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Chapter 13 - Bladder Cancer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2024

By
Valentina Grajales ,
Suzanne Lange  and
Kelly K. Bree
Edited by
Laurie J. Mckenzie  and
Denise R. Nebgen
Laurie J. Mckenzie
Affiliation:
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
Denise R. Nebgen
Affiliation:
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Summary

While many urologic cancer can occur in both sexes, bladder cancer has the most unique sex-specific differences. Despite lower incidence of bladder cancer in females, these patients experience a worse prognosis compared to their male counterparts. Importantly, to decrease delays in care, bladder cancer should always be considered in the differential of those with hematuria. The hematuria evaluation involves imaging studies and direct visualization of the bladder with a camera, known as cystoscopy. Bladder cancer can be divided into two categories of disease: non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). NMIBC may be treated with endoscopic resection and intravesical therapies, with ongoing need for cystoscopic surveillance. MIBC often requires removal of the bladder (cystectomy) and urinary diversion with or without systemic chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Historically, removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and anterior vagina have occurred in conjunction with cystectomy for MIBC. Recent research and expert opinion suggest that removal of all gynecological organs is unlikely to be necessary in many cases. In addition to common surgical complications and quality of life disruptions of cystectomy, gynecologic-specific complications include vaginal closure dehiscence, prolapse, dyspareunia, iatrogenic menopause, and vaginal fistula.

Keywords

Bladder cancerhematuriatransurethral resectionradical cystectomyurinary diversionbladder mass
Type
Chapter
Information
Caring for the Female Cancer Patient
Gynecologic Considerations
 , pp. 215 - 226
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

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