4 - Presidential and parliamentary government

Summary

We have seen in chapter 3 that each democratic constitution has its own particular and special features, and that each combines them in a different way. This might produce a severe problem for comparative politics, for if every system was unique then all we could do would be to describe them in bewildering and endless detail. Fortunately for students of comparative politics, this is not the case. The great majority of democracies combine their three branches of government in one of only three general ways – most of them fall fairly neatly into presidential, parliamentary and semi-presidential systems. Of course, each particular democracy retains its own special features, but most nonetheless conform to one of the three general types, and can be classified accordingly.

The first task of this chapter is to map out the three systems and the main differences between them. Since each has its own strengths and weaknesses, the second task is to consider their respective merits and deficiencies. Third, since constitutions do not exist in a societal vacuum, the next job is to try to sort out the form of government best suited to each kind of social and historical circumstances. Some forms of government are more likely to work better in certain conditions than others, and it is also possible that countries might do well to shift from one form to another as they develop over time.