Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T22:36:44.243Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Leaving home, rights to support and emancipation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Jane Fortin
Affiliation:
University of Sussex
Get access

Summary

Introduction

One of the most emphatic ways in which children and young people can assert their right to take responsibility for their own lives is by simply walking out – leaving their home and parents behind them. This is a drastic step. Most children, particularly teenagers, sometimes find their parents' ideas outdated and their attempts to discipline them tedious. In turn, parents may be reluctant to allow their offspring greater independence before they consider them ready to cope with it. Nevertheless, in well-functioning families, negotiation and compromise will ensure that both ‘sides’ emerge relatively unscathed. Sadly, increasing numbers of children and young people find life at home so unbearable that they vote with their feet and leave. The law presents them with a contradictory set of principles. There is confusion over whether they have the right to leave home at all, at what age they may do so, what rights they have on leaving and what rights their parents have to force their return.

Although it is currently impossible to obtain accurate estimates of the number of children and young people running away from home, it is clear that too many take this step. Young people leave for a variety of reasons: to escape ‘maltreatment’; arguments and family conflict; general unhappiness at home; problems at school, including bullying and exclusions. Surprisingly large numbers are quite simply told by their parents or step-parents to leave, or they feel forced to go.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, M. (2003) Into the Mainstream: Care Leavers Entering Work, Education and Training, Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Anderson, A., Brooke, B., Doyle, A., Finn, D. and Moley, S. (2006) Research Report RR 736, Understanding Young People in Jobs without Training, DfES.
Bainham, A. (2005) Children: The Modern Law, Family Law.
,Better Regulation Task Force (2004) The Regulation of Child Employment, Cabinet Office.Google Scholar
Broad, B. (2005) ‘Young People Leaving Care: Implementing the Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000?19 Children and Society371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bynner, J., Elias, P., McKnight, A., Huiqi, P. and Gaëlle, P. (2002) Young People's Changing Routes to Independence, Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Bynner, J. and Londra, M. (2004) The Impact of Government Policy on Social Exclusion Among Young People: A Review of the Literature for the Social Exclusion Unit in the Breaking the Cycle Series, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM).
,Centre for Economic and Social Inclusion (2005) A UK Youth Allowance? Inclusion Policy Paper 4, www.cesi.org.uk.
,Children Act Sub-Committee of the Advisory Board on Family Law (2002) Making Contact Work, Lord Chancellor's Department.Google Scholar
,Children's Commissioner (2007) Care Matters: Transforming the Lives of Children and Young People in Care: A Response by the Children's Commissioner, Office of the Children's Commissioner.
,Children's Society (2007) Stepping Up: The Future of Runaways Services, Children's Society.
Claridge, J. (updated by) (2008) At What Age Can I? A Guide to Age-based Legislation, The Children's Legal Centre.
Coles, B., Hutton, S., Bradshaw, J., Craig, G., Godfrey, C. and Johnson, J. (2002) Literature Review of the Costs of Being ‘Not in Education, Employment or Training’ at Age 16–18, Social Policy Research Unit, DfES Research Report No 347, DfES.
,Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2002) Concluding Observations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Dependent Territories 2002 E/C12/1/Add 79, Centre for Human Rights, Geneva.
,Committee on the Rights of the Child (1995) Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland CRC/C/15/Add 34, Centre for Human Rights, Geneva.
,Committee on the Rights of the Child (2002) Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland CRC/C/15/Add 188, Centre for Human Rights, Geneva.
Cowan, D, and Deardon, N. (2002) ‘The Minor as (a) Subject: The Case of Housing Law’ in Fionda, J. (ed.) Legal Concepts of Childhood, Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
,Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) (2007) Raising Expectations: Staying in Education and Training Post-16. From Policy to Legislation, DCSF.
,Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) (2008a) Young Runaways Action Plan, DCSF.
,Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) (2008b) Cm 7348, Raising Expectations: enabling the system to deliver, TSO.
,Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) (2008c) Guidance on the Employment of Children, DCSF.
,Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) (2008d) Delivering 14–19 Reform: Next Steps, DCSF
,Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)/Department for Education and Skills/Department of Health (2006a) Homelessness Code of Guidance for Local Authorities, DCLG Publications.
,Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) (2006b) Homelessness Prevention: a Guide to Good Practice, HMSO.
,Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) (2006c) Anti-social Behaviour Intensive Family Support Projects: An evaluation of six pioneering projects, DCLG.
,Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) (2007) Tackling Youth Homelessness: Policy Briefing 18, DCLG.
,Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) and Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) (2008) Joint working between Housing and Children's Services, DCLG.
,Department for Education and Skills (DfES) (2005) Cm 6476, 14–19 Education and Skills, HMSO.
,Department for Education and Skills (DfES) (2006) Youth Matters – Next Steps, DfES Publications.
,Department for Education and Skills (DfES) (2007a) Cm 7065, Raising Expectations: Staying in Education and Training Post-16, TSO.
,Department for Education and Skills (DfES) (2007b) Cm 7137, Care Matters: Time for Change, TSO.
,Department for Work and Pensions, Jobseekers' Allowance for 16–17-year-olds Guidance: Severe Hardship Direction, www.dwp.gov.uk/advisers/.
,Department of Health (DH) (1999) Me Survive Out There?: New Arrangements for Young People Living in and Leaving Care Consultation Paper, Department of Health.
,Department of Health (DH) (2001) Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000: Regulations and Guidance, Department of Health.
,Department of Health (DH) (2002) Children Missing from Care and from Home: a Guide to Good Practice, Department of Health.
,Electoral Commission (2004) Age of Electoral Majority: Report and Recommendations, The Electoral Commission.
,Electoral Commission (2005) Election 2005: Turnout, How Many, Who and Why?, The Electoral Commission.
Emery, R., Otto, R. and O'Donohue, W. (2005) ‘A Critical Assessment of Child Custody Evaluations: Limited Science and a Flawed System6 Psychological Science in the Public Interest1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortin, J. (2001) ‘Children's Rights and the Use of Physical Force13 Child and Family Law Quarterly243.Google Scholar
Fortin, J. (2003) Children's Rights and the Developing Law, LexisNexis Butterworths.Google Scholar
Freeman, M. (1996) ‘Can Children Divorce Their Parents?’ in Freeman, M. (ed.) Divorce – Where Next, Dartmouth.Google Scholar
,HM Treasury, Department for Work and Pensions and Department for Education and Skills (2004) Supporting Young People to Achieve: Towards a New Deal for Skills, HMSO.
,HM Treasury, Department for Work and Pensions and Department for Education and Skills (2005) Supporting Young People to Achieve: the Government's Response to the Consultation, HMSO.
,HM Treasury (2007) Cm 7227, Meeting the Aspirations of the British people: 2007 Pre-Budget Report and Comprehensive Spending Review, TSO.
Hamilton, C. (2005) Working With Young People: Legal Responsibility and Liability, The Children's Legal Centre.
Hamilton, C. and Watt, B. (2004) ‘The Employment of Children16 Child and Family Law Quarterly135.Google Scholar
Harries, N. (2000) ‘Removal of Parental Responsibility: The Child's Perspective30 Family Law848.Google Scholar
Harris, N. (1992) ‘Youth, Citizenship and WelfareJournal of Social Welfare and Family Law175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyes, J. (2004) Firms' Attitudes to Employing 16 and 17 Year Olds, Report Prepared for the Low Pay Commission.
Hobbs, S., Anderson, S. and McKechnie, J. (2007) ‘Protection of Children at Work232 Childright9.Google Scholar
,Howard League for Penal Reform (2006) Chaos, Neglect and Abuse: Looking After Children Leaving Custody. the Duties of Local Authorities to Provide Children With Suitable Accommodation and Support Services.
Jones, G. (2002) The Youth Divide: Diverging Paths to Adulthood, Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Kennedy, H. (chairman) (2006) Power to the People: The Report of Power: An Independent Inquiry into Britain's Democracy, York Publishing.Google Scholar
Learning and Skills Council (2006) EMA Extension Update Benefits Special, www.lsc.gov.uk.
Letts, M. (2001) ‘Children – The Continuing Duty to Maintain31 Family Law839.Google Scholar
,Low Pay Commission (2006) Cm 6759, National Minimum Wage: Low Pay Commission Report 2006, TSO.
Lowe, N. and Douglas, G. (2007) Bromley's Family Law, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, R. and Marsh, J. (2005) Disconnected Youth? Growing up in Britain's Poor Neighbourhoods, Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Minow, M. (1987) ‘Interpreting Rights: An Essay for Robert Cover96 Yale Law Journal1860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, J. (2000) ‘Kingston upon Thames Borough Council v Prince: “Children are people too”12 Child and Family Law Quarterly65.Google Scholar
,Morgan, R., Children's Rights Director for England (2006a) Running Away: A Children's Views Report, Commission for Social Care Inspection.
,Morgan, R., Children's Rights Director for England (2006b) Young People's Views on Leaving Care, Commission for Social Care Inspection.
Newiss, G. (1999) Missing Presumed …? The Police Response to Missing Persons, Police Research Series Paper 114, Home Office.
,Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2004a) Homelessness Statistics September 2004 and Delivering on the Positive Outcomes, Policy Briefing 10, Homelessness and Housing Support Directorate.
,Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2004b) Local Authorities' Homelessness Strategies: Evaluation and Good Practice Guide, Housing Quality Network Services, ODPM Publications.
,Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2006) Statutory Homelessness: Supplementary Report 2004/5, ODPM Publications.Google Scholar
Pleace, N. and Fitzpatrick, S. (2004) Centrepoint Youth Homelessness index, Centrepoint.Google Scholar
Pleace, N., Fitzpatrick, S., Johnsen, S., Quilgars, D. and Sanderson, D. (2008) Statutory Homelessness in England: The Experience of Families and 16–17 Year Olds, Department for Communities and Local Government.Google Scholar
Quilgars, D., Johnsen, S. and Pleace, N. (2008) Youth Homelessness in the UK: A Decade of Progress?, Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Randall, G. and Brown, S. (2001) Trouble at Home: Family Conflict, Young People and Homelessness, Crisis.
Rees, G. and Lee, J. (2005) Still Running II: Findings from the Second National Survey of Young Runaways, The Children's Society.
Rees, G., Franks, M., Raws, P. and Medforth, R. (2005) Responding to Young Runaways: An Evaluation of 19 Projects, 2003 to 2004, DfES Research Report RR 634, Children's Society/University of York.
Sanger, C. and Willemsen, E. (1992) ‘Minor Changes: Emancipating Children in Modern Times25 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform239.Google Scholar
Sawyer, C. (1995) ‘The Competence of Children to Participate in Family Proceedings7 Child and Family Law Quarterly180.Google Scholar
Shelter (2005a) Young People and Homelessness, Shelter.
Shelter (2005b) More Priority Needed: The Impact of Legislative Change on Young Homeless People's Access to Housing and Support, Shelter.
Shelter (2006) How Registered Social Landlords Can Work With Young People: A Good Practice Guide, Shelter.
,Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) (1999a) Cm 4405, Bridging the Gap: New Opportunities for 16–18 Year Olds Not in Education, Employment or Training, Cabinet Office.
,Social Exclusion Unit (SEU), (1999b) Cm 4342, Teenage Pregnancy, Cabinet Office.
,Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) (2000) Report of Policy Action Team 12; Young People, Cabinet Office.
,Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) (2002) Young Runaways, Cabinet Office.
,Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) (2004) Breaking the Cycle: Taking Stock of Progress and Priorities for the Future, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
,Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) (2005) Transitions: Young Adults with Complex Needs, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
Stack, N. and McKechnie, J. (2002) ‘Working Children’ in Goldson, B., Lavalette, M. and McKechnie, J.Children, Welfare and the State, Sage.Google Scholar
Stein, M. (2005), ‘Young People Leaving Care: Poverty Across the Life Course’ in Preston, G. (ed.) At Greatest Risk: The Children Most Likely to be Poor, Child Poverty Action Group.Google Scholar
,UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre (2007) Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-Being in Rich Countries, Innocenti Report Card 7, UNICEF.
,Unison (2005) One Year on: 16 and 17 Year Olds and the Minimum Wage, Submission to the Low Pay Commission, Unison.
Utting, W. (1997) People Like Us: The Report of the Review of the Safeguards For Children Living Away From Home, The Stationery Office.
Wade, J. and Dixon, J. (2006) ‘Making a Home, Finding a Job: Investigating Early Housing and Employment Outcomes for Young People Leaving Care11 Child and Family Social Work199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×