Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T23:07:58.893Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - The Making of Englishes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2019

Daniel Schreier
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Marianne Hundt
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Edgar W. Schneider
Affiliation:
Universität Regensburg, Germany
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Algeo, John. 2001. External history. In Algeo, John, ed. English in North America. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 158.Google Scholar
Algeo, John. 2006. British or American English? A Handbook of Word and Grammar Patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anchimbe, Eric A., ed. 2007. Linguistic Identity in Postcolonial Multilingual Spaces. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Beckles, Hilary McDonald. 1998. The “Hub of Empire”: The Caribbean and Britain in the seventeenth century. In Canny, Nicholas, ed. The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise at the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 218240.Google Scholar
Blair, David and Collins, Peter, eds. 2001. English in Australia. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Blackwood, Robert, Lanza, Elizabeth and Woldemariam, Hirut, eds. 2016. Negotiating and Contesting Identities in Linguistic Landscapes. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2010. The English Language in Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley and Kachru, Braj B.. 2006. World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, 6 vols. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Burchfield, Robert W. 1994. Introduction. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 119.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English: An Empirical Investigation of Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh. 1999. Resisting Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Canny, Nicholas. 1998. The origins of empire. In Canny, Nicholas, ed. The Origins of Empire. British Overseas Enterprise at the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 133.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Susan and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15: 151196.Google Scholar
Chow, Rey. 2014. Not Like a Native Speaker: On Languaging as a Postcolonial Experience. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, Sandra. 1997. English verbal -s revisited: The evidence from Newfoundland. American Speech 72(3): 227259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, Sandra. 2004. The legacy of British and Irish English in Newfoundland. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 242261.Google Scholar
Collins, James, Baynham, Mike and Slembrouck, Stef, eds. 2011. Globalization and Language in Contact: Scale, Migration, and Communicative Practices. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2003. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2009. Txtng: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cullen, Louis. 1998. The Irish diaspora and the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In Canny, Nicholas, ed. The Origins of Empire. British Overseas Enterprise at the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 113149.Google Scholar
Deterding, David. 2007. Singapore English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, Alexander. 18681889. On Early English Pronunciation, 5 vols. London: Philological Society.Google Scholar
Eun-Young, Julia Kim. 2012. Creative adoption: Trends in Anglicisms in Korea. English Today 28(2): 1517.Google Scholar
Geraghty, Barbara and Conacher, Jean, eds. 2016. Intercultural Contact, Language Learning and Migration. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, MacLagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Nickesia Stacy Ann. 2009. Globalization and cultural imperialism in Jamaica. International Journal of Communication 3: 307331.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1999. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie and Deuber, Dagmar. 2015. American influence on written Caribbean English: A diachronic analysis of newspaper reportage in the Bahamas and in Trinidad and Tobago. In Collins, Peter, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 389410.Google Scholar
Harris, John. 1987. On doing comparative reconstruction with genetically unrelated languages. In Giacalone Ramat, Anna, Carruba, Onofrio and Bernini, Giuliano, eds. Papers from the 7th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Pavia, Italy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 267282.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 1984. Syllable onsets in Irish English. Word 35: 6774.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2003a. How do dialects get the features they have? On the process of new dialect formation. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Motives for Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 213239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2003b. Rectifying a standard deficiency: Pronominal distinctions in varieties of English. In Taavitsainen, Irma and Jucker, Andreas H., eds. Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 345374.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2004a. English dialect input to the Caribbean. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 326359.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2004b. Dialects of English and their transportation. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3358.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2004c. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2005. Dublin English: Evolution and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2012a. Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2012b. Standard English and standards of English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2013. Supraregionalisation and dissociation. In Chambers, J. K. and Schilling, Natalie, eds. Handbook of Language Variation and Change (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, 537554.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2015. Researching Northern English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2016. English in Ireland: Development and varieties. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Sociolinguistics in Ireland. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 340.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2017. Early recordings of Irish English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 199231.Google Scholar
Higgins, Christina 2003. “Ownership” of English in the Outer Circle: An alternative to the NS-NNS dichotomy. TESOL Quarterly 37(4): 615644.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. 2009. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Ihalainen, Ossi. 1994. The dialects of England since 1776. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 197274.Google Scholar
Ingram, John and Mühlhäusler, Peter. 2008. Norfolk Island-Pitcairn English: Phonetics and phonology. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 267291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, Jennifer. 2003. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. 1990. The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-Native Englishes: English in a Global Context. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L., eds. 2006. The Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L.. 2006. World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, Andy. 2007. World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kirwin, William J. 2001. Newfoundland English. In Algeo, John, ed. English in North America: The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 441455.Google Scholar
Bernd, Kortmann et al., eds. 2008. Varieties of English. 4 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans and McDavid, Raven I., Jr. 1983 [1961]. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States: Based upon the Collection of the Linguistic Atlas of the Eastern United States. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger. 1987. The Shape of English: Structure and History. London: Dent.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger. 1990. Where do extraterritorial Englishes come from? Dialect input and recodification in transported Englishes. In Adamson, Sylvia et al., eds. Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 245280.Google Scholar
Lawson, Philip. 1993. The East India Company: A History. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Leimgruber, Jakob R. E. 2013. Singapore English: Structure, Variation and Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Levey, David. 2008. Language Change and Variation in Gibraltar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Trevor Owen. 1984. The British Empire, 1558–1983. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Louis, William Roger, ed. 1998. The Oxford History of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marshall, P. J., ed. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mazzon, Gabriella. 1993. English in Malta. English World-Wide 14: 171208.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John. 2000. Defining Creole. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Fiona. 2011. The Languages of Urban Africa. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Melchers, Gunnel and Shaw, Philip. 2012. World Englishes (2nd ed.). London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 1992. English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Bhatt, Rakesh M.. 2008. World Englishes: An Introduction to New Language Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 1989. Exploring the roots of Appalachian English, English World-Wide 10: 227278.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 1992. The etymology of y’all. In Hall, Joan H., Doane, Nick and Ringler, Dick, eds. Old English and New: Studies in Language and Linguistics in Honor of Frederic G. Cassidy. New York: Garland Press, 356369.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 1997. Making transatlantic connections between varieties of English: The case of plural verbal -s. Journal of English Linguistics 25(2): 122141.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 2001. British and Irish antecedents. In Algeo, John, ed. English in North America: The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 86153.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 1996. The founder principle and creole genesis. Diachronica 13: 83134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 2008. Norfolk Island – Pitcairn English (Pitkern Norfolk): Morphology and syntax. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 568582.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. 2011. Exploring Second-language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Myhill, John. 1988. The rise of be as an aspect marker in Black English Vernacular. American Speech 63, 304325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ooi, Vincent B. Y. ed. 2001. Evolving Identities: The English Language in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold et al. 19621971. Survey of English Dialects: The Basic Materials, 4 vols in 3 parts. Leeds: E. J. Arnold & Son.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam. 2009. Australian English as a regional epicentre. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 385406.Google Scholar
Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte., Sali 1989. There’s no tense like the present: Verbal -s inflection in Early Black English. Language Variation and Change 1: 4784.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte., Sali 2004. Back to the present: Verbal -s in the (African American) English diaspora. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 203223.Google Scholar
Puttenham, George. 1589. Arte of English Poesie. London: Richard Field.Google Scholar
Ramisch, Heinrich. 1989. The Variation of English in Guernsey/Channel Islands. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Ramson, William S., ed. 1970. English Transported: Essays on Australian English. Canberra: National University Press.Google Scholar
Read, Allen Walker. 2005. Words crisscrossing the sea: How words have been borrowed between England and America. American Speech 80(2): 115134.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. 1975. Carrying the new wave into syntax: The case of Black English BIN. In Fasold, Ralph W. and Shuy, Roger W., eds. Analyzing Variation in Language. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 162183.Google Scholar
Riley, Philip. 2007. Language, Culture and Identity: An Ethnolinguistic Perspective. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Saraceni, Mario. 2015. World Englishes: A Critical Analysis. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Saxena, Mukul and Omoniyi, Tope, ed. 2010. Contending with Globalization in World Englishes. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79(2): 233281.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2014. New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of World Englishes. World Englishes 33(1): 932.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2016. Grassroots Englishes in tourism interactions. English Today 32(3): 210.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2003. Isolation and Language Change: Contemporary and Sociohistorical Evidence from Tristan da Cunha English. Houndsworth: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2008. St Helenian English: Origins, Evolution and Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Seargeant, Philip. 2005. Globalisation and reconfigured English in Japan. World Englishes 24(3): 309319.Google Scholar
Seoane, Elena and Suárez-Gómez, Cristina, eds. 2016. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Starks, Donna. 2008. National and ethnic identity markers: New Zealand short front vowels in New Zealand Maori English and Pasifika Englishes. English World-Wide 29(2): 176193.Google Scholar
Starks, Donna, Christie, Jane and Thompson, Laura. 2007. Niuean English: Initial insights into an emerging variety. English World-Wide 28(2): 133146.Google Scholar
Sudbury, Andrea. 2001. Falkland Islands English: A southern hemisphere variety?. English World-Wide 22: 5580.Google Scholar
Anne, Swan, Aboshiha, Pamela and Holliday, Adrian, eds. 2015. (En)Countering Native-speakerism: Global Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1990. The Dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1999. The Dialects of England (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2001. Modern East Anglia as dialect area. Fisiak, Jacek and Trudgill, Peter, eds. East Anglian English. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 112.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Lorenzo D. 1971. Notes on the sounds and vocabulary of Gullah. In Williamson, Juanita V. and Burke, Virginia M., eds. A Various Language: Perspectives on American Dialects. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 121135.Google Scholar
Upton, Clive and Widdowson, John D. A.. 2006. An Atlas of English Dialects (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vaish, Viniti. 2011. Globalization of Language and Culture in Asia: The Impact of Globalization Processes on Language. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Wee, Lionel. 2013. Language policy in Singapore: Singlish, national development and globalization. In Erling, Elizabeth and Seargeant, Philip, eds. English and Development: Policy, Pedagogy and Globalization. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 204219.Google Scholar
Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P. 2012. English varieties in the Caribbean. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 133160.Google Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 18981905. English Dialect Dictionary, 5 vols. London: Henry Frowde.Google Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 1905. English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Zhiming, Bao. 1999. The sounds of Singapore English. In Foley, J. A., Kandiah, T., Zhiming, Bau, Gupta, A. F., Alsagoff, L., Lick, Ho Chee, et al., eds. English in New Cultural Contexts. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 152174.Google Scholar

References

Biewer, C. 2011. Modal auxiliaries in second language varieties of English: A learner’s perspective. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 733.Google Scholar
Blommaert, J. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, K. 2003. Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bruthiaux, P. 2003. Squaring the circles: Issues in modeling English worldwide. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13(2), 159178.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. 2011. The English language in Cyprus: An empirical investigation of variety status. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cologne.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English? An Empirical Investigation of Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. 2014. English in Cyprus and Namibia: A critical approach to taxonomies and models of World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition research. In Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A. eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 181202.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. Forthcoming. Children’s English in Singapore: Acquisition, Properties, and Use [Routledge Studies in World Englishes]. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A.. 2014. The evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and beyond. In Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A. eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 117.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. and Kautzsch, A.. 2014. English in Namibia: A first approach. English World-Wide 35(2), 121–60.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. and Kautzsch, A.. 2017. Towards an integrated approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. World Englishes 36(1), 104126.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S., Kautzsch, A. and Schneider, E. W.. 2018. From colonial dynamism to current transnationalism: A unified view on postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. In Deshors, S. C., ed. Modelling World Englishes: Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL varieties. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1544.Google Scholar
Coupland, N., ed. 2010. The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. 2003a. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. 2003b. English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davydova, J. 2012. English in the outer and expanding circles: A comparative study. World Englishes 31(3), 366385.Google Scholar
de Swaan, A. 2002. The World Language System: A Political Sociology and Political Economy of Language. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
de Swaan, A. 2010. Language systems. In Coupland, N., ed. The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 5676.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Evans, S. 2009. The evolution of the English-language speech community in Hong Kong. English World-Wide 30(3), 278301.Google Scholar
Evans, S. 2014. The evolutionary dynamics of postcolonial Englishes: A Hong Kong case study. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18(5), 571603.Google Scholar
Gilquin, G. and Granger, S.. 2011. From EFL to ESL: Evidence from the International Corpus of Learner English. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 5578.Google Scholar
Görlach, M. [1988] 1990. The development of Standard Englishes. In Görlach, M., ed., Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 964.Google Scholar
Görlach, M. 1998. The origins and development of emigrant Englishes. In Görlach, M., ed. Even More Englishes. Studies 1996–1997. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1938.Google Scholar
Graddol, D. 1997. The Future of English: A Guide to Forecasting the Popularity of English in the 21st Century. London: British Council.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. F. 1997. Colonisation, migration, and functions of English. In Schneider, E. W., ed. Englishes Around the World, Vol. 1: General Studies, British Isles, North America (Studies in Honour of Manfred Görlach). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 4758.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. 1962. The life cycle of pidgin languages. Lingua 11, 151156.Google Scholar
Huber, M. 2014. Stylistic and sociolinguistic variation in Schneider’s Nativization Phase: T-affrication and relativization in Ghanaian English. In Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A. eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 86106.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1976. Models of English for the Third World: White man’s linguistic burden or language pragmatics? TESOL Quarterly 10(2), 221239.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, R. and Widdowson, H. G., eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for The British Council, 1130.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1988. The sacred cows of English. English Today 16 4(4), 38.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1992a. Models for non-native Englishes. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 4874.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1992b. World Englishes: Approaches, issues and resources. Language Teaching 25(1), 114.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1992c. Teaching World Englishes. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 355365.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 2005. Asian Englishes Beyond the Canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Leitner, G. 1992. English as a pluricentric language. In Clyne, M., ed. Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 179237.Google Scholar
Mair, C. 2013. The world system of Englishes: Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide 34(3), 253278.Google Scholar
McArthur, T. 1987. The English languages? English Today 11 3(3), 911.Google Scholar
McArthur, T. 1998. The English Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meierkord, C. 2012. Interactions across Englishes: Linguistic Choices in Local and International Contact Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, R. and Bhatt, R. M.. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moag, R. F. [1982] 1992. The life cycle of non-native Englishes: A case study. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 233252.Google Scholar
Modiano, M. 2003. Euro-English: A Swedish perspective. English Today 74 19(2), 3541.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, J. 2007. Steady states in the evolution of New Englishes: Present-day Indian English as an equilibrium. Journal of English Linguistics 35(2), 157187.Google Scholar
Onysko, A. 2016. Modeling world Englishes from the perspective of language contact. World Englishes 35(2), 196220. doi:10.1111/weng.12191.Google Scholar
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J.. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and, Svartvik., J. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79(2), 233281.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2008. Accommodation versus identity? A response to Trudgill. Language in Society 37(2), 262267.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2011. English around the World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2014. New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of World Englishes. World Englishes 33(1), 932.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2018. English and colonialism. In Seargeant, P. and Hewings, A., eds. The Routledge Handbook of English Language Studies. Malden, MA: Routledge, 4258.Google Scholar
Seargeant, P. 2012. Exploring World Englishes: Language in a Global Context. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Seargeant, P. and Tagg, C., 2011. English on the internet and a “post-varieties” approach to language. World Englishes 30(4), 496514.Google Scholar
Strang, B. M. H. 1970. A History of English. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Strevens, P. 1992. English as an international language: Directions in the 1990s. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2747.Google Scholar
Thusat, J., Anderson, E., Davis, S., Ferris, M., Javed, A., Laughlin, A. et al. 2009. Maltese English and the nativization phase of the dynamic model. English Today 97 25(2), 2532.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. 2004. New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. 2008. Colonial dialect contact in the history of European languages: On the irrelevance of identity to new-dialect formation. Language in Society 37(2), 241254.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, B. 2010. Societal and linguistic perspectives on variability inworld Englishes. World Englishes 29(1), 320.Google Scholar
Weston, D. 2011. Gibraltar’s position in the dynamic model of postcolonial English. English World-Wide 32(3), 338367.Google Scholar

References

Annamalai, E. 2001. Managing Multilingualism in India: Political and Linguistic Manifestations. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2009. Contact Languages: Ecology and Evolution in Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Colin. 2011. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (5th ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Baskaran, Loga. 1994. The Malaysian English mosaic. English Today 37(10): 2732.Google Scholar
Baskaran, Loga. 2008. Malaysian English: Phonology. In Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. Varieties of English, Vol. 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 278291.Google Scholar
Bautista, M. Lourdes, S. and Gonzalez, Andrew B.. 2009. Southeast Asian Englishes. In Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L, eds. Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 130144.Google Scholar
Blench, Roger. 2006. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bloom, David. 1986. The English language and Singapore: A critical survey. In Kapur, Basant K., ed. Singapore Studies. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 337458.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley. 2003. Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bodomo, Adam. 2010. The African trading community in Guangzhou: An emerging bridge for Africa–China relations. China Quarterly 203: 693707.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, A. Suresh. 1995. The political-economy of code choice in a revolutionary society: Tamil/English bilingualism in Jaffna. Language in Society 24(2): 187212.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, A. Suresh. 2006. The place of World Englishes in composition: Pluralization continued. College Composition and Communication 57: 586619.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, A. Suresh. 2009. The plurilingual tradition and the English language in South Asia. In Lim, Lisa and Low, Ee-Ling, eds. Multilingual, Globalising Asia: Implications for Policy and Education, AILA Review 22: 522.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh. 2013. Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Creese, Angela and Blackledge, Adrian. 2010. Translanguaging in the bilingual classroom: A pedagogy for learning and teaching. Modern Language Journal 94: 103115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummins, Jim. 2008. Teaching for transfer: Challenging the two solitudes assumption in bilingual education. In Cummins, Jim and Hornberger, Nancy, eds. Encyclopaedia of Language and Education (2nd ed). New York: Springer, 6576.Google Scholar
Faraclas, Nicholas. 1996. Nigerian Pidgin. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Filppula, Markku. 2008. The Celtic hypothesis hasn’t gone away: New perspectives on old debates. In Dossena, Marina, Dury, Richard and Gotti, Maurizio, eds. English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 153170.Google Scholar
García, Ofelia. 2009. Bilingual Education in the 21st Century. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
García, Ofelia and Wei, Li. 2014. Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gonzales, Wilkinson Wong, Daniel. 2017. Language contact in the Philippines: The history and ecology from a Chinese Filipino perspective. Language Ecology 1(2): 185212.Google Scholar
Good, Jeff. 2004a. Tone and accent in Saramaccan: Charting a deep split in the phonology of a language. Lingua 114: 575619.Google Scholar
Good, Jeff. 2004b. Split prosody and creole simplicity: The case of Saramaccan. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 3: 1130.Google Scholar
Good, Jeff. 2006. The phonetics of tone in Saramaccan. In Deumert, Ana and Durrleman, Stephanie, eds. Structure and Variation in Language Contact. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 928.Google Scholar
Gramling, David. 2016. The Invention of Monolingualism. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1992. The pragmatic particles of Singapore Colloquial English. Journal of Pragmatics 18: 3157.Google Scholar
Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1994. The Step-Tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Gut, Ulrike. 2005. Nigerian English prosody. English World-Wide 26(2): 153177.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2005. Englishes in Asia and Africa: Origins and structure. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 503535.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 1988. Pidgins and Creoles, Vol. 1: Theory and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horner, Bruce, Min-Zhan, Lu, Jones Royster, Jacqueline and Trimbur, John. 2011. Language difference in writing: Toward a translingual approach. Faculty Scholarship, Paper No. 67. http://ir.library.louisville.edu/faculty/67Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus. 1999. Ghanaian Pidgin English in Its West African Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
James, Gregory. 2001. Cantonese particles in Hong Kong students’ emails. English Today 17(3): 916.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, J. N. 2008. Polylingual languaging around and among children and adolescents. International Journal of Multilingualism 5(3): 161176.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., ed. 1992. The Other Tongues: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1994. English in South Asia. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 497553.Google Scholar
Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L.. 2006. World Englishes in Asian Contexts: Asian Englishes Today. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Kouwenberg, Silvia. 2004. The grammatical function of Papiamentu tone. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 3: 5569.Google Scholar
Lange, Claudia. 2009. Discourse particles in Indian English. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties, Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 207226.Google Scholar
Lee, Jerry Won and Jenks, Christopher. 2016, Doing translingual dispositions. College Composition and Communication 68(2): 317344.Google Scholar
Ler, Vivien Soon Lay. 2006. A relevance-theoretic approach to discourse particles in Singapore English. In Fischer, Kerstin, ed. Approaches to Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Li, Wei. 1998. The “why” and “how” questions in the analysis of conversational code-switching. In Auer, Peter, ed. Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity. London: Routledge, 156179.Google Scholar
Lim, JooHyuk and Borlongan, Ariane M.. 2011. Tagalog particles in Philippine English: The cases of ba, na, no, and pa. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 42: 5974.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2004. Sounding Singaporean. In Lim, Lisa, ed. Singapore English: A Grammatical Description (Varieties of English Around the World G33). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1956.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2007. Mergers and acquisitions: On the ages and origins of Singapore English particles. World Englishes 27(4): 446473.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2008. Dynamic multilingual ecologies of Asian Englishes. Asian Englishes 11(1): 5255.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2009a. Revisiting English prosody: (Some) New Englishes as tone languages? The typology of Asian Englishes, Special Issue. English World-Wide 30(2): 218239.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2009b. Beyond fear and loathing in SG: The real mother tongues and language policies in multilingual Singapore. In Lim, Lisa and Low, Ee-Ling, eds. Multilingual, Globalising Asia: Implications for Policy and Education, AILA Review 22: 5271.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2010a. Migrants and “mother tongues”: Extralinguistic forces in the ecology of English in Singapore. In Lim, Lisa, Pakir, Anne, and Wee, Lionel, eds. English in Singapore: Modernity and Management (Asian Englishes Today) Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1954.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2010b. Peranakan English in Singapore. In Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W., and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 327347.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2011. Revisiting English prosody: (Some) New Englishes as tone languages? In Lim, Lisa and Gisborne, Nikolas, eds., The Typology of Asian Englishes, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 97118.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2015. Catalysts for change: On the evolution of contact varieties in the multilingual knowledge economy. Unpublished manuscript. The University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2017a. Money minded. Language Matters. Post Magazine, South China Morning Post. March 19. (Online version: Where the word “shroff” came from, and its many meanings. Post Magazine, 17 March. www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/2079497/where-word-shroff-came-and-its-many-meanings)Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2017b. Boiling point. Language Matters. Post Magazine, South China Morning Post. November 1. (Online version: Where the word congee comes from – the answer may surprise you, Post Magazine, November 10. www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2119163/where-word-congee-comes-answer-may-surprise-you)Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa and Ansaldo, Umberto. 2012. Contact in the Asian arena. In Nevalainen, Terttu and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. New York: Oxford University Press, 560571.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa and Ansaldo, Umberto. 2016. Languages in Contact. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa and Foley, Joseph A. 2004. English in Singapore and Singapore English: Background and methodology. In Lim, Lisa, ed. Singapore English: A Grammatical Description (Varieties of English Around the World G33.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 118.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa and Gisborne, Nikolas. 2009. The typology of Asian Englishes: Setting the agenda (The Typology of Asian Englishes, Special Issue). English World-Wide 30(2): 123132.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa, Pakir, Anne and Wee, Lionel. 2010. English in Singapore: Policy and prospects. In Lim, Lisa, Pakir, Anne and Wee, Lionel, eds. English in Singapore: Modernity and Management. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 318.Google Scholar
Lin, Angel M.Y. 2005. New youth digital literacies and mobile connectivity: Text messaging among Hong Kong college students. Fibreculture, Issue 6. http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue6/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Liu, Yucong. 2013. Marketplace communication between Africans and Chinese in Guangzhou: An emerging pidgin? Unpublished master’s dissertation, University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2000. How predictable is contact-induced change in grammar? Renfrew, In Colin, McMahon, April and Trask, Larry, eds. Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, Vol. 2. Oxford: MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 563583.Google Scholar
McFarland, Curtis D. 2008. Linguistic diversity and English in the Philippines. In Maria Lourdes, S. Bautista and Bolton, Kingsley, eds. Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 131155.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Bhatt, Rakesh M.. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Onysko, Alexander. 2016. Language contact and World Englishes. World Englishes 35(2): 191195.Google Scholar
Otsuji, Emi and Pennycook, Alastair. 2010. Metrolingualism: Fixity, fluidity and language in flux. International Journal of Multilingualism 7(3): 240254.Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 2010. Popular cultures, popular languages, and global identities. In Coupland, Nikolas, ed. Handbook of Language and Globalisation. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 592607.Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair and Otsuji, Emi. 2015. Metrolingualism: Language in the City. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Platt, John. 1987. Communicative functions of particles in Singapore English. In Steele, Ross and Threadgold, Terry, ed. Language Topics: Essays in Honour of Michael Halliday, Vol.1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 391401.Google Scholar
Platt, John and Weber, Heidi. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Remijsen, Bert. 2001. Word Prosodic Systems of Raja Ampat Languages. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Remijsen, Bert and Vincent, van Heuven. 2005. Stress, tone and discourse prominence in Curacao Papiamentu. Unpublished manuscript. Leiden University.Google Scholar
Rivera-Castillo, Yolanda and Pickering, Lucy. 2004. Phonetic correlates of stress and tone in a mixed system. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 19: 261284.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2013. English as a contact language: The “New Englishes.” In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge University Press, 131148.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. 2013. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W. and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. 2010. The Lesser Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sultana, Shaila, Dovchin, Sender and Pennycook, Alastair. 2015. Transglossic language practices of young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia. International Journal of Multilingualism 12(1): 93108.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah. 2001. Language Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tordesillas, Ellen. 2013. Gazmin makes the Philippines look pathetic. Yahoo! News Philippines, July 1. http://ph.news.yahoo.com/blogs/the-inbox/gazmin-makes-philippines-look-pathetic-163745294.htmlGoogle Scholar
Venneman, Theo. 2011. English as a contact language: Typology and comparison. Anglia 129(3–4): 217257.Google Scholar
Wee, Lian-hee. 2008. More or less English? Two phonological patterns in the Englishes of Singapore and Hong Kong. World Englishes 27: 480501.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wong, Y.T. 2009. The linguistic function of Cantonese discourse particles in the English medium online chat of Cantonese speakers. Unpublished master’s dissertation, University of Wollongong.Google Scholar
Yakpo, Kofi. 2009. A Grammar of Pichi. Berlin: Isimu Media.Google Scholar
Young, Vershawn. 2004. Your average Nigga. College Composition and Communication 55: 693715.Google Scholar

References

Bailey, Guy. 1997. When did southern American English begin? In Schneider, Edgar W., ed. Englishes Around the World: Vol. 1: General Studies, British Isles, North America (Studies in honor of Manfred Görlach). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 255275.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, and Thomas, Erik. 1998. Some aspects of African-American vernacular English phonology. In Mufwene, Salikoko S., Rickford, John R., Bailey, Guy, and Baugh, John, eds. African-American English: Structure, History and Use. London: Routledge, 85109.Google Scholar
Bailey, Robert. 2008. Latino varieties of English. In Momma, Haruko and Mato, Michael, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 521530.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip. 1993. Australian influence in Melanesian Pidgin English. Te Reo 36.367.Google Scholar
Bamgbose, Ayo. 1992. Standard Nigerian English: Issues of identification. In Kachru, Braj, ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 148161.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming. 2015. Contact, Ecology, and New Englishes: The Making of Singapore English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chaudenson, Robert. 2001. Creolization of Language and Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael. 2003. Dynamics of Language Contact: English and Immigrant Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coleman, K. 1978. Georgia History in Outline (rev. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Corrigan, Karen P. 2010. Irish English, Vol. 1: Northern Ireland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Crosby, Alfred W. 1986. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dannenberg, Clare J. 2002. Sociolinguistic Constructs of Ethnic Identity: The Syntactic Delineation of an American Indian English (Publication of the American Dialect Society 87). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2003. Against creole exceptionalism: Discussion note. Language 79: 391410.Google Scholar
Dillard, J. L. 1972. Black English; Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Dillard, J. L. 1992. A History of American English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Dolan, Terence Patrick. 2008. English in Ireland. In Momma, Haruko and Mato, Michael, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 366375.Google Scholar
Doyle, Rodger. 1994. Atlas of Contemporary America: Portrait of a Nation. New York: Facts On File.Google Scholar
Dubois, Sylvie. 2014. Autant en emporte la langue: La saga louisianaise du français. In Mufwene, Salikoko S. and Vigouroux, Cécile B., eds. Colonisation, gloablisation et vitalité du français. Paris: Odile Jacob, 155178.Google Scholar
Guglielmo, Jennifer and Salerno, Salvatore, eds. 2003. Are Italians White? How Race Is Made in America. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gupta, Anthea F. 1994. The Step-Tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Hall, Robert A., Jr. 1966. Pidgin and Creole Languages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1953. The Norwegian Language in America: A Study in Bilingual Behavior. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus. 1999. Atlantic creoles and the Lower Guinea Coast: A case against Afrogenesis. In Huber, Magnus and Parkvall, Mikael, eds. Spreading the Word: The Issue of Diffusion among the Atlantic Creoles. London: University of Westminster Press, 81110.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1983. The Indianization of English: The English Language in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Standards, codification, and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, Henry, eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1130.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., ed. 1992. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1994. English in South Asia. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 497553.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. 2005. Asian Englishes beyond the Canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 2017. World Englishes and Culture Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna, and Nelson, Cecil L., eds. 2006. The Handbook of World Englishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L.. 2006. World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Keesing, Roger M. 1988. Melanesian Pidgin and the Oceanic Substrate. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Kulikoff, A. 1986. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Kulikoff, A. 1991. Colonial economy. In Foner, E. and Garaty, J. A., eds. The Reader’s Companion to American History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 201203.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans. 1928. The origin of dialectal differences in spoken American English. Modern Philology 25: 385395.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans. 1949. A Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1963. The social motivation of a sound change. Word 19: 273309. (Reprinted in Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.)Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Thomas Babington. 1835 (February). Minute on Indian Education. In Ferguson, William and Beatson, Laurie, eds. Sketches of Some Distinguished Anglo-Indians: Including Lord Macaulay’s Great Minute on Education in India (Second Series). London: J. B. Day [1875].Google Scholar
Malcolm, Ian G. 2000. Aboriginal English: From contact variety to social dialect. In Siegel, Jeff, ed. Processes of Language Contact: Studies from Australia and the South Pacific. Saint-Laurent, QC: Fides, 123144.Google Scholar
McNair, Elizabeth DuPree. 2005. Mill Villages and Farmers: Dialect and Economics in a Small Southern Town (Publication of the American Dialect Society 90). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996. The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 13: 83134.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1997a. The ecology of Gullah’s survival. American Speech 72: 6983.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1997b. The legitimate and illegitimate offspring of English. In Forman, Michael L. and Smith, Larry, eds. World Englishes 2000. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 182203. (Slightly revised in Mufwene [2001].)Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2000. Creolization is a social, not a structural, process. In Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 6584.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2008. Language Evolution: Contact, Competition and Change. London: Continuum Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2009. The indigenization of English in North America. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties, Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 353368.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2014. Globalisation économique mondiale des XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles, émergence des créoles, et vitalité langagière. In Carpooran, Arnaud, ed. Langues créoles, mondialisation, éducation. Vacoas, Mauritius: Éditions le Printemps, 2379.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2015a. The emergence of African American English: Monogenetic or polygenetic? Under how much substrate influence? In Lanehart, Sonja, ed. The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 5784.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2015b. L’émergence des parlers créoles et l’évolution des langues romanes: Faits, mythes et idéologies. Etudes Créoles 33: 129.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2016. Évolution différentielle du français: Une interprétation écologique. In Boudreau, Annette, ed. Langue et légitimation: La construction discursive du locuteur francophone. Saint-Nicolas, QC: Les Presses de l’Université Laval, 211235.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. and Pargman, Sheri. 2002. Competition and selection in the development of American Englishes. World Englishes 22: 367375.Google Scholar
Munro, Jennifer M. 2000. Kriol on the move: A case of language spread and shift in Northern Australia. In Siegel, Jeff, ed. Processes of Language Contact: Studies from Australia and the South Pacific. Saint-Laurent, QC: Fides 245270.Google Scholar
Odlin, Terence. 2003. Language ecology and the Columbian exchange. In Joseph, Brian, DeStefano, Johanna, Jacobs, Neil and Lehiste, Ilse, eds. When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 7194.Google Scholar
Perkins, Edwin J. 1988. The Economy of Colonial America (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Salmons, Joseph. 2003. The shift from German to English, World War I and the German-language press in Wisconsin. In Rädel, Walter G. and Schmahl, Helmut, eds. Menschen zwischen zwei Welten: Auswanderung, Ansiedlung, Akkulturation. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 179193.Google Scholar
Santa Ana, Otto. 1993. Chicago English and the nature of the Chicano language setting. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 15: 335.Google Scholar
Schlieben-Lange, Brigitte. 1977. L’origine des langues romanes: Un cas de créolisation? In Meisel, Jürgen M., ed. Pidgins – creoles – Languages in Contact. Tübingen: Narr, 81101.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 1995. Black-White language contact through the centuries: Diachronic aspects of linguistic convergence or divergence in the United States of America. In Fisiak, Jacek, ed. Linguistic Change under Contact Conditions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 237252.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2011. English Around the World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 2010. Contact languages of the Pacific. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. The Handbook of Language Contact. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 814836.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Warner-Lewis, Maureen. 2018. The African diaspora and language: Movement, borrowing, and return. In Albaugh, Ericka A. and de Luna, Kathryn M., eds. Tracing Language Movement in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 321–341.Google Scholar
Wilkerson, Miranda E. and Salmons, Joseph. 2008. “Good old immigrants of yesteryear” who didn’t learn English: Germans in Wisconsin. American Speech 83: 259283.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Dannenberg, Clare J.. 1999. Dialect identity in a tri-ethnic context: The case of Lumbee American Indian English. English World-Wide 20: 79116.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 1995. Moribund dialects and the endangerment canon: The case of Ocracoke Brogue. Language 71: 696721.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Schilling, Natalie. 2016. American English: Dialects and Variation (3rd ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wood, Peter H. 1974. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Yapko, Kofi. 2009. Complexity revised: Pichi (Equatorial Guinea) and Spanish in contact. In Faraclas, Nicholas and Klein, Thomas B., eds. Simplicity and Complexity in Creoles and Pidgins. London: Battlebridge Publications, 184216.Google Scholar

References

Arnaut, Karel, Blommaert, Jan, Rampton, Ben and Spotti, Massimiliano, eds. 2016. Language and Superdiversity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Auer, Peter. 1999. From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects: Toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. International Journal of Bilingualism 3(4): 309332.Google Scholar
Auer, Peter. 2005. A postscript: Code-switching and social identity. Journal of Pragmatics 37: 403410.Google Scholar
Benor, Sarah Bunin. 2010. Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14(2): 159183.Google Scholar
Bhatt, Rakesh M. 2001. World Englishes. Annual Review of Anthropology 30(1): 527550.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2016. From mobility to complexity in sociolinguistic theory and method. In Coupland, Nikolas, ed. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 242259.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan and Jie, Dong. 2010. Language and movement in space. In Coupland, Nicolas, ed. The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 364384.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan and Rampton, Ben. 2016. Language and superdiversity. In Arnaut, Karel, Blommaert, Jan, Rampton, Ben, and Spotti, Massimiliano, eds. Language and Superdiversity. New York: Routledge, 2148.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2004. Geolinguistics: Diffusion of language. In Ammon, Ulrich, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, , eds. Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 3448.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2016. Sedentarism and nomadism in the sociolinguistics of dialect. In Coupland, Nicolas, ed. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 217241.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2005. The “diaspora” diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies 28(1): 119.Google Scholar
Bullock, Barbara E., Hinrichs, Lars and Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline. 2017. World Englishes, code-switching, and convergence. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 211231.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh, ed. 2017. The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language. Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh and Silberstein, Sandra. 2012. Diaspora identities and language. Journal of Language, Identity and Education 11(2): 8184.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny. 2013. Grammaticalisation in social context: The emergence of a new English pronoun. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17(5): 608633.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Sue and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(2): 151196.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Nortier, Jacomine M. and Adger, David. 2015. Emerging multiethnolects in Europe. Queen Mary’s Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics 33: 127.Google Scholar
Clifford, James. 1994. Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology 9(3): 302338.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael and Kipp, Sandra. 1997. Trends and changes in home language use and shift in Australia, 1986–1996. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18(6): 451473.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael, Eisikovits, Edina and Tollfree, Laura. 2002. Ethnolects as in-group varieties. In Duszak, Anna, ed. Us and Others: Social Identities across Language, Discourses and Cultures. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 133158.Google Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 2008. Global Diasporas: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Creese, Angela and Blackledge, Adrian. 2010. Towards a sociolinguistics of superdiversity. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft 13(4): 549572.Google Scholar
Cresswell, Tim. 2011. Mobilities I: Catching up. Progress in Human Geography 35(4): 550558.Google Scholar
Duarte, Joana, and Gogolin, Ingrid, eds. 2013. Linguistic Superdiversity in Urban Areas: Research Approaches. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2012. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 87100.Google Scholar
Fox, Sue, Khan, Arfaan, and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. The emergence and diffusion of Multicultural English. In Kern, Friederike and Selting, Margret, eds. Ethnic Styles of Speaking in European Metropolitan Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1944.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie, and Huber, Magnus. 2007. Gullah in the diaspora: Historical and linguistic evidence from the Bahamas. Diachronica 24(2): 279325.Google Scholar
Hall-Lew, Lauren, and Starr, Rebecca L.. 2010. Beyond the 2nd generation: English use among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay area. English Today 26(3): 1219.Google Scholar
Hazen, Kirk, and Hamilton, Sarah. 2008. A dialect turned inside out: Migration and the Appalachian diaspora. Journal of English Linguistics 36(2): 105128.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2017. Retention and innovation in settler Englishes. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani, and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 657675.Google Scholar
Hinrichs, Lars. 2014. Diasporic mixing of World Englishes: The case of Jamaican Creole in Toronto. In Green, E. and Meyer, C. eds. The Variability of Current World Englishes. Berlin: De Gruyter, 169194.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Michol F., and Walker, James A.. 2010. Ethnolects and the city: Ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English. Language Variation and Change 22(1): 3767.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2014a. Home is where you’re born: Negotiating identity in the diaspora. Studia Neophilologica 86(2): 125137.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2014b. Zero articles in Indian Englishes: A comparison of primary and secondary diaspora situations. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 131170.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2018. “My language, my identity”: Negotiating language use and attitudes in the New Zealand Fiji-Indian diaspora. Asian Englishes 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2018.1463148Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. 2014. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Marianne, Hundt and Staicov, Adina. 2018. Identity in the London Indian diaspora: Towards the quantification of qualitative data. World Englishes 37, 166184.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj, Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil, eds. 2009. The Handbook of World Englishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kalra, Virinder, Kaur, Raminder, and Hutnyk, John. 2005. Diaspora and Hybridity. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 2006. Migration and language. In Mattheier, Klaus, Ammon, Ulrich and Trudgill, Peter, eds. Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, Vol 3. (2nd ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter, 22712285.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul, Cheshire, Jenny, Fox, Sue and Torgersen, Eivind. 2013. English as a contact language: The role of children and adolescents. In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 258282.Google Scholar
Lal, Brij V. 2006. The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.Google Scholar
Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of “lishes.” English World-Wide 39(1): 133.Google Scholar
Lipski, J. 2008. Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2013. The World System of Englishes: Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide 34(3): 253278.Google Scholar
McLellan, James. 2010. Mixed codes or varieties of English. In Kirkpatrick, Andy, ed. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. Oxon: Routledge, 425441.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2006. English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2014. A lesser globalisation: A sociolexical study of Indian Englishes. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 171186.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Chevalier, Alida. 2014. Sociophonetics and the Indian diaspora: The NURSE vowel and other selected features in South African Indian English. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 85104.Google Scholar
Morales, Ed. 2002. Living in Spanglish: The Search for Latino Identity in America. New York: St Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2000. Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-Mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1993. Common and uncommon ground: Social and structural factors in codeswitching. Language in Society 22(4): 475503.Google Scholar
Nagy, Naomi, Chociej, Joanna and Hoffman, Michol F.. 2014. Analyzing Ethnic Orientation in the quantitative sociolinguistic paradigm. Language and Communication 35: 926.Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 2016. Mobile times, mobile terms: The trans-super-poly-metro movement. In Coupland, Nikolas, ed. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 201216.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana. 1980. Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18(7–8): 581618.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Raghuram, Parvati and Sahoo, Ajaya Kumar. 2008. Thinking “Indian Diaspora” for our times. In Raghuram, Parvati, Sahoo, Ajaya Kumar, Maharaj, Brij and Sangha, Dave, eds. Tracing an Indian Diaspora. Contexts, Memories, Representations. New Delhi: Sage, 120.Google Scholar
Rampton, M. B. H. 1991. Interracial Panjabi in a British adolescent peer group. Language in Society 20(3): 391422.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben. 1995. Language crossing and the problematisation of ethnicity and socialisation. Pragmatics 5(4): 485513.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben. 2011. From “multi-ethnic adolescent heteroglossia” to “contemporary urban vernaculars.” Language and Communication 31(4): 276294.Google Scholar
Rathore, Claudia. 2014. East African Indian twice migrants in Britain. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 5583.Google Scholar
Rathore-Nigsch, Claudia and Schreier, Daniel. 2016. “Our heart is still in Africa”: Twice migration and its sociolinguistic consequences. Language in Society 45(2): 163191.Google Scholar
Rosa, Jonathan and Trivedi, Sunny. 2017. Diaspora and language. In Canagarajah, Suresh, ed. The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language. Oxon: Routledge, 330346.Google Scholar
Safran, William. 1991. Diasporas in modern societies: Myths of homeland and return. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 1(1): 8399.Google Scholar
Safran, William. 2004. Deconstructing and comparing diasporas. In Kokot, Waltraud, Tölölyan, Khachig and Alfonso, Carolin, eds. Diaspora, Identity and Religion: New Directions in Theory and Research. London: Routledge, 929.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2016. Hybrid Englishes: An exploratory survey. World Englishes 35(3): 339354.Google Scholar
Sebba, Mark. 2013 [1993]. London Jamaican: Language Systems in Interaction. Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2011. Style repertoire and social change in British Asian English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(4): 464492.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2014. Transnational flows, language variation, and ideology. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 215242.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2017. World Englishes and sociolinguistic theory. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 232251.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani and Rampton, Ben. 2015. Lectal focusing in interaction: A new methodology for the study of style variation. Journal of English Linguistics 43(1): 335.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 1987. Language Contact in a Plantation Environment: A Sociolinguistic History of Fiji. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tölölyan, Khachig. 1996. Rethinking diaspora(s): Stateless power in the transnational moment. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 5(1): 336.Google Scholar
Tölölyan, Khachig. 2007. The contemporary discourse of diaspora studies. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27(3): 647655.Google Scholar
Torgersen, Eivind Nessa, Gabrielatos, Costas, Hoffmann, Sebastian and Fox, Susan. 2011. A corpus-based study of pragmatic markers in London English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 7(1): 93118.Google Scholar
Torgersen, Eivind Nessa and Szakay, Anita. 2012. An investigation of speech rhythm in London English. Lingua 122(7): 822840.Google Scholar
Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline. 2011. Code‐switching among US Latinos. In Díaz-Campos, Manuel, ed. The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 530552.Google Scholar
Urry, John. 2012. Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-First Century (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Van Hear, Nicholas. 1998. New Diasporas: The Mass Exodus, Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities. Padstow: UCL Press.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. 2005. The political importance of diasporas. Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC; Migration Policy Institute Europe, Brussels. www.migrationpolicy.org/article/political-importance-diasporas, 1 June.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. 2007. Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30(6): 10241054.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena. 2014a. Indo-Fijian English: Linguistic diaspora or endonormative stabilization? In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 187213.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena. 2014b. Educated Fiji English: Lexico-Grammar and Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena. 2017. Code-switching in the media: Identity negotiations in a Gujarati diaspora radio program. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 247: 3348.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena and Staicov, Adina. 2016. English in San Francisco Chinatown. In Seoane, Elena and Suárez-Gómez, Cristina, eds. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 205228.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×