochondrial genetic diversity. Science 342(6155): 257–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandt, G., et al. 2015. Human paleogenetics of Europe: The known knowns and the known unknowns. Journal of Human Evolution 79: 73–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brozio, J. P., et al. 2019. Monuments and economies: What drove their variability in the middle-Holocene Neolithic? The Holocene 29(10): 1558–1571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, C., & Shennan, S.. 1976. The Beaker phenomenon: Some suggestions. British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Cassidy, L. M., et al. 2020. A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society. Nature 582(7812): 384–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cramp, L. J. E. et al. 2014. Neolithic dairy farming at the extreme of agriculture in Northern Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1791): 20140819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diers, S., et al. 2014. The Western Altmark versus Flintbek: Palaeoecological research on two megalithic regions. Journal of Archaeological Science 41: 185–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diers, S. 2018. Mensch-Umweltbeziehungen zwischen 4000 und 2200 cal BC. Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Mooren und trichterbecherzeitlichen Fundplätzen der Altmark. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.Google Scholar
Diers, S., & Fritsch, B.. 2019. Changing environments in a megalithic landscape: The Altmark case. In: Müller, J., Hinz, M., & Wunderlich, M. (ed.), Megaliths – Societies – Landscapes. Early monumentality and social differentiation in Neolithic Europe, 719–752. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt Verlag.Google Scholar
Doppler, T., et al. 2012. 14C-Datierung des endneolithischen Kollektivgrabes von Spreitenbach = Les datations radiocarbones de la sépulture collective de Spreitenbach. In: Doppler, Thomas & Alt, Kurt W. (ed.), Spreitenbach-Moosweg (Aargau, Schweiz) : ein Kollektivgrab um 2500 v.Chr. = Spreitenbach-Moosweg (Argovie, Suisse) : une sépulture collective vers 2500 av. J.-C., 85–103. Basel: Archäologie Schweiz (Antiqua).Google Scholar
Doppler, T., et al. 2017. Landscape opening and herding strategies: Carbon isotope analyses of herbivore bone collagen from the Neolithic and Bronze Age lakeshore site of Zurich-Mozartstrasse, Switzerland. Quaternary International 436: 18–28.Google Scholar
Dörfler, W., et al. 2012. A high-quality annually laminated sequence from Lake Belau, Northern Germany: Revised chronology and its implications for palynological and tephrochronological studies. The Holocene 22(12): 1413–1426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feeser, I., et al. 2012. New insight into regional and local land-use and vegetation patterns in eastern Schleswig-Holstein during the Neolithic. In: M. Hinz & J. Müller (ed.), Siedlung, Grabenwerk, Grossteingrab. Studien zu Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Umwelt der Trichterbechergruppen im nördlichen Mitteleuropa. Frühe Monumentalität und Soziale Differenzierung, 159–191. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt.Google Scholar
Feeser, I., et al. 2016. A mid-Holocene annually laminated sediment sequence from Lake Woserin: The role of climate and environmental change for cultural development during the Neolithic in Northern Germany. Holocene 26(6): 947–963.Google Scholar
Feeser, I., et al. 2019. Human impact and population dynamics in the Neolithic and Bronze Age: Multi-proxy evidence from north-western Central Europe. The Holocene 29(10): 1596–1606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feeser, I., & Dörfler, W.. 2019. Land-use and environmental history at the Middle Neolithic settlement site Oldenburg-Dannau LA 77. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 21: 157–207.Google Scholar
Fernandes, D. M., et al. 2018. A genomic Neolithic time transect of hunter-farmer admixture in central Poland. Scientific Reports 8(1): 14879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filipović, D., et al. 2020. New AMS 14C dates track the arrival and spread of broomcorn millet cultivation and agricultural change in prehistoric Europe. Scientific Reports 10(1): 13698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, U. 1958. Mitteldeutschland und die Schnurkeramik. Ein kultursoziologischer Vergleich. Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte 41/42: 254–298.Google Scholar
Fornander, E. 2013. Dietary diversity and moderate mobility: Isotope evidence from Scanian Battle Axe Culture burials. Journal of Nordic Archaeological Science 18: 13–29.Google Scholar
Fortunato, L., & Jordan, F.. 2010. Your place or mine? A phylogenetic comparative analysis of marital residence in Indo-European and Austronesian societies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 365(1559): 3913–3922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frieman, C. J., & Hofmann, D.. 2019. Present pasts in the archaeology of genetics, identity, and migration in Europe: A critical essay. World Archaeology 51(4): 528–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friis-Holm Egfjord, A., et al. 2021. Genomic steppe ancestry in skeletons from the Neolithic Single Grave culture in Denmark. PLoS ONE 16(1): e0244872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furholt, M. 2014. Upending a “totality”: Re-evaluating Corded Ware variability in Late Neolithic Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80: 67–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furholt, M. 2018. Massive migrations? The impact of recent aDNA studies on our view of third millennium Europe. European Journal of Archaeology 21(2): 159–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furholt, M. 2019. Re-integrating archaeology: A contribution to aDNA studies and the migration discourse on the 3rd millennium BC in Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85: 115–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furtwängler, A., et al. 2020. Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland. Nature Communications 11(1): 1915.Google Scholar
Gamkrelidze, T. V., & Ivanov, V.. 1995. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and proto-culture. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Gerling, C., et al. 2017. High-resolution isotopic evidence of specialised cattle herding in the European Neolithic. PLoS ONE 12(7): e0180164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gimbutas, M. 1979. The three waves of Kurgan people into Old Europe, 4500–2500 BC. Archives Suisses d´anthropologie genérale 43(2): 113–137.Google Scholar
Glob, P. V. 1944. Studier over den Jyske Enkeltgravskulturen. Aarbøger 1944: 1–283.Google Scholar
Goldberg, A., et al. 2017. Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114(10): 2657–2662.Google Scholar
Goude, G., et al. 2019. A multidisciplinary approach to Neolithic life reconstruction. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 26(2): 537–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossmann, R. 2016. Das dialektische Verhältnis von Schnurkeramik und Glockenbecher zwischen Rhein und Saale. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.Google Scholar
Haak, W. et al. 2008. Ancient DNA, strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(47): 18226–18231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haak, W. et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522(7555): 207–211.Google Scholar
Harrison, R. J., & Heyd, V.. 2007. The transformation of Europe in the third millenium BC: The example of “Le Petit Chasseur I+III” (Sion, Valais, Switzerland). Praehistorische Zeitschrift 82: 129–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Häusler, A. 1996. Invasionen aus der nordpontischen Steppen nach Mitteleuropa im Neolithikum und in der Bronzezeit: Realität oder Phantasieprodukt? Archäologische Informationen 19: 75–88.Google Scholar
Hellman, S. 2008. Validating and testing the landscape reconstruction algorithm in southern Sweden: Towards quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation. Kalmar: School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar.Google Scholar
Heron, C., et al. 2015. Cooking fish and drinking milk? Patterns in pottery use in the southeastern Baltic, 3300–2400 cal BC. Journal of Archaeological Science 63: 33–43.Google Scholar
Heyd, V. 2017. Kossinna’s smile. Antiquity 91(356): 348–359.Google Scholar
Hinz, M., et al. 2012. Demography and the intensity of cultural activities: An evaluation of Funnel Beaker Societies (4200–2800 cal BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 39(10): 3331–3340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hübner, E. 2005. Jungneolithische Gräber auf der jütischen Halbinsel. Typologische und chronologische Studien zur Einzelgrabkultur (Nordiske Fortidsminder. Serie B). Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Oldskriftselskab.Google Scholar
Immel, A., et al. 2020. Gene-flow from steppe individuals into Cucuteni-Trypillia associated populations indicates long-standing contacts and gradual admixture. Scientific Reports 10(1): 4253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivanova, M. 2013. The Black Sea and the early civilizations of Europe, the Near East and Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Iversen, R. 2015. Sen tragtbæger- og enkeltgravskultur på de danske øer i sen mellemneolitikum, ca. 2850–2350 f. Kr. Strategi for yngre stenalders arkæologiske undersøgelser, November 2015: 58–82. Kulturstyrelsen.Google Scholar
Johannsen, N., & Laursen, S.. 2010. Routes and wheeled transport in late 4th–early 3rd millennium funerary customs of the Jutland peninsula: Regional evidence and European context. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 85(1): 15–58.Google Scholar
Jones, E. R., et al. 2015. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nature Communications 6: 8912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, E. R., et al. 2017. The Neolithic transition in the Baltic was not driven by admixture with early European farmers. Current Biology: CB 27(4): 576–582.Google Scholar
Juras, A. et al. 2018. Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations. Scientific Reports 8(1): 11603.Google Scholar
Kaiser, E. 2019. Das dritte Jahrtausend im osteuropäischen Steppenraum: Kulturhistorische Studien zu prähistorischer Subsistenzwirtschaft und Interaktion mit benachbarten Räumen (Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 37). Berlin: Edition Topoi.Google Scholar
Knipper, C., et al. 2017. Female exogamy and gene pool diversification at the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114(38): 10083–10088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knitter, D., et al. 2019. Transformations and site locations from a landscape archaeological perspective: The case of Neolithic Wagrien, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Land 8(4): 68.Google Scholar
Kossinna, G. 1910. Der Ursprung der Urfinnen und Urindogermanen und ihre Ausbreitung nach Osten. Mannus 1/2: 225–245.Google Scholar
Kossinna, G. 1911. Die Herkunft der Germanen. Zur Methode der Siedlungsarchäologie. Bonn: Mannus-Bibliothek.Google Scholar
Krauß, R., et al. 2017. Chronology and development of the Chalcolithic necropolis of Varna I. Documenta Praehistorica 44: 282–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, K. 1989. Prehistoric migrations: The case of the Single Grave and Corded Ware Culture. Journal of Danish Archaeology 8: 211–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, K., et al. 2017. Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe. Antiquity 91(356): 334–347.Google Scholar
Lanting, J. N., Mook, W. G., & van der Waals, J. D.. 1973. C14 chronology and the Beaker problem. Helinium 13: 38–58.Google Scholar
Lazaridis, I., & Reich, D.. 2017. Failure to replicate a genetic signal for sex bias in the steppe migration into central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(20): E3873–E3874.Google Scholar
Lechterbeck, J., et al. 2014. How was Bell Beaker economy related to Corded Ware and Early Bronze Age lifestyles? Archaeological, botanical and palynological evidence from the Hegau, Western Lake Constance region. Environmental Archaeology 19(2): 95–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linderholm, A. et al. 2020. Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland. Scientific Reports 10(1): 6885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipson, M. et al. 2017. Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers. Nature 551(7680): 368–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallory, J. P. 1989. In search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, archaeology and myth. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Malmström, H., et al. 2019. The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon. Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society 286(1912): 20191528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathieson, I., et al. 2015. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528(7583): 499–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathieson, I., et al. 2018. The genomic history of southeastern Europe. Nature 555: 197–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meller, H., et al. (ed). 2019. Late Neolithic and early Bronze Age settlement archaeology: 11th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 18–20, 2018 in Halle (Saale). Halle: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte.Google Scholar
Mittnik, A., et al. 2018. The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region. Nature Communications 9(1): 442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittnik, A., et al. 2019. Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science 366(6466): 731–734.Google Scholar
Monroy Kuhn, J. M., Jakobsson, M., & Günther, T.. 2018. Estimating genetic kin relationships in prehistoric populations. PLoS ONE 13(4): e0195491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller, J. 2001. Zum Verhältnis von Schnurkeramik und jüngeren Trichterbechergruppen im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet: Kontinuität oder Diskontinuität? In: Gohlisch, T. H. & Reisch, L. (ed.), Die Stellung der endneolithischen Chamer Kultur in ihrem räumlichen und zeitlichen Kontext (Kolloquien des Institutes für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Erlangen), 120–136. Erlangen: Dr. Faustus.Google Scholar
Müller, J., et al. 2009. A revision of Corded Ware settlement pattern: New results from the Central European Low Mountain Range. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75: 125–142.Google Scholar
Müller, J. 2019. Boom and bust, hierarchy and balance: From landscape to social meaning: Megaliths and societies in Northern Central Europe. In: Müller, J., Hinz, M., & Wunderlich, M. (ed.), Megaliths – Societies – Landscapes. Early monumentality and social differentiation in Neolithic Europe, 29–74. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.Google Scholar
Müller, S. 1898. De jydske Enkeltgrave fra Stenalderen. Aarbøger 1898: 157–282.Google Scholar
Münster, A., et al. 2018. 4000 years of human dietary evolution in central Germany, from the first farmers to the first elites. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0194862.Google Scholar
Narasimhan, V. M., et al. 2019. The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science 365(6457).Google Scholar
Nielsen, P. O. 2020. The development of the two-aisled longhouse in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. In: Reedz-Sparrevohn, L., Thirup Kastholm, O., & Nielsen, P. O. (ed.), Houses for the living. Two-aisled houses from the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in Denmark (The Royal Society of Northern Antiquities), 9–51. Copenhagen: University Press of Southern Denmark.Google Scholar
Odgaard, B. V. 1994. The Holocene vegetation history of northern West Jutland, Denmark. Nordic Journal of Botany 14(5): 546–546.Google Scholar
Olalde, I., et al. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555: 190–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piličiauskas, G., et al. 2017. The transition from foraging to farming (7000–500 cal BC) in the SE Baltic: A re-evaluation of chronological and palaeodietary evidence from human remains. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 14: 530–542.Google Scholar
Piličiauskas, G., et al. 2018. The Corded Ware culture in the Eastern Baltic: New evidence on chronology, diet, beaker, bone and flint tool function. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 21: 538–552.Google Scholar
Piličiauskas, G., et al. 2020. Fishers of the Corded Ware culture in the Eastern Baltic. Acta Archaeologica 91(1): 95–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Racimo, F., et al. 2020. The spatiotemporal spread of human migrations during the European Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117(16): 8989–9000.Google Scholar
Rascovan, N., et al. 2019. Emergence and spread of basal lineages of Yersinia pestis during the Neolithic decline. Cell 176(1/2): 295–305.e10.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, P., & Olsen, J.. 2009. Soil erosion and land-use change during the last six millennia recorded in lake sediments of Gudme Sø, Fyn, Denmark. GEUS Bulletin 17: 37–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, S., et al. 2015. Early divergent strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 years ago. Cell 163(3): 571–582.Google Scholar
Rasteiro, R., & Chikhi, L.. 2013. Female and male perspectives on the Neolithic transition in Europe: Clues from ancient and modern genetic data. PLoS ONE 8(4): e60944.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1987. Archaeology and language: The puzzle of Indo-European origins. London: Pimlico.Google Scholar
Robb, J., & Harris, O. J. T.. 2018. Becoming gendered in European prehistory: Was Neolithic gender fundamentally different? American Antiquity 83(1): 128–147.Google Scholar
Robson, H. K., et al. 2019. Diet, cuisine and consumption practices of the first farmers in the southeastern Baltic. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11(8): 4011–4024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saag, L., et al. 2017. Extensive farming in Estonia started through a sex-biased migration from the steppe. Current Biology: CB 27(14): 2185–2193.e6.Google Scholar
Saag, L., et al. 2021. Genetic ancestry changes in Stone to Bronze Age transition in the East European plain. Science Advances 7(4): eabd6535.Google Scholar
Salanova, L. 2011. Chronologie et facteurs d’évolution des sépultures individuelles campaniformes dans le Nord de la France. In: Salanova, Laure and Tcheremissinoff, Yaramila (ed.), Les sépultures individuelles campaniformes en France, 125–142. Paris: CNRS Éditions.Google Scholar
Schrader, O. 1883. Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte: Linguistisch-historische Beiträge zur Erforschung des indogermanischen Altertums. Jena.Google Scholar
Schroeder, H., et al. 2019. Unraveling ancestry, kinship, and violence in a Late Neolithic mass grave. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116(22): 10705–10710.Google Scholar
Shennan, S., et al. 2013. Regional population collapse followed initial agriculture booms in mid-Holocene Europe. Nature Communications 4: 2486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siemen, P. 1997. Early Corded Ware culture. The A-horizon, fiction or fact? International symposium in Jutland, 2nd–7th May 1994 (Arkaeologiske Rapporter 2). Esbjerg: Esbjerg Museum.Google Scholar
Sjögren, K.-G. 2006. Ecology and economy in Stone Age and Bronze Age Scania (Skånska spår – Arkeologi längs Västkustbanan. National Heritage Board). Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet.Google Scholar
Sjögren, K.-G., et al. 2020. Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries. PLoS ONE 15(11): e0241278.Google Scholar
Sjögren, K.-G., Price, T. D., & Kristiansen, K.. 2016. Diet and mobility in the Corded Ware of Central Europe. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0155083.Google Scholar
Spyrou, M. A., et al. 2018. Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague. Nature Communications 9(1): 2234.Google Scholar
Spyrou, M. A., et al. 2019. Ancient pathogen genomics as an emerging tool for infectious disease research. Nature Reviews. Genetics 20(6): 323–340.Google Scholar
Strahm, C. 2002. Tradition und Wandel der sozialen Strukturen vom 3. zum 2. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend. In: Müller, J. (ed.), Vom Endneolithikum zur Frühbronzezeit: Muster sozialen Wandels? (Tagung Bamberg 14.–16. Juni 2001) (Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 90), 175–194. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Strahm, C., & Buchvaldek, M.. 1991. Die kontinentaleuropäischen Gruppen der Kultur mit Schnurkeramik. Prague: Karolinum.Google Scholar
Struve, K. W. 1955. Die Einzelgrabkultur in Schleswig-Holstein. Neumünster: Offa-Bücher.Google Scholar
Sugita, S. 2007a. Theory of quantitative reconstruction of vegetation II: All you need is LOVE. The Holocene 17(2): 243–257.Google Scholar
Sugita, S. 2007b. Theory of quantitative reconstruction of vegetation I: Pollen from large sites REVEALS regional vegetation composition. The Holocene 17(2): 229–241.Google Scholar
Szczepanek, A., et al. 2018. Understanding Final Neolithic communities in south-eastern Poland: New insights on diet and mobility from isotopic data. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0207748.Google Scholar
Szécsényi-Nagy, A., et al. 2015. Tracing the genetic origin of Europe’s first farmers reveals insights into their social organization. Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society 282(1805).Google Scholar
Theuerkauf, M., et al. 2016. A matter of dispersal: REVEALSinR introduces state-of-the-art dispersal models to quantitative vegetation reconstruction. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 25(6): 541–553.Google Scholar
Theuerkauf, M., & Couwenberg, J.. 2018. ROPES reveals past land cover and PPEs from single pollen records. Frontiers of Earth Science in China 6(14).Google Scholar
Ullrich, M. 2008. Endneolithische Siedlungskeramik aus Ergersheim, Mittelfranken. Untersuchungen zur Chronologie von Schnurkeramik- und Glockenbechern an Rhein, Main und Neckar (Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie). Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Veit, U. 1989. Ethnic concepts in German prehistory: A case study on the relationship between cultural identity and archaeological objectivity. In: Shennan, S. (ed.), Archaeological approaches to cultural identity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wang, C.-C., et al. 2019. Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions. Nature Communications 10(1): 590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wentink, K. 2020. Stereotype. The role of grave sets in Corded Ware and Bell Beaker funerary practices. Leiden: Sidestone Press.Google Scholar
Werens, K., Szczepanek, A., & Jarosz, P.. 2018. Light stable isotope analysis of diet in Corded Ware culture communities: Święte, Jarosław District, South-Eastern Poland. Baltic-Pontic Studies, 23(1): 229–245.Google Scholar
Wiethold, J. 1998. Studien zur jüngeren postglazialen Vegetations- und Siedlungsgeschichte im östlichen Schleswig-Holstein (Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie). Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Wilkins, J. F., & Marlowe, F. W.. 2006. Sex-biased migration in humans: What should we expect from genetic data? BioEssays 28(3): 290–300.Google Scholar
Yu, H., et al. 2020. Paleolithic to Bronze Age Siberians reveal connections with First Americans and across Eurasia. Cell 181(6): 1232–1245.e20.Google Scholar
Zanon, M., et al. 2018. European forest cover during the past 12,000 years: A palynological reconstruction based on modern analogs and remote sensing. Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 253–253.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×