Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T15:11:18.936Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section E - Fertility and Reproduction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2022

Mick van Trotsenburg
Affiliation:
Sigmund Freud PrivatUniversität, Wien
Rixt A. C. Luikenaar
Affiliation:
Rebirth Health Center, Utah
Maria Cristina Meriggiola
Affiliation:
Università di Bologna
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Context, Principles and Practice of TransGynecology
Managing Transgender Patients in ObGyn Practice
, pp. 182 - 231
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Gorman, JR, Su, HI, Roberts, SC, et al. Experiencing reproductive concerns as a female cancer survivor is associated with depression. Cancer 2015;121(6):935942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armuand, GM, Wettergren, L, Rodriguez-Wallberg, KA, et al. Desire for children, difficulties achieving a pregnancy, and infertility distress 3 to 7 years after cancer diagnosis. Support Care Cancer 2014;22(10):2805–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tornello, SL, Bos, H. Parenting intentions among transgender individuals. LGBT Health 2017;4(2):115120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riggs, DW, Power, J, von Doussa, H. Parenting and Australian trans and gender diverse people: an exploratory survey. Int J Transgend 2016;17(2):5965.Google Scholar
Thoreson, RR. Yogyakarta principles. In Naples, N. A. and Hoogland, R. C. (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2016, pp. 12.Google Scholar
Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Access to fertility services by transgender persons: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2015;104(5):11111115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, E, Bockting, W, Botzer, M, et al. Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, Version 7. Int J Transgend 2012;13:165232.Google Scholar
Hembree, WC, Cohen-Kettenis, PT, Gooren, L, et al. Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102(11):38693903.Google Scholar
Finlayson, C, Johnson, EK, Chen, D, et al. Proceedings of the Working Group Session on Fertility Preservation for Individuals with Gender and Sex Diversity. Transgend Health 2016;1(1):99107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikeda, K, Baba, T, Noguchi, H, et al. Excessive androgen exposure in female-to-male transsexual persons of reproductive age induces hyperplasia of the ovarian cortex and stroma but not polycystic ovary morphology. Hum Reprod 2013;28(2):453461.Google Scholar
De Roo, C, Lierman, S, Tilleman, K, et al. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation in female-to-male transgender people: insights into ovarian histology and physiology after prolonged androgen treatment. Reprod Biomed Online 2017;34(6):557566.Google Scholar
Spinder, T, Spijkstra, JJ, Gooren, LJ, et al. The effects of long-term testosterone administration on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion and on ovarian histology in eugonadal female to male transsexual subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69(1):151157.Google Scholar
Leung, A, Sakkas, D, Pang, S, et al. Assisted reproductive technology outcomes in female-to-male transgender patients compared with cisgender patients: a new frontier in reproductive medicine. Fertil Steril 2019;112(5):858865.Google Scholar
Light, A, Wang, L-F, Zeymo, A, et al. Family planning and contraception use in transgender men. Contraception 2018;98(4):266269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Light, AD, Obedin-Maliver, J, Sevelius, JM, et al. Transgender men who experienced pregnancy after female-to-male gender transitioning. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124(6):11201127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, TC, McDougall, R, Feldman, D, et al. Fertility counseling for transgender adolescents: a review. J Adolesc Health 2020;66(6):658665.Google Scholar
Nahata, L, Chen, D, Moravek, MB, et al. Understudied and under-reported: fertility issues in transgender youth—a narrative review. J Pediatr 2019;205:265271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Nie, I, Meißner, A, Kosteli, EH, et al. Impaired semen quality in trans women: prevalence and determinants. Hum Reprod 2020;35(7):15291536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, C, McCracken, M, Gray, M, et al. Low total motile sperm in transgender women seeking hormone therapy. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019;36(8):16391648.Google Scholar
Barnard, EP, Dhar, CP, Rothenberg, SS, et al. Fertility preservation outcomes in adolescent and young adult feminizing transgender patients. Pediatrics 2019;144(3):e20183520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leavy, M, Trottmann, M, Liedl, B, et al. Effects of elevated beta-estradiol levels on the functional morphology of the testis: new insights. Sci Rep 2017;7:39931.Google Scholar
Jiang, DD, Swenson, E, Mason, M, et al. Effects of estrogen on spermatogenesis in transgender women. Urology 2019;132:117122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brik, T, Vrouenraets, LJJ, de Vries, MC, et al. Trajectories of adolescents treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for gender dysphoria. Arch Sex Behav 2020;49(7):26112618.Google Scholar
Johnson, EK, Finlayson, C. Preservation of fertility potential for gender and sex diverse individuals. Transgend Health 2016;1(1):4144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolbuck, VD, Sajwani, A, Chen, D, et al. Formative development of a fertility decision aid for transgender adolescents and young adults: a multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020 (online). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-020-01947-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Fertility preservation in patients undergoing gonadotoxic therapy or gonadectomy: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2019;112(6):10221033.Google Scholar
Nahata, L, Woodruff, TK, Quinn, GP, et al. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation as standard of care: what does this mean for pediatric populations? J Assist Reprod Genet 2020;37(6):13231326.Google Scholar
Albert, M, Hurrelmann, K, Quenzel, G. 17th Shell Jugendstudie: Jugend 2015. Frankfurt: S. Fischer Verlag, 2015.Google Scholar
Auer, MK, Fuss, J, Nieder, TO, et al. Desire to have children among transgender people in Germany: a cross-sectional multi-center study. J Sex Med 2018;15(5):757767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wierckx, K, Van Caenegem, E, Pennings, G, et al. Reproductive wish in transsexual men. Hum Reprod 2012;27(2):483487.Google Scholar
De Sutter, P, Kira, K, Verschoor, A, et al. The desire to have children and the preservation of fertility in transsexual women: a survey. Int J Transgend 2002;6(3):215221.Google Scholar
Wierckx, K, Wierckx, K, Stuyver, I, et al. Sperm freezing in transsexual women. Arch Sex Behav 2012;41(5):10691071.Google Scholar
Amir, H, Yaish, I, Oren, A, et al. Fertility preservation rates among transgender women compared with transgender men receiving comprehensive fertility counselling. Reprod Biomed Online 2020;41(3):546554.Google Scholar
Chen, D, Matson, M, Macapagal, K, et al. Attitudes toward fertility and reproductive health among transgender and gender-nonconforming adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2018;63(1):6268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strang, JF, Jarin, J, Call, D, et al. Transgender youth fertility attitudes questionnaire: measure development in nonautistic and autistic transgender youth and their parents. J Adolesc Health 2018;62(2):128135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Persky, RW, Gruschow, SM, Ninet Sinaii, MPH, et al. Attitudes toward fertility preservation among transgender youth and their parents. J Adolesc Health 2020;67(4):583589.Google Scholar
Chen, D, Simons, L, Johnson, EK, et al. Fertility preservation for transgender adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2017;61(1):120123.Google Scholar
Nahata, L, Tishelman, AC, Caltabellotta, NM, et al. Low fertility preservation utilization among transgender youth. J Adolesc Health 2017;61(1):4044.Google Scholar
Wakefield, BW, Boguszewski, KE, Cheney, D, et al. Patterns of fertility discussions and referrals for youth at an interdisciplinary gender clinic. LGBT Health 2019;6(8):417421.Google Scholar
Brik, T, Vrouenraets, LJJJ, Schagen, SEE, et al. Use of fertility preservation among a cohort of transgirls in the Netherlands. J Adolesc Health 2019;64(5):589593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segev-Becker, A, Israeli, G, Oren, A, et al. Children and adolescents with gender dysphoria in Israel: increasing referral and fertility preservation rates. Endocr Pract 2020;26(4):423428.Google Scholar
Armuand, G, Dhejne, C, Olofsson, JI, et al. Transgender men’s experiences of fertility preservation: a qualitative study. Hum Reprod 2017;32(2):383390.Google Scholar
Chen, D, Kyweluk, MA, Sajwani, A, et al. Factors affecting fertility decision-making among transgender adolescents and young adults. LGBT Health 2019;6(3):107115.Google Scholar
Chen, D, Simons, LJC. Ethical considerations in fertility preservation for transgender youth: a case illustration. Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol 2018;6(1):93.Google Scholar
Hudson, J, Nahata, L, Dietz, E, et al. Fertility counseling for transgender AYAs. Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol 2018;6(1):8492.Google Scholar
Tishelman, A.C., Sutter, ME, Chen, D, et al. Health care provider perceptions of fertility preservation barriers and challenges with transgender patients and families: qualitative responses to an international survey. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019;36(3):579588.Google Scholar
Nahata, L, Morgan, TL, Ferrante, AC, et al. Congruence of reproductive goals and fertility-related attitudes of adolescent and young adult males and their parents after cancer treatment. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2019;8(3):335341.Google Scholar
Morrison, A, Olezeski, C, Cron, J, et al. A pilot study to assess attitudes toward future fertility and parenthood in transgender and gender expansive adolescents. Transgend Health 2020;5(2):129137.Google Scholar
Campo-Engelstein, L, Chen, D. Ethical issues in pediatric and adolescent fertility preservation. In Woodruff, TK and Gosiengfiao, YC, Eds. Pediatric and Adolescent Oncofertility. Cham: Springer, 2016.Google Scholar
Chen, D, Kolbuck, VD, Sutter, ME, et al. Knowledge, practice behaviors, and perceived barriers to fertility care among providers of transgender healthcare. J Adolesc Health 2019;64(2):226234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klosky, JL, Anderson, LE, Russell, KM, et al. Provider influences on sperm banking outcomes among adolescent males newly diagnosed with cancer. J Adolesc Health 2017;60(3):277283.Google Scholar
Quinn, GP, Bowman Curci, M, Reich, RR, et al. Impact of a web-based reproductive health training program: ENRICH (Educating Nurses about Reproductive Issues in Cancer Healthcare). Psychooncology 2019;28(5):10961101.Google Scholar
Kyweluk, MA, Reinecke, J, Chen, D. Fertility preservation legislation in the United States: potential implications for transgender individuals. LGBT Health 2019;6(7):331334.Google Scholar
Quain, KM, Kyweluk, MA, Sajwani, A, et al. Timing and delivery of fertility preservation information to transgender adolescents, young adults, and their parents. J Adolesc Health 2020;68(3):619622.Google Scholar

References

Sundaram, V, Mok-Lin, E. Fertility preservation for the transgender individual. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep 2020;9:129137.Google Scholar
Moravek, MB. Fertility preservation options for transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2019;31(3):170176.Google Scholar
La Marca, A, Volpe, A. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in female reproduction: is measurement of circulating AMH a useful tool? Clin Endocrinol 2006;64:603610.Google Scholar
Hansen, KR, Hodnett, GM, Knowlton, N, et al. Correlation of ovarian reserve tests with histologically determined primordial follicle number. Fertil Steril 2011;95:170175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattawanon, N, Spencer, JB, Schirmer, DA, Tangpricha, V. Fertility preservation options in transgender people: a review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018;19(3):231242.Google Scholar
Moravek, MB, Kinnear, HM, George, J, et al. Impact of exogenous testosterone on reproduction in transgender men. Endocrinology 2020;161(3):bqaa014.Google Scholar
Adeleye, AJ, Cedars, MI, Smith, J, Mok-Lin, E. Ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation or family building in a cohort of transgender men. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019;36(10):21552161.Google Scholar
Lee, DE, Park, SY, Lee, SR, Jeong, K, Chung, HW. Diagnostic usefulness of transrectal ultrasound compared with transvaginal ultrasound assessment in young Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Menopausal Med 2015;21(3):149.Google Scholar
Timor-Tritsch, IE, Monteagudo, A, Rebarber, A, Goldstein, SR, Tsymbal, T. Transrectal scanning: an alternative when transvaginal scanning is not feasible. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003;21(5):473479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daar, J, Benward, J, Collins, L, et al. Planned oocyte cryopreservation for women seeking to preserve future reproductive potential: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2018;110(6):10221028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Sutter, P. Gender reassignment and assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod 2001;16(4):612614.Google Scholar
Wallace, SA, Blough, KL, Kondapalli, LA. Fertility preservation in the transgender patient: expanding oncofertility care beyond cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014;30(12):868871.Google Scholar
Wallace, SA, Blough, KL, Kondapalli, LA. Fertility preservation in the transgender patient: expanding oncofertility care beyond cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014;30(12):868871.Google Scholar
Maxwell, S, Noyes, N, Keefe, D, Berkeley, AS, Goldman, KN. Pregnancy outcomes after fertility preservation in transgender men. Obstet Gynecol 2017;129(6):10311034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, D, Bernardi, LA, Pavone, ME, Feinberg, EC, Moravek, MB. Oocyte cryopreservation among transmasculine youth: a case series. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018;35(11):20572061.Google Scholar
De Roo, C, Tilleman, K, T’Sjoen, G, De Sutter, P. Fertility options in transgender people. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28(1):112119.Google Scholar
Light, AD, Obedin-Maliver, J, Sevelius, JM, Kerns, JL. Transgender men who experienced pregnancy after female-to-male gender transitioning. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124(6):11201127.Google Scholar
Armuand, G, Dhejne, C, Olofsson, JI, Rodriguez-Wallberg, KA. Transgender men’s experiences of fertility preservation: a qualitative study. Hum Reprod 2017;32(2):383390.Google Scholar
Padmanabhan, V, Veiga-Lopez, A. Animal models of the polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype. Steroids 2013;78(8):734740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shi, D, Vine, DF. Animal models of polycystic ovary syndrome: a focused review of rodent models in relationship to clinical phenotypes and cardiometabolic risk. Fertil Steril 2012;98(1):185–193.e2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinnear, HM, Constance, ES, David, A, et al. A mouse model to investigate the impact of testosterone therapy on reproduction in transgender men. Hum Reprod 2019;34(10):20092017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikeda, K, Baba, T, Noguchi, H, et al. Excessive androgen exposure in female-to-male transsexual persons of reproductive age induces hyperplasia of the ovarian cortex and stroma but not polycystic ovary morphology. Hum Reprod 2013;28(2):453461.Google Scholar
Futterweit, W, Deligdisch, L. Histopathological effects of exogenously administered testosterone in 19 female to male transsexuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62(1):1621.Google Scholar
Chadha, S, Pache, TD, Huikeshoven, FJM, Brinkmann, AO, van derKwast, TH. Androgen receptor expression in human ovarian and uterine tissue of long-term androgen-treated transsexual women. Hum Pathol 1994;25(11):11981204.Google Scholar
Leung, A, Sakkas, D, Pang, S, Thornton, K, Resetkova, N. Assisted reproductive technology outcomes in female-to-male transgender patients compared with cisgender patients: a new frontier in reproductive medicine. Fertil Steril 2019;112(5):858865.Google Scholar
Fabregues, F, Peñarrubia, J, Creus, M, et al. Transdermal testosterone may improve ovarian response to gonadotrophins in low-responder IVF patients: a randomized, clinical trial. Hum Reprod 2009;24(2):349359.Google Scholar
Cobo, A, Garcia-Velasco, JA, Domingo, J, Remohí, J, Pellicer, A. Is vitrification of oocytes useful for fertility preservation for age-related fertility decline and in cancer patients? Fertil Steril 2013;99(6):14851495.Google Scholar
Wierckx, K, Elaut, E, Van Hoorde, B, et al. Sexual desire in trans persons: associations with sex reassignment treatment. J Sex Med 2014;11(1):107118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cho, K, Harjee, R, Roberts, J, et al. Fertility preservation in a transgender man without prolonged discontinuation of testosterone: a case report and literature review. F&S Rep 2020;1(1):4347.Google Scholar
Oktay, K, Turan, V, Bedoschi, G, Pacheco, FS, Moy, F. Fertility preservation success subsequent to concurrent aromatase inhibitor treatment and ovarian stimulation in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015;33(22):24242429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fasano, G, Moffa, F, Dechène, J, Englert, Y, Demeestere, I. Vitrification of in vitro matured oocytes collected from antral follicles at the time of ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011;9(1):150.Google Scholar
Segers, I, Mateizel, I, Van Moer, E, et al. In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes recovered from ovariectomy specimens in the laboratory: a promising “ex vivo” method of oocyte cryopreservation resulting in the first report of an ongoing pregnancy in Europe. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015;32(8):12211231.Google Scholar
De Roo, C, Lierman, S, Tilleman, K, et al. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation in female-to-male transgender people: insights into ovarian histology and physiology after prolonged androgen treatment. Reprod Biomed Online 2017;34(6):557566.Google Scholar
Lierman, S, Tilleman, K, Braeckmans, K, et al. Fertility preservation for trans men: frozen-thawed in vitro matured oocytes collected at the time of ovarian tissue processing exhibit normal meiotic spindles. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017;34(11):14491456.Google Scholar
Telfer, EE. Future developments: in vitro growth (IVG) of human ovarian follicles. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2019;98(5):653658.Google Scholar

References

Cartaya, J, Lopez, X. Gender dysphoria in youth: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2018;25:4448.Google Scholar
Chen, D, Simons, L, Johnson, EK, Lockart, BA, Finlayson, C. Fertility preservation for transgender adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2017;61:120123.Google Scholar
Jones, CA, Reiter, L, Greenblatt, E. Fertility preservation in transgender patients. Int J Transgenderism 2016;17:7682.Google Scholar
Millar, A, Kim, BHK, Livne-Segev, D, et al. Attitudes, knowledge and beliefs regarding fertility preservation among people of transgendered experience: preliminary results. Can J Diabetes 2015;39:536.Google Scholar
Nahata, L, Tishelman, AC, Caltabellotta, NM, Quinn, GP. Low fertility preservation utilization among transgender youth. J Adolesc Health 2017;61:4044.Google Scholar
Nieder, TO, Strauß, B. S3-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik, Beratung und Behandlung im Kontext von Geschlechtsinkongruenz, Geschlechtsdysphorie und Trans-Gesundheit: Hintergrund, Methode und zentrale Empfehlungen. Zeitschr Sexualforsch 2019;32:7079.Google Scholar
World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People, 7th Version. Minneapolis, MN: WPATH, 2011.Google Scholar
Hembree, WC, Cohen-Kettenis, P, Delemarre-van de Waal, HA, et al. Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(9):31323154. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0345Google Scholar
Lai, TC, Davies, C, Robinson, K, et al. Effective fertility counselling for transgender adolescents: a qualitative study of clinican attitudes and practices. BMJOpen 2020;2020:043237.Google Scholar
Mitu, K. Transgender reproductive choice and fertility preservation. AMA J Ethics 2016;18:11191125.Google Scholar
Mattawanon, N, Spencer, JB, Schirmer, DA, Tangpricha, V. Fertility preservation options in transgender people: a review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018;19:231242.Google Scholar
James-Abra, S, Tarasoff, LA, Green, D, et al. Trans people’s experiences with assisted reproduction services: A qualitative study. Hum Reprod 2015;30:13651374.Google Scholar
Kosenko, K, Rintamaki, L, Raney, S, Maness, K. Transgender patient perceptions of stigma in health care contexts. Med Care 2013;51:819822.Google Scholar
Goosens, E, Jahnukainen, K, Mitchell, RT, et al. Fertility preservation in boys: recent developments and new insights. Hum Reprod Open 2020;2020(3):hoaa016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuhaus, N, Schlatt, St. Stem cell-based options to preserve male fertility. Science 2019;363(6433):12831284.Google Scholar
Brik, T, Vrouenraets, LJJJ, Schagen, SEE, et al. Use of fertility preservation among a cohort of transgirls in the Netherlands. J Adolesc Health 2019;64:589593.Google Scholar
Strang, JF, Jarin, J, Call, D, et al. Transgender youth fertility attitudes questionnaire: measure development in nonautistic and autistic transgender youth and their parents. J Adolesc Health 2018;62:128135.Google Scholar
Payne, JG, Erbenius, T. Conceptions of transgender parenthood in fertility care and family planning in Sweden: from reproductive rights to concrete practices. Anthropol Med 2018;25:329343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auer, MK, Fuss, J, Nieder, TO, et al. Desire to have children among transgender people in Germany: a cross-sectional multi-center study. J Sex Med 2018;15:757767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggs, DW, Bartholomaeus, C. Fertility preservation decision making amongst Australian transgender and non-binary adults. Reprod Health 2018;15:181.Google Scholar
Goldman, RH, Kaser, DJ, Missmer, SA, et al. Fertility treatment for the transgender community: a public opinion study. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017;34:14571467.Google Scholar
Wakefield, BW, Boguszewski, K, Cheney, D, Taylor, J. Trends in fertility preservation for transgender adolescents and young adults at an academic referral center. J Adolesc Health 2018;62:S41.Google Scholar
Schneider, F, Neuhaus, N, Wistuba, J, et al. Testicular functions and clinical characterization of patients with gender dysphoria (GD) undergoing sex reassignment surgery (SRS). J Sex Med 2015;12:21902200.Google Scholar
Schneider, F, Redmann, K, Wistuba, J, et al. Comparison of enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation of human testicular tissue. Fertil Steril 2015;104(2):302311.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. Geneva: WHO, 2021. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030787.Google Scholar
Krege, S, Eckoldt, F, Richter-Unruh, A, et al. Variations of sex development: the first German interdisciplinary consensus paper. J Pediatr Urol 2019;15:114123.Google Scholar
Meriggiola, MC, Berra, M. Safety of hormonal treatment in transgenders. Reprod Endocrinol 2013;20:565569.Google ScholarPubMed
Ehmcke, J, Wistuba, J, Schlatt, S. Spermatogonial stem cells: questions, models and perspectives. Hum Reprod Update 2006;12(3):275282.Google Scholar
T’Sjoen, G, Van Caenegem, E, Wierckx, K. Transgenderism and reproduction. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012;20:575579.Google Scholar
Schneider, F, Scheffer, B, Dabel, J, et al. Options for fertility treatments for trans women in Germany. J Clin Med 2019;8(5):730.Google Scholar
Jindarak, S, Nilprapha, K, Atikankul, T, et al. Spermatogenesis abnormalities following hormonal therapy in transwomen. BioMed Res Int 2018;2018:7919481.Google Scholar
Vereecke, G, Defreyne, J, Van Saen, D, et al. Characterisation of testicular function and spermatogenesis in transgender women. Hum Reprod 2021; 36(1):515.Google Scholar
Nieschlag, E, Vorona, E, Wenk, M, Hemker, AK, Kamischke, A, Zitzmann, M. Hormonal male contraception in men with normal and subnormal semen parameters. Int J Androl 2011;34(6):556567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meriggiola, MC, Costantino, A, Cerpolini, S, et al. Testosterone undecanoate maintains spermatogenic suppression induced by cyproterone acetate plus testosterone undecanoate in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(12):58185826.Google Scholar
Hezavehei, M, Sharafi, M, Kouchesfahani, HM, et al. Sperm cryopreservation: a review on current molecular cryobiology and advanced approaches. RBMO 2018;37(3):327339.Google Scholar
Di Santo, M, Tarozzi, N, Nadalini, M, Borini, A. Human sperm cryopreservation: update on techniques, effect on DNA integrity, and implications for ART. Adv Urol 2011;2012:854837.Google Scholar
De Vries, A, Klink, D, Cohen-Kettenis, P. What the primary care pediatrician needs to know about gender incongruence and gender dysphoria in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin N Am 2016;2016:0021-3955/16.Google Scholar
Deutsches IVF Register. Jahrbuch 2019. J Reprod Med Endocrinol 2020;5:199239.Google Scholar
De Sutter, P, Kira, K, Verschoor, A, Hotimsky, A. The desire to have children and the preservation of fertility in transsexual women: a survey. Int J Transgend 2002;2002: 221291631.Google Scholar
De Sutter, P. Gender reassignment and assisted reproduction: present and future reproductive options for transsexual people. Hum Reprod 2001;16:612614.Google Scholar
Wierckx, K, Stuyver, I, Weyers, S, et al. Sperm freezing in transsexual women. Arch Sex Behav 2012;41:10691071.Google Scholar
Nixon, L. The right to (trans) parent: a reproductive justice approach to reproductive rights, fertility, and family-building issues facing transgender people. William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice 2013;20:73103.Google Scholar
Ross, LJ. Reproductive justice as intersectional feminist activism. Souls 2017;19:286314.Google Scholar

References

James, SE, Herman, JL, Rankin, S, et al. The Report of the U.S. Transgender Survey 2015. Available at: https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wood, CL, Lane, LC, Cheetham, T. Puberty: normal physiology (brief overview. Best Pr Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;33(3):101265.Google Scholar
Conn, PM, Crowley, WF Jr. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogues. N Engl J Med 1991;324(2):93103.Google Scholar
Raivio, T, Miettinen, PJ. Constitutional delay of puberty versus congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: genetics, management and updates. Best Pr Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;33(3):101316.Google Scholar
Khan, L. Puberty: onset and progression. Pediatr Ann 2019;48(4):e141e145.Google Scholar
Tanner, JM, Davies, PS. Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children. J Pediatr 1985;107(3):317329.Google Scholar
Tanner, JM, Whitehouse, RH. Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty. Arch Child 1976;51(3):170179.Google Scholar
Mahfouda, S, Moore, JK, Siafarikas, A, Zepf, FD, Lin, A. Puberty suppression in transgender children and adolescents. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5(10):816826.Google Scholar
Cohen-Kettenis, PT, Steensma, TD, Vries, AL. Treatment of adolescents with gender dysphoria in the Netherlands. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2011;20(4):689700.Google Scholar
de Vries, ALC, Cohen-Kettenis, PT. Clinical management of gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: the Dutch approach. J Homosex 2012;59(3):301320.Google Scholar
Hembree, WC, Cohen-Kettenis, PT, Gooren, L, et al. Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102(11):38693903.Google Scholar
Panagiotakopoulos, L. Transgender medicine: puberty suppression. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018;19(3):221225.Google Scholar
Tarlatzis, BC, Kolibianakis, EM. GnRH agonists vs antagonists. Best Pr Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007;21(1):5765.Google Scholar
Pienkowski, C, Tauber, M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in sexual precocity. Endocr Dev 2016;29:214229.Google Scholar
Lazar, L, Meyerovitch, J, de Vries, L, Phillip, M, Lebenthal, Y. Treated and untreated women with idiopathic precocious puberty: long-term follow-up and reproductive outcome between the third and fifth decades. Clin Endocrinol 2014;80(4):570576.Google Scholar
Heger, S, Müller, M, Ranke, M, et al. Long-term GnRH agonist treatment for female central precocious puberty does not impair reproductive function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006;254255:217220.Google Scholar
Feuillan, PP, Jones, JV, Barnes, KM, Oerter-Klein, K, Cutler, GB. Boys with precocious puberty due to hypothalamic hamartoma: reproductive axis after discontinuation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(11):40364038.Google Scholar
Chen, M, Eugster, EA. Central precocious puberty: update on diagnosis and treatment. Paediatr Drugs 2015;17(4):273281.Google Scholar
Neely, EK, Lee, PA, Bloch, CA, et al. Leuprolide acetate 1-month depot for central precocious puberty: hormonal suppression and recovery. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2010;2010:398639.Google Scholar
Coleman, E, Bockting, W, Botzer, M, et al. Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, Version 7. Int J Transgend 2012;13(4):165232.Google Scholar
Gao, Y, Yu, B, Mao, J, et al. Assisted reproductive techniques with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord 2018;18(1):85.Google Scholar
Kim, SH. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome: past, present, and future. Endocrinol Metab Seoul 2015;30(4):456466.Google Scholar
Boehm, U, Bouloux, PM, Dattani, MT, et al. Expert consensus document: European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism–pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015;11(9):547564.Google Scholar
Young, J, Xu, C, Papadakis, GE, et al. Clinical management of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocr Rev 2019;40(2):669710.Google Scholar
Xiao, S, Zhang, J, Romero, MM, et al. In vitro follicle growth supports human oocyte meiotic maturation. Sci Rep 2015;5:17323.Google Scholar
Donnez, J, Dolmans, MM. Ovarian cortex transplantation: 60 reported live births brings the success and worldwide expansion of the technique towards routine clinical practice. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015;32(8):11671170.Google Scholar
Demeestere, I, Simon, P, Dedeken, L, et al. Live birth after autograft of ovarian tissue cryopreserved during childhood. Hum Reprod 2015;30(9):21072109.Google Scholar
Poirot, C, Abirached, F, Prades, M, et al. Induction of puberty by autograft of cryopreserved ovarian tissue. Lancet 2012;379:9815.Google Scholar
Ernst, E, Kjaersgaard, M, Birkebaek, NH, Clausen, N, Andersen, CY. Case report: stimulation of puberty in a girl with chemo- and radiation therapy induced ovarian failure by transplantation of a small part of her frozen/thawed ovarian tissue. Eur J Cancer 2013;49(4):911914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavery, SA, Islam, R, Hunt, J, Carby, A, Anderson, RA. The medical and ethical challenges of fertility preservation in teenage girls: a case series of sickle cell anaemia patients prior to bone marrow transplant. Hum Reprod 2016;31(7):15011507.Google Scholar
Estes, SJ. Fertility preservation in children and adolescents. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2015;44(4):799820.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, SS, Witchel, SF, Menke, MN. Oocyte cryopreservation in a transgender male adolescent. N Engl J Med 2019;380(9):886887.Google Scholar
Martin, CE, Lewis, C, Omurtag, K. Successful oocyte cryopreservation using letrozole as an adjunct to stimulation in a transgender adolescent after GnRH agonist suppression. Fertil Steril 2021;116(2):522527.Google Scholar
Hussein, AA, Yango, P, Ezz, Y, Smith, JF, Tran, ND. Fertility preservation options for prepubertal boys facing gonadotoxic therapies. Minerva Ginecol 2016;68(6):668674.Google Scholar
Wyns, C, Curaba, M, Vanabelle, B, Van Langendonckt, A, Donnez, J. Options for fertility preservation in prepubertal boys. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16(3):312328.Google Scholar
Mattawanon, N, Spencer, JB, Schirmer, DA, Tangpricha, V. Fertility preservation options in transgender people: a review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018;19(3):231242.Google Scholar
Fayomi, AP, Peters, K, Sukhwani, M, et al. Autologous grafting of cryopreserved prepubertal rhesus testis produces sperm and offspring. Science 2019;363(6433):13141319.Google Scholar
Masliukaite, I, Hagen, JM, Jahnukainen, K, et al. Establishing reference values for age-related spermatogonial quantity in prepubertal human testes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2016;106(7):16521657.Google Scholar
DiNofia, AM, Wang, X, Yannekis, G, et al. Analysis of semen parameters in a young cohort of cancer patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017;64(2):381386.Google Scholar
Brix, N, Ernst, A, Lauridsen, LLB, et al. Timing of puberty in boys and girls: a population-based study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2019;33(1):7078.Google Scholar
Juul, A, Teilmann, G, Scheike, T, et al. Pubertal development in Danish children: comparison of recent European and US data. Int J Androl 2006;29(1):8690.Google Scholar
Adeleye, AJ, Stark, BA, Jalalian, L, Mok-Lin, E, Smith, JF. Evidence of spermatogenesis in the presence of hypothalamic suppression and low testosterone in an adolescent transgender female: a case report. Transgend Health 2021:2021;trgh.2021.0034.Google Scholar
Koch, CA, Tangpricha, V. Gender dysphoria and transgender medicine in the year 2018. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018;19(3):193195.Google Scholar
Gerth, J, Becerra-Culqui, T, Bradlyn, A, et al. Agreement between medical records and self-reports: implications for transgender health research. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018;19(3):263269.Google Scholar
Korpaisarn, S, Safer, JD. Gaps in transgender medical education among healthcare providers: a major barrier to care for transgender persons. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018;19(3):271275.Google Scholar

References

Kuyper, L, Wijsen, C. Gender identities and gender dysphoria in the Netherlands. Arch Sex Behav 2014;43(2):377385.Google Scholar
Mattawanon, N, Spencer, JB, Schirmer, DA 3rd, Tangpricha, V. Fertility preservation options in transgender people: a review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018;19(3):231242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-018-9462-3Google Scholar
Ainsworth, AJ, Allyse, M, Khan, Z. Fertility preservation for transgender individuals: a review. Mayo Clin Proc 2020;95(4):784792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.10.040Google Scholar
European Union Law. Commission Directive 2006/17/EC. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0017 [last accessed May 3, 2022].Google Scholar
Cobo, A, García-Velasco, JA, Coello, A, et al. Oocyte vitrification as an efficient option for elective fertility preservation. Fertil Steril 2016;105(3):755–764.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.11.027Google Scholar
Pariz, JR, Monteiro, RAC, Hallak, J. Long-term sperm cryopreservation does not affect post-thaw survival rates. JBRA Assist Reprod 2020;24(1):38. https://doi.org10.5935/1518-0557.20190066Google Scholar
Goldman, KN, Kramer, Y, Hodes-Wertz, B, et al. Long-term cryopreservation of human oocytes does not increase embryonic aneuploidy. Fertil Steril 2015;103(3):662668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.11.025Google Scholar
Leung, A, Sakkas, D, Pang, S, Thornton, K, Resetkova, N. Assisted reproductive technology outcomes in female-to-male transgender patients compared with cisgender patients: a new frontier in reproductive medicine. Fertil Steril 2019;112(5):858865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.07.014Google Scholar
Feigerlová, E, Pascal, V, Ganne-Devonec, MO, Klein, M, Guerci, B. Fertility desires and reproductive needs of transgender people: challenges and considerations for clinical practice. Clin Endocrinol 2019;91(1):1021 https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13982Google Scholar
Schneider, F, Scheffer, B, Dabel, J, et al. Options for fertility treatments for trans women in Germany. J Clin Med 2019;8(5):730. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050730Google Scholar
Hikabe, O, Hamazaki, N, Nagamatsu, G, et al. Reconstitution in vitro of the entire cycle of the mouse female germ line. Nature 2016;539(7628):299303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20104Google Scholar
Yamashiro, C, Sasaki, K, Yabuta, Y, et al. Generation of human oogonia from induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Science 2018;362(6412):356360. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat1674Google Scholar

References

Hoffkling, A, Obedin-Maliver, J, Sevelius, J. From erasure to opportunity: a qualitative study of the experiences of transgender men around pregnancy and recommendations for providers. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017;17(Suppl. 2):332.Google Scholar
James, SHJ, Rankin, S, Keisling, M, Mottet, L, Anafi, M. The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality, 2016. Available from: www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDFGoogle Scholar
Grant, JML, Tanis, J. Injustice at Every Turn; A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Washington DC, 2011.Google Scholar
Light, AO-MJ. Opening the ob/gyn door for sexual and gender minority patients. Contemporary OB/GYN 2019. Available from: www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/opening-obgyn-door-sexual-and-gender-minority-patients [last accessed May 4, 2022].Google Scholar
Stroumsa, D, Roberts, EFS, Kinnear, H, Harris, LH. The power and limits of classification: a 32-year-old man with abdominal pain. N Engl J Med 2019;380(20):18851888.Google Scholar
Adams, ED. If transmen can have babies, how will perinatal nursing adapt? MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2010;35(1):2632.Google Scholar
ACOG Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. ACOG Committee opinion no. 525: health care for lesbians and bisexual women. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119(5):10771080.Google Scholar
Potter, J, Peitzmeier, SM, Bernstein, I, et al. Cervical cancer screening for patients on the female-to-male spectrum: a narrative review and guide for clinicians. J Gen Intern Med 2015;30(12):18571864.Google Scholar
Trebay, G. He’s pregnant. You’re speechless. The New York Times. June 22, 2008.Google Scholar
Compton, J. Trans dads tell doctors: ‘You can be a man and have a baby’. NBC News [Internet]. May 19, 2019. Available at: www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/trans-dads-tell-doctors-you-can-be-man-have-baby-n1006906Google Scholar
Noble, F. ‘Male pregnancy’ figures reveal how 54 men gave birth in Australia in the past 12 months.’ Daily Mail. November 15, 2014. Available at: www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2836374/Male-pregnancy-figures-reveal-54-MEN-gave-birth-Australia-past-12-months.htmlGoogle Scholar
Brandt, JS, Patel, AJ, Marshall, I, Bachmann, GA. Transgender men, pregnancy, and the “new” advanced paternal age: a review of the literature. Maturitas 2019;128:1721.Google Scholar
Moseson, H, Fix, L, Hastings, J, et al. Pregnancy intentions and outcomes among transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people assigned female or intersex at birth in the United States: results from a national, quantitative survey. Int J Transgend Health 2020 (online). https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1841058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, M, Sheran, N, Weber, S, Cohan, D, Obedin-Maliver, J. Providing patient-centered perinatal care for transgender men and gender-diverse individuals: a collaborative multidisciplinary team approach. Obstet Gynecol 2019;134(5):959963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bretschneider, CE, Sheyn, D, Pollard, R, Ferrando, CA. Complication rates and outcomes after hysterectomy in transgender men. Obstet Gynecol 2018;132(5):12651273.Google Scholar
Light, AD, Obedin-Maliver, J, Sevelius, JM, Kerns, JL. Transgender men who experienced pregnancy after female-to-male gender transitioning. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124(6):11201127.Google Scholar
Murad, MH, Elamin, MB, Garcia, MZ, et al. Hormonal therapy and sex reassignment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life and psychosocial outcomes. Clin Endocrinol 2010;72(2):214231.Google Scholar
Steinle, K. Hormonal management of the female-to-male transgender patient. J Midwifery Womens Health 2011;56(3):293302.Google Scholar
Hembree, WC, Cohen-Kettenis, P, Delemarre-van de Waal, HA, et al. Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(9):31323154.Google Scholar
Garcia-Acosta, JM, San Juan-Valdivia, RM, Fernandez-Martinez, AD, Lorenzo-Rocha, ND, Castro-Peraza, ME. Trans pregnancy and lactation: a literature review from a nursing perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;17(1):44.Google Scholar
Ellis, SA, Wojnar, DM, Pettinato, M. Conception, pregnancy, and birth experiences of male and gender variant gestational parents: it’s how we could have a family. J Midwifery Womens Health 2015;60(1):6269.Google Scholar
Safer, JD, Tangpricha, V. Care of the transgender patient. Ann Intern Med 2019;171(1):Itc1itc16.Google Scholar
Martinez, E, Klein, A, Obedin-Maliver, J. Prepregnancy counseling for people of all genders: enhancing safe and accessible family building for transgender, gender diverse, and non-binary individuals. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep 2020;9:159165.Google Scholar
Grumbach, MM, Ducharme, JR. The effects of androgens on fetal sexual development: androgen-induced female pseudohermaphrodism. Fertil Steril 1960;11:157180.Google Scholar
Schardein, JL. Congenital abnormalities and hormones during pregnancy: a clinical review. Teratology 1980;22(3):251270.Google Scholar
McCoy, SJ, Shirley, BA. Effects of prenatal administration of testosterone and cortisone on the reproductive system of the female rat. Life Sci 1992;50(9):621628.Google Scholar
Carlsen, SM, Jacobsen, G, Romundstad, P. Maternal testosterone levels during pregnancy are associated with offspring size at birth. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;155(2):365370.Google Scholar
Gorton, RBJ, Spade, D. Medical Therapy and Health Maintenance for Transgender Men: A Guide for Health Care Providers. San Francisco, CA: Lyon-Martin Women’s Health Services, 2005.Google Scholar
American College of Gynecologists. Good Health Before Pregnancy: Pregnancy Care. 2020.Google Scholar
American College of Gynecologists. Committee Opinion no. 512: health care for transgender individuals. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118(6):14541458.Google Scholar
Carolan, MC, Davey, MA, Biro, M, Kealy, M. Very advanced maternal age and morbidity in Victoria, Australia: a population-based study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013;13:80.Google Scholar
Dildy, GA, Jackson, GM, Fowers, GK, et al. Very advanced maternal age: pregnancy after age 45. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175(3 Pt 1):668674.Google Scholar
Brandt, JS, Cruz Ithier, MA, Rosen, T, Ashkinadze, E. Advanced paternal age, infertility, and reproductive risks: a review of the literature. Prenat Diagn 2019;39(2):8187.Google Scholar
Obedin-Maliver, J, Makadon, HJ. Transgender men and pregnancy. Obstet Med 2016;9(1):48.Google Scholar
Martin, JA, Hamilton, BE, Osterman, MJK, Driscoll, AK. Births: final data for 2018. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2019;68(13):147.Google Scholar
Reisner, SL, Deutsch, MB, Peitzmeier, SM, et al. Comparing self- and provider-collected swabbing for HPV DNA testing in female-to-male transgender adult patients: a mixed-methods biobehavioral study protocol. BMC Infect Dis 2017;17(1):444.Google Scholar
Reisner, SL, Deutsch, MB, Peitzmeier, SM, et al. Test performance and acceptability of self- versus provider-collected swabs for high-risk HPV DNA testing in female-to-male trans masculine patients. PLoS One 2018;13(3):e0190172.Google Scholar
American College of Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 757: screening for perinatal depression. Obstet Gynecol 2018;132(5):e208–e12.Google Scholar
Flentje, A, Obedin-Maliver, J, Lubensky, ME, et al. Depression and anxiety changes among sexual and gender minority people coinciding with onset of COVID-19 pandemic. J Gen Intern Med 2020;35(9):27882790.Google Scholar
American College of Gynecologists, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Obstetric care consensus no. 1: safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123(3):693711.Google Scholar
Beatie, T. Labor of Love: Is Society Ready for this Pregnant Husband? The Advocate [Internet]. April 8, 2008. Available at: www.advocate.com/news/2008/03/14/labor-loveGoogle Scholar
American College of Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 756: optimizing support for breastfeeding as part of obstetric practice. Obstet Gynecol 2018;132(4):e187–e196.Google Scholar
MacDonald, T, Noel-Weiss, J, West, D, et al. Transmasculine individuals’ experiences with lactation, chestfeeding, and gender identity: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016;16:106.Google Scholar
Wolfe-Roubatis, E, Spatz, DL. Transgender men and lactation: what nurses need to know. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2015;40(1):3238.Google Scholar
Farrow, A. Lactation support and the LGBTQI community. J Hum Lact 2015;31(1):2628.Google Scholar
Testerosterone. LactMed 2019. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501721/ [last accessed May 4, 2022].Google Scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Fetus and Newborn and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee on Obstetric Practice. Guidelines for Perinatal Care 2017. Eds: Kilpatrick SJ, Papile LA, Macones GA. https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610020886Google Scholar
Winner, B, Peipert, JF, Zhao, Q, et al. Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception. N Engl J Med 2012;366(21):19982007.Google Scholar
Light, A, Wang, LF, Zeymo, A, Gomez-Lobo, V. Family planning and contraception use in transgender men. Contraception 2018;98(4):266269.Google Scholar
Moseson, H, Zazanis, N, Goldberg, E, et al. The imperative for transgender and gender nonbinary inclusion: beyond women’s health. Obstet Gynecol 2020;135(5):10591068.Google Scholar
Stanford University School of Medicine and University of California SF. The Pride Study 2020. Available from: https://pridestudy.org/ [last accessed May 4, 2022].Google Scholar
Leeds University. Pregnant Men: An International Exploration of Trans Male Practices of Reproduction 2020. Available from: https://essl.leeds.ac.uk/directory_record/337/pregnant-men-an-international-exploration-of-trans-male-practices-of-reproduction [last accessed May 4, 2022].Google Scholar
Jones, BP, Williams, NJ, Saso, S, et al. Uterine transplantation in transgender women. BJOG 2019;126(2):152156.Google Scholar
Hammond-Browning, N. Uterine transplantation in transgender women: medical, legal and ethical considerations. BJOG 2019;126(2):157.Google Scholar
Tardieu, A, Sallée, C, Dion, L, Piver, P, Lavoué, V, Gauthier, T. Uterus transplantation in transgenders: will it happen one day? J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2019;48(1):56.Google Scholar
Moseson, H, Lunn, MR, Katz, A, et al. Development of an affirming and customizable electronic survey of sexual and reproductive health experiences for transgender and gender nonbinary people. PLoS One 2020;15(5):e0232154.Google Scholar

References

Brännstrom, M, Johannesson, L, Bokström, H, et al. Livebirth after uterus transplantation. Lancet 2015;385(9968):607616.Google Scholar
Ejzenberg, D, Andraus, W, Baratelli Carelli Mendes, LR, et al. Livebirth after uterus transplantation from a deceased donor in a recipient with uterine infertility. Lancet 2019;392(10165):26972704.Google Scholar
Brännstrom, M, Johannesson, L, Dahm-Kähler, P, et al. First clinical uterus transplantation trial: a six-month report. Fertil Steril 2014;101(5):12281236.Google Scholar
Fageeh, W, Raffa, H, Jabbad, H, Marzouki, A. Transplantation of the human uterus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002;76(3):245251.Google Scholar
Lefkowitz, A, Edwards, M, Balayla, J. The Montreal criteria for the feasibility of uterine transplantation. Transpl Int 2012;25:439447.Google Scholar
Lefkowitz, A, Edwards, M, Balayla, J. Ethical considerations in the era of the uterine transplant: an update of the Montreal criteria for the ethical feasibility of uterine transplantation. Fertil Steril 2013;100:924926.Google Scholar
Olausson, M, Johannesson, L, Brattgård, D, et al. Ethics of UTx with live donors. Fertil Steril 2014;102:4043.Google Scholar
Jones, BP, Rajamanohoran, A, Vali, S, et al. Perceptions and motivations for uterus transplant in transgender women. JAMA Network Open 2021;4(1):e2034561.Google Scholar
Jones, BP, Williams, NJ, Saso, S, et al. Uterine transplantation in transgender women. BJOG 2019;126(2):152156.Google Scholar
Chmel, R, Novackova, M, Janousek, L et al. Revaluation and lessons learned from the first 9 cases of a Czech uterus transplantation trial: four deceased donor and five living donor uterus transplantations. Am J Transplant 2019;19:855864.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×