Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T23:02:05.844Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 24 - Hemorrhagic Lesions of the Central Nervous System

from Section 4 - Specific Conditions Associated with Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2017

David K. Stevenson
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
William E. Benitz
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Philip Sunshine
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Susan R. Hintz
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Maurice L. Druzin
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Del Bigio, MR. Cell proliferation in human ganglionic eminence and suppression after prematurity-associated haemorrhage. Brain 2011; 134(Pt 5): 1344–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paneth, N, Rudelli, R, Kazam, E, et al. Brain Damage in the Preterm Infant (Clinics in Developmental Medicine 131). London: MacKeith Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Parodi, A, Rossi, A, Severino, M et al. Accuracy of ultrasound in assessing cerebellar haemorrhages in very low birthweight babies. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2015; 100(4): F289–92.Google Scholar
Tortora, D, Severino, M, Malova, M et al. Differences in subependymal vein anatomy may predispose preterm infants to GMH-IVH Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2017 Jun 6. pii: fetalneonatal-2017-312710. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-312710. [Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar
Takashima, S, Takashi, M, Ando, Y. Pathogenesis of periventricular white matter haemorrhage in preterm infants. Brain Dev 1986; 8: 2530.Google Scholar
Gould, SJ, Howard, S, Hope, PL, et al. Periventricular intraparenchymal cerebral haemorrhage in preterm infants: the role of venous infarction. J Pathol 1987; 151: 197202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghazi-Birry, HS, Brown, WR, Moody, DM, et al. Human germinal matrix: venous origin of hemorrhage and vascular characteristics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997; 18: 219–29.Google ScholarPubMed
Pape, KE, Wigglesworth, JS. Haemorrhage, Ischaemia and Perinatal Brain (Clinics in Developmental Medicine 69/70). London: SIMP/Heinemann, 1979: 133–48.Google Scholar
Ment, LR, Stewart, WB, Ardito, TA, et al. Germinal matrix microvascular maturation correlates inversely with the risk period for neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1995; 84: 142–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinto Cardoso, G, Abily-Donval, L, Chadie, A, et al. Le réseau de périnatalité de Haute-Normandie [Epidemiological study of very preterm infants at Rouen University Hospital: changes in mortality, morbidity, and care over 11 years]. Arch Pediatr 2013; 20(2): 156–63Google Scholar
Horbar, JD, Carpenter, JH, Badger, GJ, et al. Mortality and neonatal morbidity among infants 501 to 1500 grams from 2000 to 2009. Pediatrics 2012; 129: 1019–26Google Scholar
Larroque, B, Marret, S, Ancel, PY, et al. White matter damage and intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: the EPIPAGE study. J Pediatr 2003; 143: 477–83.Google Scholar
Hamrick, SE, Miller, SP, Leonard, C, et al. Trends in severe brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcome in premature newborn infants: the role of cystic periventricular leukomalacia. J Pediatr 2004; 145: 593–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorp, JA, Jones, PG, Clark, RH, et al. Perinatal factors associated with severe intracranial hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 859–62.Google Scholar
Yanowitz, TD, Jordan, JA, Gilmour, CH, et al. Hemodynamic disturbances in premature infants born after chorioamnionitis: association with cord blood cytokine concentrations. Pediatr Res 2002; 51: 310–6.Google Scholar
Haque, KN, Hayes, AM, Ahmed, Z, et al. Caesarean or vaginal delivery for preterm very-low-birth weight (≤1,250 g) infant: experience from a district general hospital in UK. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008; 277: 207–12.Google Scholar
Riskin, A, Riskin-Mashiah, S, Bader, D et al. Delivery mode and severe intraventricular hemorrhage in single, very low birth weight, vertex infants. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 21–8.Google Scholar
Herbst, A, Källén, K. Influence of mode of delivery on neonatal mortality and morbidity in spontaneous preterm breech delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 133: 25–9.Google Scholar
Jensen, EA, Lorch, SA. Association between Off-Peak Hour Birth and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality among Very Low Birth Weight Infants. J Pediatr. 2017 Jul; 186: 4148.e4Google Scholar
Mercer, JS, Vohr, BR, McGrath, MM, et al. Delayed cord clamping in very preterm infants reduces the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and late-onset sepsis: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 1235–42.Google Scholar
Rabe, H, Diaz-Rossello, JL, Duley, L, Dowswell, T. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 15(8): CD003248.Google Scholar
Heuchan, AM, Evans, N, Henderson Smart, DJ. Perinatal risk factors for major intraventricular haemorrhage in the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network, 1995–97. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002; 86: F8690.Google Scholar
Palmer, KG, Kronsberg, SS, Barton, BA, et al. Effect of inborn versus outborn delivery on clinical outcomes in ventilated preterm neonates: secondary results from the NEOPAIN trial. J Perinatol 2005; 25: 270–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohamed, MA, Aly, H. Transport of premature infants is associated with increased risk for intraventricular haemorrhage. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2010; 95: F403–7.Google Scholar
Limperopoulos, C, Gauvreau, KK, O’Leary, H, et al. Cerebral hemodynamic changes during intensive care of preterm infants. Pediatrics 2008; 122(5): e1006–13.Google Scholar
Vela-Huerta, MM, Amador-Licona, M, Medina-Ovando, N, Aldana-Valenzuela, C. Factors associated with early severe intraventricular haemorrhage in very low birth weight infants. Neuropediatrics 2009; 40(5): 224–7.Google Scholar
Osborn, DA, Evans, N, Kluckow, M. Hemodynamic and antecedent risk factors of early and late periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 33–9.Google Scholar
Tsuji, M, Saul, P, du Plessis, A, et al. Cerebral intravascular oxygenation correlates with mean arterial pressure in critically ill premature infants. Pediatrics 2000; 106: 625–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soul, JS, Hammer, PE, Tsuji, M, et al. Fluctuating pressure-passivity is common in the cerebral circulation of sick premature infants. Pediatr Res 2007; 61: 467–73.Google Scholar
Alderliesten, T, Lemmers, PM, Smarius, JJ, et al. Cerebral oxygenation, extraction, and autoregulation in very preterm infants who develop peri-intraventricular hemorrhage. J Pediatr 2013; 162(4): 698704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noori, S, McCoy, M, Anderson, MP, et al. Changes in cardiac function and cerebral blood flow in relation to peri/intraventricular hemorrhage in extremely preterm infants. J Pediatr 2014; 164(2): 264–70.Google Scholar
Ikeda, T, Amizuka, T, Ito, Y, et al. Changes in the perfusion waveform of the internal cerebral vein and intraventricular hemorrhage in the acute management of extremely low-birth-weight infants. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174(3): 331–8Google Scholar
Fabres, J, Carlo, WA, Phillips, V, et al. Both extremes of arterial carbon dioxide pressure and the magnitude of fluctuations in arterial carbon dioxide pressure are associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 299305.Google Scholar
Dalton, J, Dechert, RE, Sarkar, S. Assessment of association between rapid fluctuations in serum sodium and intraventricular hemorrhage in hypernatremic preterm infants. Am J Perinatol 2015; 32(8): 795802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnette, AR, Myers, BJ, Berg, CS, Inder, TE. Sodium intake and intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm infant. Ann Neurol 2010; 67(6): 817–23Google Scholar
Ryckman, KK, Dagle, JM, Kelsey, K, et al. Replication of genetic associations in the inflammation, complement, and coagulation pathways with intraventricular hemorrhage in LBW preterm neonates. Pediatr Res 2011; 70: 90–5.Google Scholar
Ment, LR, Adén, U, Lin, A et al. Gene Targets for IVH Study Group. Gene-environment interactions in severe intraventricular hemorrhage of preterm neonates. Pediatr Res 2014; 75(1–2): 241–50.Google Scholar
Harteman, JC, Groenendaal, F, van Haastert, IC, et al. Atypical timing and presentation of periventricular haemorrhagic infarction in preterm infants: the role of thrombophilia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2012; 54(2): 140–7Google Scholar
Harding, DR, Dhamrait, S, Whitelaw, A, et al. Does interleukin-6 genotype influence cerebral injury or developmental progress after preterm birth? Pediatrics 2004; 114(4): 941–7Google Scholar
Göpel, W, Härtel, C, Ahrens, P, et al. Interleukin-6–174-genotype, sepsis and cerebral injury in very low birth weight infants. Genes Immun 2006; 7: 65–8.Google Scholar
Kallankari, H, Kaukola, T, Ojaniemi, M, et al. Chemokine CCL18 predicts intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants. Ann Med 2010; 42: 416–25.Google Scholar
de Vries, LS, Koopman, C, Groenendaal, F, et al. COL4A1 mutation in two preterm siblings with antenatal onset of parenchymal haemorrhage. Ann Neurol 2009; 65: 12–8.Google Scholar
Meuwissen, ME, Halley, DJ, Smit, LS, et al. The expanding phenotype of COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations: clinical data on 13 newly identified families and a review of the literature. Genet Med 2015; 7(11): 843–53.Google Scholar
Shankaran, S, Bauer, CR, Bain, R, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk and protective factors for neonatal intracranial hemorrhage. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996; 150: 491–7.Google Scholar
Gagliardi, L, Rusconi, F, Da Frè, M, et al. Pregnancy disorders leading to very preterm birth influence neonatal outcomes: results of the population-based ACTION cohort study. Pediatr Res 2013; 73: 794801.Google Scholar
Andre, P, Thebaud, B, Delavaucoupet, J, et al. Late-onset cystic periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants: a threat until term. Am J Perinatol 2001; 18: 7986.Google Scholar
de Vries, LS, Rademaker, KJ, Roelantsvan-Rijn, AM, et al. Unilateral haemorrhagic parenchymal infarction in the preterm infant. Eur J Pediatr Neurol 2001; 5: 139–49.Google Scholar
Volpe, JJ. Neonatal Neurology, 4th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2001.Google Scholar
Correa, F, Enríquez, G, Rosselló, J, et al. Posterior fontanelle sonography: an acoustic window into the neonatal brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25: 1274–82.Google Scholar
Maalouf, EF, Duggan, PJ, Counsell, SJ, et al. Comparison of findings on cranial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 719–27.Google Scholar
Parodi, A, Morana, G, Severino, MS, et al. Low-grade intraventricular hemorrhage: is ultrasound good enough? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; Suppl 1:2261–4.Google Scholar
Dudink, J, Lequin, M, Weisglas-Kuperus, N, et al. Venous subtypes of preterm periventricular haemorrhagic infarction. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007; 93: F201–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Bassan, H, Benson, CB, Limperopoulos, C, et al. Ultrasonographic features and severity scoring of periventricular hemorrhagic infarction in relation to risk factors and outcome. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 2111–18.Google Scholar
Bassan, H, Limperopoulos, C, Visconti, K, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome in survivors of periventricular hemorrhagic infarction. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 785–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Limperopoulos, C, Benson, CB, Bassan, H, et al. Cerebellar hemorrhage in the preterm infant: ultrasonographic findings and risk factors. Pediatrics 2005; 116: 717–24.Google Scholar
Steggerda, SJ, Leijser, LM, Wiggers-de Bruïne, FT, et al. Cerebellar injury in preterm infants: incidence and findings on US and MR images. Radiology 2009; 252: 190–9.Google Scholar
Ecury-Goossen, GM, Dudink, J, Lequin, M, et al. The clinical presentation of preterm cerebellar haemorrhage. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169(10): 1249–53.Google Scholar
Tam, EW, Miller, SP, Studholme, C, et al. Differential effects of intraven- tricular hemorrhage and white matter injury on preterm cerebellar growth. J Pediatr 2011; 158(3): 366–71.Google Scholar
Steggerda, SJ, De Bruïne, FT, van den Berg-Huysmans, AA, et al. Small cerebellar hemorrhage in preterm infants: perinatal and postnatal factors and outcome. Cerebellum 2013; 12(6): 794801CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Limperopoulos, C, Bassan, H, Gauvreau, K, et al. Does cerebellar injury in premature infants contribute to the high prevalence of long-term cognitive, learning, and behavioral disability in survivors? Pediatrics 2007; 120: 584–93.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, L, Allsop, J, Counsell, SJ, et al. Smaller cerebellar volumes in very preterm infants at term-equivalent age are associated with the presence of supratentorial lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 573–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Morita, T, Morimoto, M, Yamada, K, et al. Low-grade intraventricular hemorrhage disrupts cerebellar white matter in preterm infants: evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroradiology 2015; 57(5): 507–14Google Scholar
McLendon, D, Check, J, Carteaux, P, et al. Implementation of potentially better practices for the prevention of brain hemorrhage and ischemic brain injury in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2003; 111: e497503.Google Scholar
Olischar, M, Klebermass, K, Waldhoer, T, et al. Background patterns and sleep-wake cycles on amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in preterms younger than 30 weeks gestational age with peri-/intraventricular haemorrhage. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96: 1743–50.Google Scholar
Murphy, BP, Inder, TE, Rooks, V, et al. Posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in the premature infant: natural history and predictors of outcome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002; 87: F3741.Google Scholar
Ingram, MC, Huguenard, AL, Miller, BA, Chern, JJ. Poor correlation between head circumference and cranial ultrasound findings in premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2014; 14: 184–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levene, MI, Starte, DR. A longitudinal study of posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56: 905–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, MW, Swaminathan, M, Chuang, SI, et al. Reference ranges for the linear dimensions of the intracranial ventricles in preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatol Ed 2000; 82:F219–23.Google Scholar
Brouwer, MJ, de Vries, LS, Groenendaal, F, et al. New reference values for the neonatal cerebral ventricles. Radiology 2012; 262(1): 224–33.Google Scholar
Kaiser, A, Whitelaw, A. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure during posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in newborn. Arch Dis Child 1985; 60: 920–4.Google Scholar
Soul, JS, Eichenwald, E, Walter, G, et al. CSF removal in infantile posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus results in significant improvement in cerebral hemodynamics. Pediatr Res 2004; 55: 872–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klebermass-Schrehof, K, Rona, Z, Waldhör, T, et al. Can neurophysiological assessment improve timing of intervention in posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2013; 98(4): F291–7.Google Scholar
Sävman, K, Blennow, M, Hagberg, H, et al. Cytokine response in cerebrospinal fluid from preterm infants with posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. Acta Paediatr 2002; 91: 1357–63.Google Scholar
Felderhoff-Mueser, U, Buhrer, C, Groneck, P, et al. Soluble Fas (CD95/Apo-1), soluble Fas ligand and activated caspase 3 in the cerebrospinal fluid of infants with posthemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Pediatr Res 2003; 54: 5964.Google Scholar
Heep, A, Stoffel-Wagner, B, Bartmann, P, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-β1 are highly expressed in the cerebrospinal fluid of premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Pediatr Res 2004; 56: 768–74.Google Scholar
Schmitz, T, Heep, A, Groenendaal, F, et al. Interleukin-1β, interleukin-18, and interferon-γ expression in the cerebrospinal fluid of premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus–markers of white matter damage? Pediatr Res 2007; 61: 722–6.Google Scholar
Whitelaw, A, Lee-Kelland, R. Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 6; 4: CD000216.Google Scholar
Ventriculomegaly Trial Group. Randomized trial of early tapping in neonatal posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: results at 30 months. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1994; 70: F129–36.Google Scholar
Whitelaw, A, Evans, D, Carter, M, et al. Randomized clinical trial of prevention of hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants: brainwashing versus tapping fluid. Pediatrics 2007; 119: e1071–8.Google Scholar
Brouwer, AJ, Groenendaal, F, van Haastert, IC, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage and therapy for post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. J Pediatr 2008; 152: 648–54.Google Scholar
Bassan, H, Eshel, R, Golan, I, et al. External Ventricular Drainage Study Investigators. Timing of external ventricular drainage and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2012; 16(6): 662–70.Google Scholar
Vasileiadis, GT, Gelman, N, Han, VK, et al. Uncomplicated intraventricular hemorrhage is followed by reduced cortical volume at near-term age. Pediatrics 2004; 114: e367–72.Google Scholar
Patra, K, Wilson-Costello, D, Taylor, HG, et al. Grades I–II intraventricular hemorrhage in extremely low birth weight infants: effects on neurodevelopment. J Pediatr 2006; 149: 169–73.Google Scholar
Bolisetty, S, Dhawan, A, Abdel-Latif, M, et al. New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory Neonatal Intensive Care Units’ Data Collection. Intraventricular hemorrhage and neurodevelopmental outcomes in extreme preterm infants. Pediatrics 2014; 133(1): 5562.Google Scholar
Payne, AH, Hintz, SR, Hibbs, AM, et al. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely low-gestational-age neonates with low-grade periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167(5): 451–9.Google Scholar
Radic, JAE, Vincer, M, McNeely, PD. Outcomes of intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in a population-based cohort of very preterm infants born to residents of Nova Scotia from 1993 to 2010. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2015; 15: 580–8.Google Scholar
Reubsaet, P, Brouwer, AJ, van Haastert, IC, et al The Impact of Low-Grade Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage on Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Very Preterm Infants. Neonatology 2017 Jul 14; 112(3): 203210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuban, K, Sanocka, U, Leviton, A, et al. White matter disorders of prematurity: association with intraventricular hemorrhage and ventriculomegaly. The Developmental Epidemiology Network. J Pediatr 1999; 134: 539–46.Google Scholar
Brouwer, MJ, van Kooij, BJ, van Haastert, IC, et al. Sequential cranial ultrasound and cerebellar diffusion weighted imaging contribute to the early prognosis of neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants. PLoS One. 2014; 9(10): e109556Google Scholar
Fernell, E, Hagberg, G, Hagberg, B. Infantile hydrocephalus in preterm, low-birth-weight infants: a nationwide Swedish cohort study 1979–1988. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82: 45–8.Google Scholar
Persson, EK, Hagberg, G, Uvebrant, P. Disabilities in children with hydrocephalus: a population-based study of children aged between four and twelve years. Neuropediatrics 2006; 37: 330–6.Google Scholar
Sherlock, RL, Synnes, AR, Grunau, RE, et al. Long-term outcome after neonatal intraparenchymal echodensities with porencephaly. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008; 93: F127–31.Google Scholar
De Vries, LS, Groenendaal, F, Eken, P, et al. Asymmetrical myelination of the posterior limb of the internal capsule: an early predictor of hemiplegia. Neuropediatrics 1999; 30: 314–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roze, E, Benders, MJ, Kersbergen, KJ, et al. Neonatal DTI early after birth predicts motor outcome in preterm infants with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction. Pediatr Res 2015; 78(3): 298303.Google Scholar
Counsell, SJ, Dyet, LE, Larkman, DJ, et al. Thalamo-cortical connectivity in children born preterm mapped using probabilistic magnetic resonance tractography. Neuroimage 2007; 34: 896904.Google Scholar
Roberts, D, Dalziel, S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD004454.Google Scholar
Brownfoot, FC, Gagliardi, DI, Bain, E, et al. Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 8: CD006764.Google Scholar
Baud, O, Foix-L’Helias, L, Kaminski, M, et al. Antenatal glucocorticoid treatment and cystic periventricular leukomalacia in very premature infants. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1190–6.Google Scholar
Modi, N, Lewis, H, Al-Naqeeb, N, et al. The effects of repeated antenatal glucocorticoid therapy on the brain. Pediatr Res 2001; 50: 581–5.Google Scholar
Wapner, RJ, Sorokin, Y, Mele, L, et al. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Long-term outcomes after repeat doses of antenatal corticosteroids. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(12): 1190–8.Google Scholar
Crowther, CA, Hiller, JE, Doyle, LW, et al. Effect of magnesium sulfate given for neuroprotection before preterm birth. JAMA 2003; 290: 2669–76.Google Scholar
Rouse, DJ, Hirtz, DG, Thom, E, et al. A randomized controlled trial of magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 895905.Google Scholar
Doyle, LW, Crowther, CA, Middleton, P, Marret, S. Antenatal magnesium sulfate and neurologic outcome in preterm infants: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 1327–33.Google Scholar
Stark, MJ, Hodyl, NA, Andersen, CC. Effects of antenatal magnesium sulphate treatment for neonatal neuro-protection on cerebral oxygen kinetics. Pediatr Res 2015; 78(3): 310–4.Google Scholar
Kamyar, M, Manuck, TA, Stoddard, GJ, et al. Magnesium sulfate, chorioamnionitis, and neurodevelopment after preterm birth. BJOG 2016; 123(7): 1161–6.Google Scholar
Crowther, CA, Crosby, DD, Henderson-Smart, DJ. Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 20(1): CD000229.Google Scholar
Smit, E, Odd, D, Whitelaw, A. Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 13(8): CD001691.Google Scholar
Fowlie, PW, Davis, PG, McGuire, W. Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 7(7): CD000174.Google Scholar
Schmidt, B, Davis, P, Moddeman, D, et al. Trial of indomethacin prophylaxis in preterm investigators: long-term effects of indomethacin prophylaxis in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. N Eng J Med 2001; 344: 1966–72.Google Scholar
Ment, LR, Peterson, BS, Meltzer, JA, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the long-term influences of early indomethacin exposure on language processing in the brains of prematurely born children. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 961–70.Google Scholar
Van Overmeire, B, Allegaert, K, Casaer, A, et al. Prophylactic ibuprofen in premature infants: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364(9449): 1945–9.Google Scholar
Shah, SS, Ohlsson, A. Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1: CD004213.Google Scholar
Synnes, AR, Macnab, YC, Qiu, Z, et al. Neonatal intensive care unit characteristics affect the incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage. Med Care 2006; 44: 754–9.Google Scholar
Wu, YW, Hamrick, SEG, Miller, SP, et al. Intraventricular hemorrhage in term neonates caused by sinovenous thrombosis. Ann Neurol 2003; 54: 123–6.Google Scholar
Roland, EH, Flodmark, O, Hill, A. Thalamic hemorrhagic with intraventricular hemorrhage in the full term newborn. Pediatrics 1990; 85: 737–42.Google Scholar
Jocelyn, LJ, Casiro, OG. Neurodevelopmental outcome of term infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. Am J Dis Child 1992; 146: 194–7.Google Scholar
Whitby, EH, Griffiths, PD, Rutter, S, et al. Frequency and natural history of subdural haemorrhages in babies and relation to obstetric factors. Lancet 2004; 363: 846–51.Google Scholar
Looney, CB, Smith, JK, Merck, LH, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in asymptomatic neonates: prevalence on MR images and relationship to obstetric and neonatal risk factors. Radiology 2007; 242: 535–41.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, GJ, Hannah, ME. Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 3: CD000166.Google Scholar
Chamnanvanakij, S, Rollins, N, Perlman, JM. Subdural hematoma in term infants. Pediatr Neurol 2002; 26: 301–14.Google Scholar
Govaert, P, Vanhaesebrouck, P, de Praeter, C. Traumatic neonatal intracranial bleeding and stroke. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 840–5.Google Scholar
Brouwer, AJ, Groenendaal, F, Koopman, C, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in full-term newborns: a hospital-based cohort study. Neuroradiology 2010; 52(6): 567–76Google Scholar
Vinchon, M, Pierrat, V, Tchofo, PJ, et al. Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in newborns. Childs Nerv Syst 2005; 21: 1042–8.Google Scholar
Kilani, RA, Wetmore, J. Neonatal subgaleal hematoma:presentation and outcome. Radiological findings and factors associated with mortality. Am J Perinatol 2006; 23: 41–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, HY, Peng, CC, Kao, HA, et al. Neonatal subgaleal hemorrhage: clinical presentation, treatment, and predictors of poor prognosis. Pediatr Int 2007; 49: 903–7.Google Scholar
Dale, ST, Coleman, LT. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: antenatal and postnatal imaging findings in the pediatric brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23: 1457–65.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, RL, Bussel, JB, McFarland, JG. Alloimmune thrombocytopenia: state of the art 2006. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195(4): 907–13.Google Scholar
Hardart, GE, Hardart, MKM, Arnold, JH. Intracranial hemorrhage in premature neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation correlates with conceptional age. J Pediatr 2004; 145: 184–9.Google Scholar
Gannon, CM, Kornhauser, MS, Gross, GW, et al. When combined, early bedside head ultrasound and electroencephalography predict abnormal computerized tomography or magnetic resonance brain images obtained after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment. J Perinatol 2001; 21: 451–5.Google Scholar
Bulas, DI, Glass, P, O’Donnell, RM, et al. Neonates treated with ECMO: predictive value of early CT and US neuroimaging findings on short-term neurodevelopmental outcome. Radiology 1995; 195: 407–12.Google Scholar
Bulas, D, Glass, P. Neonatal ECMO: neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcome. Semin Perinatol 2005; 29(1): 5865.Google Scholar
de Mol, AC, Gerrits, LC, van Heijst, AF, et al. Intravascular volume administration: a contributing risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation? Pediatrics 2008; 121(6): e1599–603.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×