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It is the aim of this chapter to analyze select moments in the history of the papacy to tease out what they can teach us about the conceptualization and performance of papacy. The Schism, a crisis of governance that pitted two, and even three so-called legitimate pontiffs against each other, offers a prime field of study on the performance of papacy. The multiplication of popes exaggerated papal behavior more than altered it. Instead of having one set of behaviors characterizing legitimacy, the schism offered two, and even three (after Pisa), all running concurrently. This multiplication clarified and delineated expectations. As obediences searched for “best practices” that would demote their competitors, they made apparent concepts and practices that were previously understood implicitly.
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