Chapter 5 - The Pleistocene

5.1 Pleistocene Mammals

More families, genera and species have been recorded from the Pleistocene than any other epoch in southern Africa (see Table 7.1). Proportions of extinct taxa vary at different levels. Thus, all 15 extant Orders are represented, and all of the 38 families are extant, but the situation is different at the generic and specific levels. Here there is a clear diversification in certain Orders, combined with high proportions of extinct taxa. For instance, in the Artiodactyla, 32 per cent of the genera and 49 per cent of the species are now extinct, while the numbers are 23 per cent and 43 per cent respectively in the Carnivora. On the other hand, the Rodentia contain only 8 per cent extinct genera and 17 per cent extinct species, while all the Chiroptera are extant.

ORDER: AFROSORICIDA

Suborder: Chrysochloridea

FAMILY: CHRYSOCHLORIDAE

Subfamily: Chrysochlorinae

Chlorotalpa duthiae Broom, 1907. Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 18: 292. Duthie’s golden mole. Type locality: Knysna. Additional references: Bronner (1995a, 1995b).
Chlorotalpa sclateri Broom, 1907. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 7, 19: 263. Sclater’s golden mole. Type locality: Beaufort West. Additional references: Bronner (1995a, 1995b); Broom (1907b, 1946, 1950).
†Chlorotalpa spelea Broom, 1941. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 20: 214. Type locality: Sterkfontein.
Chrysochloris asiatica Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 53. Cape golden mole. Type locality: usually taken as Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Broom (1907b, 1909c, 1910, 1946, 1950); Petter (1981); Roberts (1919).
Chrysospalax Gill, 1884. Stand. Nat. Hist. 5 (Mamm): 137. Type locality: None given. Additional references: Petter (1981).
Chrysospalax villosus Smith, 1833. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 81. Rough-haired golden mole. Synonyms: Chrysochloris villosa. Type locality: near Durban. Additional references: Broom (1909c, 1913a); Gray (1865a); Meester (1953b); Smith (1849).

Subfamily: Amblysomyinae

Amblysomus hottentotus Smith, 1829. Zool. J. 4: 436. Hottentot golden mole. Synonyms: iris. Type locality: Grahamstown. Additional references: Bronner (1996); Broom (1908, 1909c); Capanna et al. (1989); Mynhardt et al. (2015); Petter (1981); Roberts (1946).
Neamblysomus gunningi Broom, 1908. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 1: 14. Gunning’s golden mole. Synonyms: Amblysomus. Type locality: Woodbush. Additional references: Bronner (1995b, 2013); Bronner and Jenkins (2005).
†Proamblysomus antiquus Broom, 1941 Ann. Transvaal Mus. 20: 214. Type locality: Sterkfontein

ORDER: MACROSCELIDEA

FAMILY: MACROSCELIDIDAE

Subfamily: Macroscelidinae

Elephantulus Thomas and Schwann, 1906. Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 33: 10. Additional references: Corbet and Hanks (1968); Evans (1942); Holroyd (2010a); Patterson (1965); Van der Horst (1944).
†Elephantulus antiquus Broom, 1948. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 21(1): 5. Type locality: Bolt’s Farm. Additional references: Patterson (1965).
Elephantulus brachyrhynchus Smith, 1836. Report of the Expedition for Exploring Central Africa: 42. Short-snouted elephant shrew. Synonyms: Macroscelides. Type locality: Kuruman to southern Botswana. Additional references: Smith (1849).
†Elephantulus broomi Corbet and Hanks, 1968. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. 16: 54. Synonyms: Elephantomys langi. Type locality: Schurveberg.
Elephantulus edwardii Smith, 1839. Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa: pl. 14. Cape elephant shrew. Synonyms: Macroscelides. Type locality: Oliphants River. Additional references: Roberts (1924); Smith (1849).
Elephantulus fuscus Peters, 1851. Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethiere: 87. Dusky elephant shrew. Type locality: Boror.
Elephantulus intufi Smith, 1836. Report of the Expedition for Exploring Central Africa: 42. Bushveld elephant shrew. Synonyms: Macroscelides. Type locality: flats beyond Kurrichaine. Additional references: Smith (1849).
Elephantulus myurus Thomas and Schwann, 1906. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1906: 586. Eastern rock elephant shrew. Type locality: Woodbush.
Elephantulus rupestris Smith, 1830. Proc. Commmittee. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1: 11. Western rock elephant shrew. Synonyms: Macroscelides. Type locality: mountains near mouth of Orange River. Additional references: Broom (1938b); Roberts (1938, 1946); Smith (1849).
Macroscelides Smith, 1829. Zool. J. Lond. 4: 435. Type locality: none given. Additional references: Corbet and Hanks (1968); Evans (1942); Patterson (1965); Smith (1849). Comments: this genus is considered to be monospecific, so this material should almost certainly be assigned to M. proboscideus.
Macroscelides proboscideus Shaw, 1800. Gen. Zool. Syst. Nat. Hist. 1(2) Mammalia: 536. Short-eared elephant shrew. Synonyms: typicus. Type locality: Roodeval. Additional references: Roberts (1933, 1938).

Subfamily: †Mylomygalinae

†Mylomygale spiersi Broom, 1948. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 21(1): 8. Type locality: Taung. Additional references: Holroyd (2010a); Patterson (1965).

ORDER: TUBULIDENTATA

FAMILY: ORYCTOPODIDAE

Orycteropus Cuvier, 1798. Tableau Elémentaire de l’Histoire Naturelle des Animaux 1798: 144. Additional references: Holroyd (2010b); Kitching (1963); Lehmann (2007); Pickford (2008a).
Orycteropus afer Pallas, 1766. P.S. Pallas Medecinae Doctoris Miscellanea Zoologica: 64. Aardvark. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Kitching (1963); Lehmann (2004, 2007); Pickford (2005b); Shoshani et al. (1988).

ORDER: HYRACOIDEA

FAMILY: PROCAVIIDAE

Dendrohyrax arboreus Smith, 1827. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 14: 468. Southern tree hyrax. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Gray (1873); Thomas (1892).
Procavia Storr, 1780. Prodromus Methodi Mammalium: 40.
†Procavia antiqua Broom, 1934. S. Afr. J. Sci. 31: 472. Synonyms: Prohyrax; robertsi. Type locality: Taung. Additional references: Broom (1948a); Churcher (1956); McMahon and Thackeray (1994); Rasmussen and Gutiérrez (2010); Schwartz (1997).
Procavia capensis Pallas, 1766. P.S. Pallas Medecinae Doctoris Miscellanea Zoologica:30. Rock hyrax. Synonyms: Heterohyrax; coombsi; syriacus; welwitschii. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Maswanganye et al. (2017); McMahon and Thackeray (1994); Thomas (1892).
†Procavia transvaalensis Shaw, 1937. J. Dental Res. 16: 40. Synonyms: obermeyerae. Type locality: Taung. Additional references: Churcher (1956); McMahon and Thackeray (1994).

ORDER: PROBOSCIDEA

FAMILY: ELEPHANTIDAE

Subfamily: Elephantinae

Elephas Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 33. Synonyms: Archidiskodon; Palaeoloxodon. Additional references: Cooke (1961); Todd (2010).
†Elephas iolensis Pomel, 1895. Les éléphants Quaternaires: Carte Géologique de l’Algérie: 32. Synonyms: Archidiskodon; Mammuthus; Palaeoloxodon; pilgrimia; archidiskodontoides; broomi; hanekomi; kuhni; sheppardi; transvaalensis; wilmani; yorki. Additional references: Cooke (1993b); Dart (1927, 1929b); Haughton (1932b); Hendey (1967); Osborn (1942); Sanders et al. (2010a); Todd (2010). Comments: Pomel (1895) named this species E. jolensis.
†Elephas recki Dietrich, 1915. Arch. Biontol. 4(1): 22. Synonyms: Archidiskodon; Mammuthus; Palaeoloxodon; griqua; antiquus recki. Additional references: Arambourg (1942); Cooke (1993b); Dart (1929b); Haughton (1921); Osborn (1942); Sanders et al. (2010a); Todd (2005, 2010).
Loxodonta, Anonymous, 1827. Zool. J. 3: 140. Synonyms: Tetralophodon?
Loxodonta africana Blumenbach, 1797. D. Joh. Fr. Blumenbach’s Handbuch der Naturgeschichte., 5th edition: 125. African bush elephant. Synonyms: Archidiskodon; Palaeoloxodon; Elephas; Mammuthus; loxodontoides; zulu. Type locality: Orange River, South Africa. Additional references: Brook et al. (2014); Burmeister (1837); Dart (1929b); Sanders et al. (2010b); Todd (2010).
†Loxodonta atlantica Pomel, 1879. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, Series 3, 7: 51. Synonyms: Archidiskodon; Palaeoloxodon; zulu. Additional references: Sanders et al. (2010b); Scott (1907).
†Loxodonta cookei Sanders, 2007. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 62(1): 7. Synonyms: Lukeino Stage. Type locality: Langebaanweg. Additional references: Pickford and Senut (1997); Sanders et al. (2010a); Todd (2010).
†Mammuthus subplanifrons Osborn, 1928. Nature 121: 672–673. Synonyms: Archidiskodon; Elephas; Mastodon; Stegodon; andrewsi; milletti; proplanifrons; scotti; vanalpheni. Type locality: Sydney-on-Vaal. Additional references: Dart (1929b); Maglio and Hendey (1970); Meiring (1955); Osborn (1934, 1942); Sanders (2007); Sanders et al. (2010a); Todd (2010).

ORDER: PRIMATES

Suborder: Haplorrhini

FAMILY: CERCOPITHECIDAE

Subfamily: Cercopithecinae

Cercopithecus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 26. Additional references: Jablonsky and Frost (2010). Comments: material originally identified as Cercopithecus sp. is not mapped because it may be assigned to this genus or to Chlorocebus as currently understood (Wilson and Reeder 2005).
Cercopithecus albogularis Sykes, 1831. Proc. Committee Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1L. Sykes’ monkey. Synonyms: mitis. Additional references: Dalton et al. (2015); Lawes (1990).
Chlorocebus aethiops Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 28. Grivet. Synonyms: Cercopithecus.
Chlorocebus pygerythrus Cuvier, 1821. Hist. Nat. Mamm. 24: 2. Vervet monkey. Synonyms: aethiops.
†Dinopithecus ingens Broom, 1937. S. Afr. J. Sci. 33: 753. Synonyms: Papio. Type locality: Schurveberg. Additional references: Freedman and Brain (1977); Gilbert (2013); Jablonsky and Frost (2010).
†Gorgopithecus major Broom and Robinson, 1949. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 119: 386. Synonyms: Parapapio Type locality: Kromdraai. Additional references: Gilbert (2013); Gilbert et al. (2016a); Gommery and Bento da Costa (2016); Jablonsky and Frost (2010).
Papio Erxleben, 1777. Systema Regni Animales per Classes : Mammalia: xxx, 15. Additional references: Williams et al. (2012).
†Papio izodi Gear, 1926. S. Afr. J. Sci. 23: 746. Synonyms: Gorgopithecus; Parapapio; angusticeps; wellsi. Type locality: Taung. Additional references: Adams et al. (2013); Cooke (1990); Freedman (1965); Gilbert (2013); Gilbert et al. (2015); Gilbert et al. (2016b); Gommery and Bento da Costa (2016); Heaton (2006); Jablonsky and Frost (2010); McKee (1993b); McKee and Keyser (1994). Comments: known material from Kromdraai is referred to Papio (hamadryas) angusticeps and a new specimen to Papio hamadryas spp. indet. by Singleton et al. (2016).
†Papio robinsoni Freedman, 1957. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 23(2): 183. Synonyms: Dinopithecus; Parapapio; hamadryas robinsoni. Type locality: Swartkrans. Additional references: Gommery and Bento da Costa (2016); Gommery et al. (2008b); Freedman (1965); Freedman and Brain (1977); Jablonsky and Frost (2010). Comments: Gommery and Bento da Costa (2016) consider this taxon to be a subspecies of Papio hamadryas.
†Papio spelaeus Broom, 1936. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 18: 396. Type locality: Pretoria. Additional references: Freedman (1957).
Papio ursinus Kerr, 1792. The Animal Kingdom, or Zoological System of the Celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus: 63. Chacma baboon. Synonyms: cynocephalus; comatus; hamadryas; porcarius; rhodesiae. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Freedman (1954, 1965); Jablonsky and Frost (2010); Roberts (1932); Williams et al. (2012). Comments: material from the Koanaka Hills in Botswana is assigned to P. hamadryas by Williams et al. (2012), probably because some authors (e.g. Singleton et al. 2016) consider ursinus to be a subspecies of P. hamadryas. Here, Wilson and Reeder (2005) are followed in considering ursinus to be a full species.
†Parapapio Jones, 1937. S. Afr. J. Sci. 33: 726. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Grine and Hendey (1981); Jablonsky and Frost (2010).
†Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937. S. Afr. J. Sci. 33: 727. Synonyms: Brachygnathopithecus peppercorni; Gorgopithecus; makapani. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Freedman (1965); Freedman and Stenhouse (1972); Gilbert (2013); Gommery and Bento da Costa (2016); Heaton (2006); Jablonsky and Frost (2010); Maier (1970); Thackeray and Myer (2004).
†Parapapio jonesi Broom, 1940. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 20: 93. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Freedman and Brain (1977); Freedman and Stenhouse (1972); Gilbert (2013); Gommery and Bento da Costa (2016); Heaton (2006); Jablonsky and Frost (2010); Maier (1970); Thackeray and Myer (2004).
†Parapapio whitei Broom, 1940. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 20: 90. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Freedman (1965); Freedman and Stenhouse (1972); Gilbert (2013); Gommery and Bento da Costa (2016); Heaton (2006); Jablonsky and Frost (2010); Maier (1970).
†Theropithecus oswaldi Andrews, 1916. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 8, 18: 417. Synonyms: Parapapio coronatus?; Simopithecus; danieli; leakeyi. Additional references: Broom and Robinson (1948); Dechow and Singer (1984); Freedman (1957, 1976); Freedman and Brain (1977); Frost et al. (2017); Gilbert (2007b, 2013); Heaton (2006); Jablonsky and Frost (2010); Leakey (1943a).

Subfamily: Colobinae

†Cercopithecoides haasgati McKee, Von Mayer and Kuykendall, 2011. J. Human Evol. 60: 90. Type locality: Haasgat. Additional references: Adams et al. (2013); Kegley et al. (2011); Von Mayer (1998).
†Cercopithecoides williamsi Mollett, 1947. S. Afr. J. Sci. 43: 298. Synonyms: molletti. Type locality: Limeworks Makapansgat. Additional references: Freedman (1961, 1965); Freedman and Brain (1977); Jablonsky and Frost (2010); Kuykendall and Rae (2008); Maier (1970); Von Mayer (1998).
†Microcolobus Benefit and Pickford 1986. Amer. Phys. Anthrop. 69: 446.

FAMILY: HOMINIDAE

Subfamily: Homininae

†Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925. Nature 114: 198. Synonyms: Plesianthropus; prometheus; transvaalensis. Type locality: Taung. Additional references: Broom (1929, 1939a); Broom and Robinson (1949a, 1949c); Clarke and Tobias (1995); Dart (1929a, 1948a, 1954, 1959); Häusler and Berger (2001); Lockwood and Tobias (1999, 2002); MacLatchy et al. (2010); Toussaint et al. (2003).
†Australopithecus sediba Berger, De Ruiter, Churchill, Schmid, Carlson, Dirks and Kibii, 2010. Science 328: 195. Type locality: Malapa. Additional references: Carlson et al. (2016); De Ruiter et al. (2013); Pickering et al. (2011).
Homo Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 20. Additional references: Clarke et al. (1970); Curnoe (2001); Curnoe and Tobias (2006); Grine (1993, 2005); Smith and Grine (2008).
†Homo erectus Dubois, 1894. Pithecanthropus erectus: ein meschenähnliche Übergangsform aus Java. Synonyms: ergaster. Additional references: MacLatchy et al. (2010); Susman (1993). Comments: Dubois (1894) not seen.
†Homo gautengensis Curnoe, 2010. Homo- J. Comp. Human Biol. 61: 172. Synonyms: habilis. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Curnoe and Tobias (2006).
†Homo naledi Berger, Hawks, de Ruiter, Churchill et al. 2015. eLIFE 2015, 4: e09560: 1. Type locality: Dinaledi Chamber. Additional references: Dembo et al. (2016); Holloway et al. (2018).
†Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921. Nature 108 (2716): 371–372. Synonyms: heidelbergensis. Additional references: Dart (1948a, 1948b); MacLatchy et al. (2010); Singer (1956). Comments: there is disagreement among specialists as to whether the African material should be assigned to H. heidelbergensis or to H. rhodesiensis (MacLatchy et al. 2010).
Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 20. Modern human. Synonyms: capensis; helmei. Additional references: Ackermann et al. (2016); Beaumont et al. (1978); Bräuer et al. (1992); Bräuer and Singer (1996); Broom (1918); Churchill et al. (1996); Dart (1940); De Villers (1973, 1974, 1976a, 1976b); Drennan (1937, 1953, 1955); Dreyer (1935); Galloway (1937a, 1937b); Grine (1998, 2000, 2012); Grine et al. (1995, 2007, 2010); Haughton et al. (1917); Hughes (1990); L’Abbé et al. (2008); Pycraft (1925); Keith (1933); MacLatchy et al. (2010); Pearson and Grine (1996); Pickford and Senut (1998); Rightmire (1978, 1979b); Rightmire and Deacon (1991); Rightmire et al. (2006); Singer (1954); Smith et al. (2012); Stynder et al. (2001); Trinkaus et al. (1999).
†Paranthropus robustus Broom, 1938. Nature 142: 379. Synonyms: Australopithecus; crassidens. Type locality: Kromdraai. Additional references: Broom (1939a, 1939d, 1939e, 1949a); Broom and Robinson (1950a, 1950b, 1952); Clarke (1988); Clarke et al. (1970); De Ruiter et al. (2006); Gommery (2000); Grine (1981, 1982, 1993); Grine and Daegling (1993); Grine and Klein (1985); Grine and Susman (1991); Grine et al. (2012); Keyser (2000); Kuykendall and Conroy (1999); MacLatchy et al. (2010); Prat and Gommery (2012); Prat et al. (2014); Robinson (1970); Steininger et al. (2008).

ORDER: RODENTIA

Suborder: Sciuromorpha

FAMILY: SCIURIDAE

Subfamily: Xerinae

Paraxerus palliatus Peters, 1852. Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 17: 273. Red bush squirrel. Type locality: Quintangonha.
Xerus inauris Zimmermann, 1780. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen und der Allgemein Verbreiteten Vierfüssigen Thiere 2: 344. South African ground squirrel. Synonyms: Geosciurus capensis. Type locality: Kaffirland, 100 miles (160 km) north of Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Skurski and Waterman (2005).

Suborder: Myomorpha

FAMILY: GLIRIDAE

Subfamily: Graphiurinae

Graphiurus Smuts, 1832. Dissertation Zoologica, Ennumerationem Mammalium Capensium: 32–33. Synonyms: Claviglis; Gliriscus; Myoxus. Additional references: Daams and De Bruijn (1995); Holden (1996); Montgelard et al. (2003); Webb and Skinner (1995).
Graphiurus microtis Noack, 1887. Zool. Jahrb. 2: 248. Large savanna African dormouse. Synonyms: griselda; littoralis; schneideri; streeteri. Additional references: Roberts (1938).
Graphiurus murinus Desmarest, 1822. Mammalogie ou descriptions des espèces de mammifères, Part 2 (suppl.): 542. Forest African dormouse. Synonyms: alticola; tasmani; woosnami; vandami; zuluensis. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Holden (1996); Kryštufek et al. (2004); Roberts (1931, 1938).
Graphiurus ocularis Smith, 1829. Zool. J. 4: 439. Spectacled African dormouse. Synonyms: Myoxus; capensis. Type locality: near Plettenberg Bay. Additional references: De Winton (1898); Holden (1996); Smith (1849).

FAMILY: NESOMYIDAE

Subfamily: Cricetomyinae

Cricetomys ansorgei Thomas, 1904. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 7, 13: 412. Southern giant pouched rat. Synonyms: gambianus.
Saccostomus Peters, 1846. Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 11: 258. Comments: the Holocene material should almost certainly be assigned to S. campestris since this is the only species currently understood to occur in southern Africa (Wilson and Reeder 2005).
Saccostomus campestris Peters, 1846. Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 11: 258. Southern African pouched mouse. Synonyms: anderssoni; hildae; limpopoensis; mashonae; pagei; streeteri. Type locality: Tete. Additional references: Denys (1988b); Roberts (1914).

Subfamily: Delanymyinae

†Stenodontomys Pocock, 1987. Palaeontol. Afr. 26(7): 86. Type locality: Limeworks Makapansgat.

Subfamily: Dendromurinae

Dendromus Smith, 1829. Zool. J. 4: 438. Synonyms: Poemys.
Dendromus melanotis Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 148. Grey African climbing mouse. Synonyms: arenarius; concinnus; nigrifrons. Type locality: near Port Natal: Durban. Additional references: Roberts (1931); Smith (1849).
Dendromus mesomelas Brants, 1827. Het Geslacht der Muizen door Linnaeus Opgesteld: 122. Brants’ African climbing mouse. Synonyms: ayresi; typica. Type locality: Sunday’s River, east of Port Elizabeth. Additional references: Smith (1849).
Dendromus mystacalis Heuglin, 1863. Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. 30: 2 suppl.: 5. Chestnut African climbing mouse
Dendromus nyikae Wroughton, 1909. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 8, 3: 248. Nyika African climbing mouse.
Malacothrix Wagner, 1843. In: Schreber, Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen, Suppl. 3: 496.
Malacothrix typica Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 148. Large-eared African desert mouse. Type locality: Graaff Reinet District. Additional references: Roberts (1932).
Steatomys Peters, 1846. Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 11: 258.
Steatomys krebsii Peters, 1852. Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethiere: 165. Krebs’s African fat mouse. Synonyms: chiversi; pentonyx; pratensis. Type locality: Kaffraria. Additional references: Roberts (1931).
Steatomys pratensis Peters, 1846. Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 11: 258. Common African fat mouse. Synonyms: natalensis; opimus. Type locality: Tete. Comments: material from Botswana was identified as Steatomys opimus but, as currently understood, this species is almost entirely confined to West Africa (Musser and Carleton 2005).

Subfamily: Mystromyinae

Mystromys Wagner, 1841. Gelehrte Anz. I. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München 12(54): col. 434.
Mystromys albicaudatus Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 148. African white-tailed rat. Synonyms: Otomys; antiquus. Type locality: Albany District. Additional references: De Winton (1898); Grubb (2004); Smith (1849).
†Mystromys hausleitneri Broom, 1937. S. Afr. J. Sci. 33: 766. Synonyms: hauslichtneri. Type locality: Schurveberg. Additional references: Broom (1948a). Comments: there is disagreement about the identity of some Pleistocene samples, which have been variously assigned to this species or to M. albicaudatus. See Avery (1998) for further discussion.
†Proodontomys cookei Pocock, 1987. Palaeontol. Afr. 26(7): 82. Type locality: Limeworks Makapansgat

Subfamily: Petromyscinae

Petromyscus Thomas, 1926. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 9, 17: 179. Additional references: Petter (1967).

FAMILY: MURIDAE

Subfamily: Deomyinae

Acomys Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1838. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Paris, Series 2: 10: 126. Additional references: Chevret et al. (1993a); Dippenaar and Rautenbach (1986).
Acomys spinosissimus Peters, 1852. Reise nach Mossambique, Saugethiere: 160. Southern African spiny mouse. Synonyms: cahirinus selousi; transvaalensis. Type locality: Tete and Buio. Additional references: Dippenaar and Rautenbach (1986).
Acomys subspinosus Waterhouse, 1837. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1837: 104. Cape spiny mouse. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Dippenaar and Rautenbach (1986).

Subfamily: Gerbillinae

Desmodillus Thomas and Schwann, 1904. Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 2: 6. Synonyms: Gerbillus; Pachyuromys. Additional references: Pavlinov (2001).
Desmodillus auricularis Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 160. Short-eared gerbil. Synonyms: Gerbillus; brevicaudatus. Type locality: Kamiesberg. Additional references: Griffin (1990); Qumsiyeh (1986); Smith (1849).
Gerbilliscus Thomas, 1897. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1897: 433. Synonyms: Gerbillus; Tatera.
Gerbilliscus afra Gray, 1830. Spicil. Zool. 2: 10. Cape gerbil. Synonyms: Gerbillus; Meriones; Tatera; africanus. Type locality: vicinity of Cape Town. Additional references: Chacornac (1999); Cuvier (1841); Davis (1949, 1965); Qumsiyeh (1986); Smith (1849); Smuts (1832). Comments: Gray, 1830 not seen. Citation according to Wilson and Reeder (2005).
Gerbilliscus brantsii Smith, 1836. Report of the Expedition for Exploring Central Africa: 43. Highveld gerbil. Synonyms: Gerbillus; Tatera; montanus. Type locality: Ladybrand. Additional references: Davis (1949, 1965); Griffin (1990); Qumsiyeh (1986); Roberts (1926); Smith (1849).
Gerbilliscus leucogaster Peters, 1852. Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss., Akad. Wiss. Berlin 17: 274. Bushveld gerbil. Synonyms: Gerbillus; Tatera. Type locality: Boror. Additional references: Davis (1949, 1965); Griffin (1990); Qumsiyeh (1986).
Gerbillurus Shortridge, 1942. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 36(1): 52. Additional references: Qumsiyeh et al. (1991).
Gerbillurus paeba Smith, 1836. Report of the Expedition for Exploring Central Africa: 43. Paeba hairy-footed gerbil. Synonyms: Gerbillus; tenuis. Type locality: Vryberg. Additional references: Chacornac (1999); De Winton (1898); Griffin (1990); Perrin et al. (1999); Qumsiyeh (1986); Taylor (2000).

FAMILY: MURIDAE

Subfamily: Murinae

Aethomys Thomas, 1915. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 8, 16: 477. Additional references: Chimimba (1997, 1998, 2005); Chimimba and Dippenaar (1994); Chimimba et al. (1999); Visser and Robinson (1986). Comments: many specimens were identified as Aethomys sp. at a time when Micaelamys was not recognised as a separate genus. For this reason, distributions that rely on material not identified to species have not been mapped, pending re-identification.
Aethomys chrysophilus De Winton, 1896. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896: 801. Red veld aethomys. Additional references: Chimimba (2000); Chimimba and Dippenaar (1994); Roberts (1926, 1946).
Arvicanthis Lesson, 1842. Nouveau Tableau du Règne Animal: 147. Additional references: Grubb (2004).
Dasymys Peters, 1875. Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1875: 12. Additional references: Verheyen et al. (2003).
†Dasymys ‘bolti’ Broom, unpublished. Type locality: Bolt’s Farm. Additional references: Denys (1990a). Comments: Nomen nudum.
†Dasymys ‘broomi’ Broom, unpublished. Synonyms: brevirostris. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Comments: Nomen nudum.
Dasymys incomtus Sundevall, 1846. Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl, 3: 120. Common dasymys. Type locality: Durban. Additional references: Gordon (1991); Mullin et al. (2004). Comments: much of the material identified as D. incomtus was identified at a time when this species was the only one recognised in southern Africa. For this reason, this material should be considered as D. incomtus sensu lato until such time as it is re-examined.
†Dasymys ‘lavocati’ Broom, unpublished. Type locality: Bolt’s Farm. Comments: Nomen nudum.
Grammomys Thomas, 1915. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)16: 150. Synonyms: Thamnomys.
Grammomys dolichurus Smuts, 1832. Dissertation Zoologica, Ennumerationem Mammalium Capensium: 38. Common grammomys. Type locality: near Cape Town. Additional references: Roberts (1931).
Lemniscomys rosalia Thomas, 1904. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 7, 13: 414. Single-striped lemniscomys. Synonyms: dorsalis; griselda. Additional references: Smith (1849).
Mastomys Thomas, 1915. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 8, 16: 477. Synonyms: Praomys. Additional references: Britton-Davidian et al. (1995); Granjon et al. (1997); Grubb (2004); Taylor (2000).
Mastomys coucha Smith, 1834. Report of the Expedition for Exploring Central Africa: 43. Southern African mastomys. Synonyms: Praomys; natalensis. Type locality: between Orange River and Tropic of Capricorn. Additional references: Bronner et al. (2007); Dippenaar et al. (1993); Smit and Van der Bank (2001). Comments: this material was originally identified as M. natalensis at a time when M. coucha was not recognised as a separate species.
Mastomys natalensis Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 146. Natal mastomys. Synonyms: Praomys. Type locality: Port Natal = Durban. Additional references: Bronner et al. (2007); Dippenaar et al. (1993); Green et al. (1980); Smit and Van der Bank (2001); Smith (1849). Comments: see comment under M. coucha above.
Micaelamys Ellerman, 1941. Families and Genera of Living Rodents 2: 170. Synonyms: Aethomys. Type locality: not given by Ellerman (1941) but presumably Deelfontein since this is the type locality of the type species M. granti.
Micaelamys namaquensis Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 160. Namaqua micaelamys. Synonyms: Aethomys; lehocla. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope: restricted to Witwater. Additional references: Chimimba (2001); Chimimba and Dippenaar (1994); Roberts (1926, 1946); Russo (2009); Smith (1849); Visser and Robinson (1986).
Mus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 59. Additional references: Britton-Davidian et al. (2012); Veyrunes et al. (2005).
†Mus major Broom, ?unpublished. Type locality: Bolt’s Farm. Comments: Nomen nudum?
Mus minutoides Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 147. Southern African pygmy mouse. Synonyms: Leggada. Type locality: Cape Town. Additional references: Britton-Davidian et al. (2012). Comments: some of the specimens from the more arid areas may be M. indutus, but see comment under that species.
Mus triton Thomas, 1909. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 8, 4: 548. Grey-bellied mouse. Additional references: Britton-Davidian et al. (2012).
Myomyscus verreauxii Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 146. Verreaux’s white-footed rat. Synonyms: Praomys; Myomys; colonus. Type locality: near Cape Town. Additional references: Grubb (2004); Smith (1849).
Pelomys fallax Peters, 1852. Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 17: 275. East African pelomys. Type locality: Caia District.
Rhabdomys Thomas, 1916. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 8, 18: 69.
Rhabdomys dilectus De Winton, 1896. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896: 803. Mesic four-striped grass rat. Type locality: Mazoe. Comments: Rhabdomys dilectus is again regarded (Wilson and Reeder 2005) as a separate species from R. pumilio, but at the time that most of the fossil material was identified only R. pumilio was recognised as a full species. No fossil material has yet been identified as R. dilectus, but see comments under R. pumilio below.
Rhabdomys pumilio Sparrman, 1784. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.: 236. Xeric four-striped grass rat. Type locality: Slangrivier: east of Knysna. Additional references: Castiglia et al. (2012); Le Grange et al. (2015); Roberts (1946); Smith (1849); Wroughton (1905). Comments: samples recorded here should be regarded as belonging to Rhabdomys pumilio sensu lato and are very likely to include some material that would currently be regarded as R. dilectus.
Thallomys Thomas, 1920. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 9, 5: 141.
†Thallomys debruyni Broom, 1948. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 21: 35. Type locality: Taung Hrdlicka’s Cave.
Thallomys paedulcus Sundevall, 1846. Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 3: 120. Synonyms: Acacia thallomys. Type locality: provisionally fixed as Crocodile Drift, Brits. Additional references: Taylor (2000); Taylor et al. (1995). Comments: this material was identified as T. paedulcus at a time when only the one species was recognised, but some would now almost certainly be identified as T. nigricauda.
Zelotomys Osgood, 1910. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Series 10: 7.
Zelotomys woosnami Schwann, 1906. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1906: 108. Woosnam’s zelotomys. Type locality: Molopo River.

Subfamily: †Myocricetodontinae

†Myocricetodon Lavocat, 1952. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 235: 190.

Subfamily: Otomyinae

†Myotomys campbelli Broom and Schepers, 1946. Transvaal Mus. Mem. 2: 29. Type locality: Taung.
Myotomys sloggetti Thomas, 1902. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 7, 10: 311. Rock karoo rat. Synonyms: Otomys. Type locality: Deelfontein. Additional references: Taylor et al. (2004).
Myotomys unisulcatus Cuvier, 1829. In: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Cuvier, Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères: 6 LX Otomys cafre. Bush karoo rat. Synonyms: Euryotis; Otomys. Type locality: Matjiesfontein. Additional references: Edwards (2009); Edwards et al. (2011); Smith (1849); Taylor et al. (1989, 2004).
Otomys Cuvier, 1825. Des Dents des Mammifères Considérées comme Caractères Zoologiques: 168. Additional references: Chevret et al. (1993b); Maree (2002); Meester et al. (1992). Comments: many specimens identified as Otomys sp. were identified at a time when Myotomys was not recognised as a separate genus. For this reason, distributions that rely on material not identified to species have not been mapped, pending further identification.
Otomys angoniensis Wroughton, 1906. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 7, 18: 274. Angoni vlei rat. Additional references: Bronner and Meester (1988); Taylor et al. (2004).
†Otomys gracilis Broom, 1937. S. Afr. J. Sci. 33: 761. Synonyms: Palaeotomys. Type locality: Schurveberg.
Otomys irroratus Brants, 1827. Het Geslacht der Muizen door Linnaeus Opgesteld: 94. Southern African vlei rat. Synonyms: Euryotis; Mus. Type locality: Cape Town District. Additional references: Bronner et al. (1988); Engelbrecht et al. (2011); Smith (1849); Taylor (2000); Taylor et al. (1989, 2009).
Otomys laminatus Thomas and Schwann, 1905. Abst. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1905(i)(18): 23. KwaZulu vlei rat. Type locality: Sibudeni. Additional references: Roberts (1919, 1932).
Otomys saundersiae Roberts, 1929. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 13: 114. Saunders’ vlei rat. Synonyms: karoensis. Type locality: Grahamstown. Additional references: Roberts (1931); Taylor et al. (1993, 2009).
Parotomys Thomas, 1918. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 9, 2: 205. Additional references: Maree (2002); Meester et al. (1992).
Parotomys brantsii Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 150. Brants’ whistling rat. Synonyms: Euryotis. Type locality: ‘towards the mouth of the Orange River’. Additional references: Rookmaker and Meester (1988); Smith (1849); Taylor et al. (1989, 2004).
Parotomys littledalei Thomas, 1918. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 9, 2: 205. Littledale’s whistling rat. Type locality: Tuin Kenhardt. Additional references: Roberts (1933); Taylor et al. (1989, 2004).

Suborder: Anomaluromorpha

FAMILY: PEDETIDAE

Pedetes Illiger, 1811. Prodromus Systematis Mammaliam et Avium: 81.
Pedetes capensis Forster, 1778. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 39: 109. South African spring hare. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Roberts (1946).
†Pedetes hagenstadti Dreyer and Lyle, 1931. New Fossil Mammals and Man from South Africa: 40. Type locality: Florisbad.

Suborder: Hystricomorpha

FAMILY: BATHYERGIDAE

Subfamily: Bathyerginae

Bathyergus Illiger, 1811. Prodromus Systematis Mammaliam et Avium: 86. Additional references: De Graaff (1965); Faulkes et al. (2004).
Bathyergus janetta Thomas and Schwann, 1904, Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 2: 6. Namaqua dune mole-rat. Type locality: Port Nolloth. Additional references: Thomas and Schwann (1904b).
Bathyergus suillus Schreber, 1782. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen 4: 714. Cape dune mole-rat. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Comments: volume 4 was published in 1792 according to the version reproduced in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135004#page/137/mode/1up; accessed 19 May 2017) and ‘Der Sandmoll’ is discussed on pp. 715–716, not 714, and Mus suillus is listed on p. 932. Plate 204B appears in an undated volume containing plates 166–280 (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97330#page/125/mode/1up). Bennett et al. (2009) give the reference for this species as Schreber, J.C.D. 1782. Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband III [Dritte Abtheilung: Die Beutelthiere und Rage]. Wolfgang Walther, Erlangen, Germany. This publication was not seen.
Cryptomys Gray, 1864. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864: 124. Additional references: De Graaff (1965); Faulkes et al. (2004); Ingram et al. (2004); Kock et al. (2006); Thomas (1917). Comments: some specimens previously identified as Cryptomys sp. may be referable to Fukomys sp. as currently understood.
Cryptomys hottentotus Lesson, 1826. Zool. 1: 166. Southern African mole-rat. Type locality: near Paarl. Additional references: Avery (2004); Denys (1988a); Roberts (1913, 1946). Comments: it is possible that some of the material may be referable to Fukomys damarensis, which was not recognised as a separate species when many of the samples were identified.
†Cryptomys robertsi Broom, 1937. S. Afr. J. Sci. 33: 760. Type locality: Schurveberg. Comments: it has been suggested that this taxon is inseparable from Georychus capensis (Avery, 1998).
Georychus Illiger, 1811. Prodromus Systematis Mammaliam et Avium: 87. Additional references: De Graaff (1965); De Winton (1898); Faulkes et al. (2004); Gray (1864a); Thomas (1895b, 1917). Comments: these should almost certainly be assigned to G. capensis.
Georychus capensis Pallas, 1778. Njova. Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord. 76: 172. Cape mole-rat. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Bennett et al. (2006, 2016). Comments: the Holocene occurrence in 2032 may be considered unlikely: this taxon is currently endemic to South Africa (Maree et al. 2017), whereas Cryptomys hottentotus occurs in southern Zimbabwe (Maree and Faulkes 2016).

FAMILY: HYSTRICIDAE

Subfamily: Hystricinae

Hystrix africaeaustralis Peters, 1852. Reise nach Mossambique, Saugethiere: 170. Cape porcupine. Additional references: Maguire (1976).
Hystrix cristata Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 56. Crested porcupine. Additional references: Maguire (1976).
†Hystrix makapanensis Greenwood, 1958. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 13, 1: 365. Synonyms: major. Type locality: Limeworks Makapansgat. Additional references: Adams (2012a); Greenwood (1955).

FAMILY: PETROMURIDAE

Petromus Smith, 1831. S. Afr. Quart. J. 1(5): 10
Petromus typicus Smith, 1831. S. Afr. Quart. J. 1(5): 11. Dassie rat. Type locality: ‘Mountains towards mouth of Orange River’. Additional references: Roberts (1938, 1946); Smith (1849).

FAMILY THRYONOMYIDAE

Thryonomys Fitzinger, 1867. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wein 56(1): 141.
Thryonomys swinderianus Temminck, 1827. Monographies de Mammalogie 1: 248. Greater cane rat. Additional references: Van der Merwe (2007).

ORDER: LAGOMORPHA

FAMILY: LEPORIDAE

Bunolagus monticularis Thomas, 1903. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 7, 11: 78. Riverine rabbit. Synonyms: Lepus. Type locality: Deelfontein. Additional references: Robinson and Dippenaar (1987); Robinson and Matthee (2005); Robinson and Skinner (1983).
Lepus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 57. Additional references: Robinson and Dippenaar (1987); Robinson and Matthee (2005).
Lepus capensis Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 58. Cape hare. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Roberts (1932).
Lepus saxatilis Cuvier, 1823. Dict. Sci. Nat. 26: 309. Scrub hare. Type locality: ‘à trois journées au nord du cap de Bonne-Espérance’ (north of Cape of Good Hope). Additional references: Kolbe (1948); Roberts (1932); Robinson and Dippenaar (1983).
Pronolagus Lyon, 1904. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 45: 416. Additional references: Robinson and Matthee (2005).
Pronolagus crassicaudatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832. Mag. Zool. Paris 2: cl. 1, pl. 9 and text. Natal red rock hare. Synonyms: Oryctolagus. Type locality: ‘Port Natal’ (Durban).
Pronolagus randensis Jameson, 1907. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 7, 20: 404. Jameson’s red rock hare. Type locality: ‘Observatory Kopje Johannesburg’.
Pronolagus rupestris Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 174. Smith’s red rock hare. Synonyms: crassicaudatus. Type locality: Probably Van Rhynsdorp District. Additional references: Roberts (1938).

ORDER: ERINACEOMORPHA

FAMILY: ERINACEIDAE

Subfamily: Erinaceinae

Atelerix frontalis Smith, 1831. S. Afr. Quart. J. 1(5): 10, 29. Southern African hedgehog. Synonyms: Erinaceus capensis. Type locality: northern parts of the Graaff Reinet district. Additional references: Smith (1830, 1838, 1849).
†Erinaceus broomi Butler and Greenwood, 1973. Foss. Vert. Afr. 3: 7–42. Synonyms: Atelerix major. Type locality: Bolt’s Farm (A. major). Additional references: Broom (1937b, 1948a).

ORDER: SORICOMORPHA

FAMILY: SORICIDAE

Subfamily: Crocidurinae

Crocidura Wagler, 1832. Isis von Oken 25: 275. Additional references: Butler et al. (1989); Jenkins et al. (1998); Meester (1953a, 1961b, 1963); Meester et al. (1985).
Crocidura cyanea Duvernoy, 1838. Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg 2: 2. Reddish-grey musk shrew. Type locality: Citrusdal Citrusdal fide Shortridge (1942: 27).
Crocidura flavescens Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827. Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 11: 324. Greater red musk shrew. Synonyms: Sorex; capensis. Type locality: King William’s Town. Additional references: Smith (1849).
Crocidura fuscomurina Heuglin, 1865. Nov. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. 32: 36. Bicolored musk shrew. Synonyms: bicolor. Additional references: Hutterer (1983).
Crocidura hirta Peters, 1852. Reise nach Mossambique, Saugethiere: 78. Lesser red musk shrew. Type locality: Tete.
Crocidura mariquensis Smith, 1844. Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa: pl. 44, fig. 1. Swamp musk shrew. Synonyms: Sorex. Type locality: near Marico River. Additional references: Dippenaar (1977, 1979); Meester (1964b); Smith (1849). Comments: citation as given in Wilson and Reeder (2005). There is clearly considerable uncertainty surrounding the publication dates of Smith’s Illustrations of South African Zoology (Low and Evenhuis 2014).
Crocidura silacea Thomas, 1895. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 6, 16: 53. Lesser grey-brown musk shrew. Type locality: Figtree Creek.
†Crocidura taungensis Broom, 1948. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 21: 10. Synonyms: Suncus. Type locality: Taung. Additional references: Meester (1954).
Suncus Ehrenberg, 1832. In Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symbolae Physicae, seu, Icones et Descriptiones 2: k. Additional references: Jenkins et al. (1998); Meester (1953a); Meester and Lambrechts (1971); Meester and Meyer (1972); Quérouil et al. (2001). Comments: there is doubt about authorship of this series of publications. See discussion on www.zoonomen.net/mammtax/cit/jours.html.
Suncus infinitesimus Heller, 1912. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 60(12): 5. Least dwarf shrew.
Suncus lixus Thomas, 1897. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1897: 930. Greater dwarf shrew. Synonyms: Crocidura.
Suncus varilla Thomas, 1895. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 6, 16: 54. Lesser dwarf shrew. Type locality: East London. Additional references: Roberts (1946).

Subfamily: Myosoricinae

Myosorex Gray, 1837. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1837: 124. Additional references: Matthews and Stynder (2011b); Meester (1953a, 1958); Quérouil et al. (2001); Willows-Munro and Matthee (2009).
Myosorex cafer Sundevall, 1846. Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 3: 119. Dark-footed mouse shrew. Synonyms: tenuis. Type locality: ‘E Caffraria interiore et Port-Natal’. Additional references: Avery (1998).
†Myosorex robinsoni Meester, 1954. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 22: 272. Type locality: Swartkrans. Additional references: Butler (2010); Butler and Greenwood (1979).
Myosorex varius Smuts, 1832. Dissertation Zoologica, Ennumerationem Mammalium Capensium: 108. Forest shrew. Synonyms: Sorex. Type locality: Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth. Additional references: Roberts (1924); Smith (1849).

ORDER: CHIROPTERA

Suborder: Microchiroptera

FAMILY: RHINOLOPHIDAE

Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799. Tableau des Divisions, Sous-divisions, Ordres, et Genres des Mammifères: 15. Additional references: Andersen (1905); Taylor et al. (2012). Comments: Lacépède, 1799 not seen. Citation according to Wilson and Reeder (2005).
Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1866. Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1866: 17. Blasius’ horseshoe bat.
Rhinolophus capensis Lichtenstein, 1823. Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin: 4. Cape horseshoe bat. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope.
Rhinolophus clivosus Cretzschmar, 1826. In: Rüppell, Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika Zoologie: 47. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s horseshoe bat. Synonyms: geoffroyi.
Rhinolophus darlingi Andersen, 1905. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 7, 15: 70. Darling’s horseshoe. Type locality: Mazoe.
Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Peters, 1878. Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1878: 195. Hildebrandt’s horseshoe bat. Additional references: Taylor et al. (2012).

FAMILY: HIPPOSIDERIDAE

Hipposideros Gray, 1831. Zoological Miscellany 1: 37.
Hipposideros caffer Sundevall, 1846. Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 3: 118. Sundevall’s leaf-nosed bat.
Hipposideros gigas Wagner, 1845. Arch. Naturgesch. 11(1): 148. Giant leaf-nosed bat.
Hipposideros vittatus Peters, 1852. Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique: 32. Striped leaf-nosed bat. Synonyms: Rhinolophus; commersoni. Additional references: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1813); Thomas (1904a).

FAMILY: NYCTERIDAE

Nycteris Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Cuvier, 1795. Mag. Encyclop. 2: 186.
Nycteris thebaica Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818. Description des Mammifères qui se trouvent en Egypte 2: 119. Egyptian slit-faced bat. Additional references: Gray et al. (1999).

FAMILY: EMBALLONURIDAE

Taphozous Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818. Description des Mammifères qui se trouvent en Egypte 2: 113.

FAMILY: MOLOSSIDAE

Subfamily: Molossinae

Tadarida Rafinesque, 1814. Précis des découvertes et travaux somiologiques: 55.
Tadarida aegyptiaca Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818. Description des Mammifères qui se trouvent en Egypte 2: 128. Egyptian free-tailed bat.

FAMILY: VESPERTILIONIDAE

Subfamily: Vespertilioninae

Eptesicus Rafinesque, 1820. Ann. Nature 1: 2. Comments: distribution of material assigned only to genus has been disregarded because it may well belong to Neoromicia as presently understood.
Eptesicus hottentotus Smith, 1833. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 1: 59. Long-tailed serotine. Type locality: Uitenhage. Additional references: Hill and Harrison (1987); Kearney et al. (2002).
Glauconycteris variegata Tomes, 1861. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861: 36. Variegated butterfly bat.
Neoromicia capensis Smith, 1829. Zool. J. 4: 435. Cape serotine. Additional references: Riccucci and Lanza (2008).
Scotophilus nigrita Schreber, 1775. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen 1: 171. Giant house bat. Synonyms: dinganii. Additional references: Robbins (1978); Robbins et al. (1985). Comments: volume 1 was published in 1775 (not 1774) according to the version obtained from the University of Heidelberg (http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/schreber1875textbd) and Vespertilio nigrita is listed on p. 190. Plate 58 appears in an undated volume containing plates 1–80 (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97331#page/279/mode/1up).

Subfamily: Myotinae

Cistugo lesueuri Roberts, 1919. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 6: 112. Lesueur’s wing-gland bat. Synonyms: Myotis. Type locality: Lormarins. Additional references: Kearney and Van Schalkwyk (2009).
Myotis Kaup, 1829. Skizz. Entwickel.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt 1: 106. Additional references: Gray (1842).
Myotis tricolor Temminck, 1832. In: Smuts, Dissertation Zoologica, Ennumerationem Mammalium Capensium: 106. Temminck’s myotis. Type locality: Cape Town. Additional references: Kearney et al. (2002).
Myotis welwitschii Gray, 1866. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866: 211. Welwitsch’s myotis. Synonyms: Scotophilus. Additional references: Gray (1866); Ratcliffe (2002).

Subfamily: Miniopterinae

Miniopterus Bonaparte, 1837. Iconografia della Fauna Italica 1: fasc. 20. Additional references: Miller-Butterworth et al. (2007).
Miniopterus schreibersii Kuhl, 1817. Die Deutschen Fledermäuse: 14. Schreibers’s long-fingered bat. Additional references: Miller-Butterworth et al. (2005); Smith (1849). Comments: some of the material would perhaps now be assigned to Miniopterus natalensis, which was previously considered to be a subspecies of M. schreibersii.

ORDER: PHOLIDOTA

FAMILY: MANIDAE

Subfamily: Smutsiinae

Smutsia Gray, 1865. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865: 360. Synonyms: Manis. Additional references: Gaudin et al. (2009).
Smutsia temminckii Smuts, 1832. Dissertation Zoologica, Ennumerationem Mammalium Capensium: 54. Ground pangolin. Synonyms: Manis. Type locality: Latakou = Litakun. Additional references: Gaudin (2010); Gaudin et al. (2009); Gray (1865b); Smith (1849); Sundevall (1842).

ORDER: CARNIVORA

Suborder: Feliformia

FAMILY: FELIDAE

Subfamily: Felinae

Acinonyx jubatus Schreber, 1775. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen 2(14): pl. 105 [1775], also see text 3 (22): 392 [1777]. Cheetah. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Krausman and Morales (2005). Comments: citation according to Wilson and Reeder (2005). Volume 3 was published in 1778 according to the version reproduced in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135003#page/120/mode/1up) and Felis jubata is listed on p. 586. Plate 105 appears in an undated volume containing plates 81–165 (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97341#page/107/mode/1up).
Caracal caracal Schreber, 1776. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen 3(16): pl. 110 [1776], see also text 3(24): 413, 587 [1777]. Caracal. Synonyms: Felis. Type locality: Table Mountain, near Cape Town. Additional references: Roberts (1926); Werdelin and Peigné (2010). Comments: citation according to Wilson and Reeder (2005). Volume 3 was published in 1778 according to the version reproduced in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135003#page/141/mode/1up) and Felis caracal is listed on p. 587. Plate 110 appears in an undated volume containing plates 81–165 (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97341#page/131/mode/1up).
†Dinofelis aronoki Werdelin and Lewis, 2001. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132: 239, 250. Synonyms: Therailurus. Additional references: Hemmer (1965); Lacruz et al. (2006); O’Regan and Menter (2009); O’Regan and Steininger (2017). Comments: the material from Cooper’s was originally assigned to D. piveteaui (Ewer 1955c) by O’Regan and Menter (2009).
Dinofelis barlowi Broom, 1937. S. Afr. J. Sci. 33: 757. Synonyms: Machaerodus; Megatereon; Therailurus; darti; transvaalensis. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Collings (1973); Collings et al. (1976); Cooke (1991); Ewer (1955c, 1957a); Hemmer (1965); Lacruz et al. (2006).
†Dinofelis piveteaui Ewer, 1955. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 125: 588. Synonyms: Therailurus. Additional references: Piveteau (1948).
Felis Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 41. Comments: material identified as Felis sp. has not been mapped because, in many cases, this identification included what are currently ascribed to other genera such as Leptailurus and Caracal.
†Felis crassidens Broom, 1948. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 21: 14. Type locality: Kromdraai.
Felis nigripes Burchell, 1824. Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa 2: 592. Black-footed cat. Type locality: implied country of the ‘Bachapins’, presumably in the capital Litákun: Letárkoon. Additional references: Renard et al. (2015); Roberts (1926).
†Felis shawi Broom, 1948. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 21(1): 14. Synonyms: Panthera. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Ewer (1956a).
Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen 3(23): 397. Wild cat. Synonyms: libyca. Additional references: Grubb (2004). Comments: volume 3 was published in 1778 according to the version reproduced in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135003#page/125/mode/1up) and Felis catus is listed on p. 587. Plate 107 appears in an undated volume containing plates 81–165 (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97341#page/115/mode/1up).
†Homotherium crenatidens Weithofer, 1889. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 39(1): 65. Synonyms: Machairodus; latidens. Comments: there appears to be disagreement as to which species of Homotherium is represented at Sterkfontein: Turner (1987a) considers the material to be H. crenatidens, whereas Reynolds (2010b) assigns it to H. latidens.
Leptailurus serval Schreber, 1776. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen 3(16): pl. 108 [1776], see also text 3 (23): 407[1777]. Serval. Synonyms: Felis; spelaeus. Type locality: restricted to the ‘Cape region of South Africa’. Additional references: Werdelin and Peigné (2010). Comments: citation according to Wilson and Reeder (2005). Volume 3 was published in 1778 according to the version reproduced in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135003#page/135/mode/1up) and Felis serval is listed on p. 587. Plate 107 appears in an undated volume containing plates 81–165 (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97341#page/125/mode/1up).

Subfamily: †Machairodontinae

†Megantereon gracile Broom, 1948. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 21: 11. Type locality: Sterkfontein.
†Megantereon whitei Broom, 1937. S. Afr. J. Sci. 33: 756. Synonyms: Felis; cultridens. Type locality: Schurveberg. Additional references: Broom (1939c, 1946); Hartstone-Rose et al. (2007); Turner (1987b); Werdelin and Peigné (2010).

Subfamily: Pantherinae

Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 41. Lion. Additional references: Haas et al. (2005); Lacruz (2009).
Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 41. Leopard. Additional references: Ewer (1956a).

FAMILY: HERPESTIDAE

†Atilax mesotes Ewer, 1956. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 126: 259–274. Synonyms: Herpestes.
Atilax paludinosus Cuvier, 1829. Le Règne Animal distribué d’après son Organisation, Nouvelle édition, 1: 158. Marsh mongoose. Synonyms: Herpestes. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Baker (1992); Cuvier (1824).
†Crossarchus transvaalensis Broom, 1937. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 10, 20: 512. Type locality: Bolt’s Farm. Additional references: Broom (1939c); Werdelin and Peigné (2010).
Cynictis penicillata Cuvier, 1829. Le Règne Animal distribué d’après son Organisation, Nouvelle édition 1: 158. Yellow mongoose. Synonyms: lepturus; ogilbyii. Type locality: restricted to ‘Uitenhage, CP’. Additional references: Ewer (1956a, 1957a); Lundholm (1954); Roberts (1932); Smith (1849); Taylor and Meester (1993).
Galerella pulverulenta Wagner, 1839. Gelehrte. Anz. I. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München 9: 426. Cape grey mongoose. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Cavallini (1992); Lynch (1981).
Galerella sanguinea Rüppell, 1835. Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. 1: 27. Slender mongoose. Synonyms: Herpestes sanguineus; punctulatus. Additional references: Gray (1849); Roberts (1932); Taylor (1975).
Herpestes Illiger, 1811. Prodromus Systematis Mammaliam et Avium: 135. Additional references: Hendey (1973a); Werdelin and Peigné (2010). Comments: this genus has not been mapped because material was identified at a time when Galerella, as currently understood, was not recognised as a separate genus.
Herpestes ichneumon Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 43. Egyptian mongoose. Synonyms: Ichneumon ratlamuchi; Herpestes badius. Additional references: Smith (1838, 1849).
Ichneumia albicauda Cuvier, 1829. Le Règne Animal distribué d’après son Organisation, Nouvelle édition, 1: 158. White-tailed mongoose. Additional references: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1837); Taylor (1972).
Mungos mungo Gmelin, 1788. In: Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 13th edition, 1: 84. Banded mongoose. Type locality: believed to be eastern part of South Africa, (former) Cape Province.
Rhynchogale Thomas, 1894. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1894: 139
†Suricata major Hendey, 1974. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 63: 267. Type locality: Elandsfontein.
Suricata suricatta Schreber, 1776. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen: pl. 117 [1776]. Meerkat. Type locality: restricted to ‘Deelfontein’. Additional references: Van Staaden (1994). Comments: citation according to Wilson and Reeder (2005). Version of text volume 3 at (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135003#page/5/mode/1up) is dated 1778, while the volume in which the plate appears is undated (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97341#page/1/mode/1up).

FAMILY: HYAENIDAE

†Lycyaenops silberbergi Broom and Schepers, 1946. Transvaal Mem. Mus. 2: 83. Synonyms: Chasmaporthetes; Lycyaena. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Broom (1948a); Werdelin and Peigné (2010).

Subfamily: Hyaeninae

†Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer, 1955. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 124: 842. Synonyms: Euryboas; Lycyaeon. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Hendey (1978a).
Crocuta Kaup, 1828. Oken’s Isis. Encyclop. Zeit. 21(11): col. 1145
Crocuta crocuta Erxleben, 1777. Systema Regni Animales per Classes 1: 578. Spotted hyaena. Synonyms: spelaea; venustula. Additional references: Broom (1939c); Ewer (1955a); Turner (1984); Werdelin and Solounias (1991).
†Crocuta ultra Ewer, 1954. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 124: 570. Type locality: Kromdraai.
Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 40. Striped hyaena. Synonyms: striata. Additional references: Turner (1988).
†Pachycrocuta brevirostris Gervais, 1850. Zool. Paléontol. Françaises 1: 122. Synonyms: Hyaena bellax. Additional references: Alba et al. (2015); Ewer (1954, 1956b); Mutter et al. (2001); Turner and Antón (1996); Werdelin and Peigné (2010). Comments: according to Alba et al. (2015), this taxon has long been incorrectly attributed to Aymard since his 1846 paper neither describes nor names the taxon.
Parahyaena brunnea Thunberg, 1820. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Series 3, 8: 59. Brown hyaena. Synonyms: Hyaena. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Grubb (2004); Hendey (1973a); Mills (1982); Werdelin and Peigné (2010).

Subfamily: Protelinae

Proteles cristata Sparrman, 1783. Resa Goda-Hopps-Udden, Soedra Pol-kretsen Och Omkring Jordklotet: 581. Aardwolf. Synonyms: cristatus; lalandii. Type locality: listed as ‘Near Little Fish River, Somerset East’.
†Proteles transvaalensis Hendey, 1974. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 29(3): 35. Type locality: Swartkrans.

FAMILY: VIVERRIDAE

Subfamily: Viverrinae

†Civettictis braini Fourvel, 2018. C. R. Palevol. 17: 369. Type locality: Kromdraai.
Genetta Cuvier, 1817. Le Règne Animal distribué d’après son Organisation 1: 156. Additional references: De Meneses Cabral (1966); Gaubert et al. (2005).
Genetta genetta Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 45. Common genet. Additional references: Gaubert et al. (2005); Larivière and Calzada (2001).
Genetta maculata Gray, 1830. Spicil. Zool. 2: 9. Rusty-spotted genet. Additional references: Crawford-Cabral and Fernandes (2001); Gaubert et al. (2003a, 2003b, 2005); Grubb (2004).
Genetta tigrina Schreber, 1776. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (3)17: pl. 114 [1776]; see also text, 3(25): 425 [1777]. Cape genet. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Gaubert et al. (2005); Grubb (2004). Comments: citation according to Wilson and Reeder (2005). Volume 3 was published in 1778 according to the version reproduced in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135003#page/153/mode/1up) and Viverra tigrina is listed on p. 587. Plate 114 appears in an undated volume containing plates 81–165 (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97341#page/147/mode/1up).

Suborder: Caniformia

FAMILY: CANIDAE

Subfamily: Caninae

Canis Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 38. Additional references: Werdelin and Peigné (2010).
Canis adustus Sundevall, 1846. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 3: 121. Side-striped jackal. Type locality: ‘Magaliesberg’.
†Canis antiquus Broom, 1937. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 10, 20: 511. Synonyms: Thos. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Broom (1939c); Ewer (1956b).
†Canis atrox Broom, 1948. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 21: 19. Type locality: Kromdraai.
Canis mesomelas Schreber, 1775. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen 2(14): pl. 95 [1775]; text 3(21): 370 [1776], 586 [1777]. Black-backed jackal. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Comments: citation according to Wilson and Reeder (2005). Volume 3 was published in 1778 according to the version reproduced in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135003#page/98/mode/1up) and Canis mesomelas is listed on p. 586. Plate 95 appears in an undated volume containing plates 81–165 (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97341#page/57/mode/1up).
Lycaon Brookes, 1827. In Griffiths et al., The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with its Organization by the Baron Cuvier 5: 151. Additional references: Brookes (1828). Comments: Griffiths et al. attribute this identification to Brookes, whose name they spell Brooks. There appears to be no formal description by Brookes himself.
Lycaon pictus Temminck, 1820. Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. 3: p. 46, pl. 35. African wild dog. Type locality: ‘á la côte de Mosambique’.
†Lycaon sekowei Hartstone-Rose, Werdelin, De Ruiter, Berger and Churchill, 2010. J. Paleontol. 84(2): 301. Type locality: Cooper’s.
†Nyctereutes terblanchei Broom, 1948. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 21(1): 21. Synonyms: Canis; Thos. Type locality: Kromdraai. Additional references: Ficcarelli et al. (1984); Reynolds (2012).
Otocyon megalotis Desmarest, 1822. Mammalogie ou descriptions des espèces de mammifères, Part 2 (suppl.): 538. Bat-eared fox. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Clark (2005).
†Otocyon recki Pohle, 1928. Wiss. Ergebnisse Oldoway-Exped, 1913 (N.F.): 45–54
Vulpes chama Smith, 1833. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 1: 89. Cape fox. Type locality: fixed as ‘Port Nolloth’.
†Vulpes pulcher Broom, 1939. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 19: 336. Type locality: Kromdraai. Additional references: Ewer (1956b).
†Vulpes skinneri Hartstone-Rose, Kuhn, Nalla, Werdelin and Berger (2013). Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 68(1): 3. Type locality: Malapa.

FAMILY: MUSTELIDAE

Subfamily: Lutrinae

Aonyx Lesson, 1827. Manuel de Mammalogie ou l’Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères: 147. Additional references: Werdelin and Peigné (2010).
Aonyx capensis Schinz, 1821. In: Cuvier, Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere 1: 211. African clawless otter. Synonyms: robustus. Type locality: (former) Cape Province. Additional references: Brink (1987); Dreyer and Lyle (1931); Ewer (1958c); Larivière (2001a).

Subfamily: Mellivorinae

Mellivora capensis Schreber, 1776. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen 3(18): pl. 125 [1776], see also text 3(26): 450 [1777]. Honey badger. Synonyms: sivalensis. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: O’Regan et al. (2013). Comments: citation according to Wilson and Reeder (2005). Volume 3 was published in 1778 according to the version reproduced in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135003#page/178/mode/1up) and Viverra capensis is listed on p. 588. Plate 125 appears in an undated volume containing plates 81–165 (www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97341#page/191/mode/1up).

Subfamily: Mustelinae

Ictonyx striatus Perry, 1811. Arcana, or, the Museum of Natural History: Containing the Most Recent Discovered Objects, Signature Y: Fig. 41 [1810]. Striped polecat. Type locality: fixed as ‘Cape of Good Hope’. Additional references: Larivière (2002); Roberts (1932).
Poecilogale albinucha Gray, 1864. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864: 69, pl. X. African striped weasel. Synonyms: Ictonyx. Type locality: fixed as ‘Cape Colony’. Additional references: Larivière (2001b); Roberts (1931); Thomas (1883).
†Prepoecilogale bolti Cooke, 1985. S. Afr. J. Sci. 81: 618–619. Synonyms: Ictonyx; Propoecilogale. Type locality: Bolt’s Farm. Additional references: O’Regan et al. (2013); Petter (1987).

ORDER: PERISSODACTYLA

FAMILY: EQUIDAE

Equus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 73. Additional references: Eisenmann and Baylac (2000); Thackeray (2010); Wells (1959a). Comments: Brink (1994) assigned some equid material from Florisbad and Vlakkraal Thermal Springs to the subgenus Equus (Asinus).
Equus burchellii Gray, 1824. Zool. J. 1: 247. Burchell’s zebra. Synonyms: lylei; platyconus; simplicissimus. Type locality: now identified as Little Klibbolikhonni Fontein. Additional references: Churcher (1970); Churcher and Watson (1993); Grubb (1981); Mendrez (1966); Reynolds and Bishop (2006); Van Hoepen (1930a).
†Equus capensis Broom, 1909. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 7: 281. Synonyms: Kolpohippus; cawoodi; fowleri?; gigas?; harrisi; helmei; kuhni; plicatus; poweri; zietsmani. Type locality: Ysterplaat. Additional references: Bernor et al. (2010); Broom (1913b); Churcher (1970, 2000, 2006); Churcher and Watson (1993); Eisenmann (2000); Haughton (1932a); Orlando et al. (2009); Van Hoepen (1930a); Wells (1940).
†Equus quagga Boddaert, 1785. Elenchus Animalium 1: 160. Quagga. Type locality: locality of paralectotype now identified as Seekoei River. Additional references: Bernor et al. (2010); Churcher (1970); Eisenmann and Brink (2000); Haughton (1932a); Klein and Cruz-Uribe (1999); Lundholm (1951).
†Equus sandwithi Haughton, 1932. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 28: 419. Type locality: Usakos.
Equus zebra Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 74. Mountain zebra. Synonyms: Hippotigris. Type locality: since restricted to Perdekop. Additional references: Bernor et al. (2010); Fraas (1907); Hooijer (1945); Lundholm (1952); Penzhorn (1988).
†Eurygnathohippus Van Hoepen, 1930. Paleontol. Nav. Nas. Mus. Bloemfontein 2(2): 23. Synonyms: Hipparion; Stylohipparion. Additional references: Boné and Singer (1965); Hooijer (1975, 1976).
†Eurygnathohippus cornelianus Van Hoepen, 1930. Paleontol. Nav. Nas. Mus. Bloemfontein 2(2): 23. Synonyms: Hipparion; Stylohipparion; hipkini; libycum; sitifense in part?; steytleri. Type locality: Cornelia. Additional references: Bernor et al. (2010); Churcher (1970, 2000); Churcher and Watson (1993); Franz-Odendaal et al. (2003); Pomel (1897); Van Hoepen (1932a). Comments: the material from Hondeklip Bay was doubtfully ascribed by Pickford and Senut (1997) to Hipparion sitifense, which Bernor et al. (2010) consider a nomen dubium. See also the comment under Hipparion below.
†Eurygnathohippus hooijeri Bernor and Kaiser, 2006. Mitt. Hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst. 103: 148. Synonyms: Hipparion baardi cf. Type locality: Langebaanweg. Additional references: Bernor et al. (2010); Franz-Odendaal et al. (2003); Hooijer (1976); Pickford and Senut (1997).

FAMILY: RHINOCEROTIDAE

Subfamily: Rhinocerotinae

Ceratotherium simum Burchell, 1817. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817–1819: 97. White rhinoceros. Synonyms: Diceros; Rhinoceros; simus. Type locality: since identified as Chue Spring = Heuningvlei. Additional references: Geraads (2010a); Gray (1867); Groves (1972); Hooijer (1959, 1973); Hooijer and Singer (1960); Smith (1849).
Diceros bicornis Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 56. Black rhinoceros. Synonyms: Opsiceros simplicidens. Type locality: now identified as Cape of Good Hope. Additional references: Gray (1867); Hillman-Smith and Groves (1994); Hooijer (1959, 1973); Hooijer and Singer (1960); Scott (1907).

ORDER: ARTIODACTYLA

FAMILY: SUIDAE

Subfamily: Suinae

†Kolpochoerus heseloni Leakey, 1943. J. E. Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 55. Synonyms: Mesochoerus. Additional references: Bender (1992); Bishop (2010); Cooke (1997); Keen and Singer (1956); Pickford (2012).
†Kolpochoerus paiceae Broom, 1931. Rec. Albany Mus. 4: 168. Synonyms: Notochoerus. Type locality: Windsorton. Additional references: Hendey and Cooke (1985); Pickford (2012).
†Mesochoerus lategani Singer and Keen, 1955. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 42: 170. Type locality: Elandsfontein.
†Metridiochoerus Hopwood, 1926. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 9, 18: 266–272. Additional references: Cooke (2005).
†Metridiochoerus andrewsi Hopwood, 1926. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 9, 18: 266–272. Synonyms: Notochoerus; Tapinochoerus; capensis; meadowsi. Additional references: Bender (1990); Bishop (2010); Broom (1948a); Cooke (1993a); Ewer (1956b); Harris and White (1979); Herries et al. (2006); Hopwood (1926); Keen and Singer (1956); Pickford (2012, 2013a, 2013b); Shaw (1938).
†Metridiochoerus compactus Van Hoepen and Van Hoepen, 1932. Paleontol. Nav. Nas. Mus. Bloemfontein 2(4): 53. Synonyms: Phacochoerus; Stylochoerus. Type locality: Cornelia. Additional references: Bishop (2010); Harris and White (1979); Hopwood (1926).
†Metridiochoerus modestus Van Hoepen and Van Hoepen, 1932. Paleontol. Nav. Nas. Mus. Bloemfontein 2(4): 58. Synonyms: Tapinochoerus. Type locality: Cornelia. Additional references: Bishop (2010); Cooke (1993a, 1994); Harris and White (1979); Hopwood (1926).
Phacochoerus Cuvier, 1826. Dict. Sci. Nat. 39: 383. Comments: the Holocene material is likely to be P. africanus since this is the only species currently recognised in the sub-region.
Phacochoerus africanus Gmelin, 1788. In Linnaeus, C. Systema Naturae, 13th edition, 1: 220. Common warthog. Synonyms: aethiopicus; dreyeri?; helmei; laticolumnatus; venteri. Additional references: Cooke (1949b); Ewer (1956b, 1957b); Grubb and d’Huart (2010); Pia (1930).
†Phacochoerus altidens Shaw and Cooke, 1940. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 28(4): 296. Type locality: Pneil.
†Phacochoerus antiquus Broom, 1948. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 21: 31. Type locality: Sterkfontein. Additional references: Harris and White (1979).
†Potamochoeroides hypsodon Dale, 1948. S. Afr. Sci. 2(5): 116. Synonyms: Metridiochoerus; Pronotochoerus; shawi. Additional references: Cooke (1993a, 2005); Ewer (1956b, 1958d); Pickford (2013a); Pickford and Gommery (2016).
Potamochoerus larvatus Cuvier, 1822. Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 8: 447. Bush-pig. Synonyms: Koiropotamus; porcus. Additional references: Grubb (2004); Hopwood (1934); Leakey (1942).

Subfamily: †Tetraconodontinae

†Notochoerus capensis Broom, 1925. Rec. Albany Mus. 3(4): 308. Synonyms: scotti. Type locality: Longlands. Additional references: Harris and White (1979); Shaw (1938).

FAMILY: HIPPOPOTAMIDAE

Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 74. Additional references: Boisserie (2005).
Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 74. Common hippopotamus. Synonyms: capensis; poderosus. Additional references: Fraas (1907); Hooijer and Singer (1961); Scott (1907); Smith (1849).
†Hippopotamus gorgops Dietrich, 1926. Forsch. und Fortsch. 2: 121. Additional references: Dietrich (1928); Hooijer (1958); Weston and Boisserie (2010).

FAMILY: GIRAFFIDAE

Subfamily: Giraffinae

Giraffa Brisson, 1762. Regnum animale in classes IX. Distributum, sive Synopsis Methodica, 2nd edition: 12, 37

Giraffa camelopardalis Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 66. Giraffe. Additional references: Dagg (1971); Harris et al. (2010); Singer and Boné (1960). Comments: Cooke (1955) lists this taxon from Bloembosch (3318), but R.G. Klein (personal communication, 2016) is of the opinion that the specimen is probably referable to Giraffa stillei, which occurs at Langebaanweg. Recently, Helm et al. (2018) have reported giraffe tracks from near Still Bay (3421), but this occurrence has not been plotted, pending the collection of physical remains of this taxon.

Subfamily: Sivatheriinae

†Sivatherium maurisium Pomel, 1892. C.R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. Paris 114: 100. Synonyms: Griquatherium, Libytherium; cingulatum. Additional references: Churcher (1974); Haughton (1921); Harris et al. (2010); Singer and Boné (1960).

FAMILY: BOVIDAE

Subfamily: Aepycerotinae

†Aepyceros helmoedi Van Hoepen, 1932. Palentol. Nav. Nas. Mus. Bloemfontein 2(5): 65. Synonyms: Gazella. Type locality: Cornelia.
Aepyceros melampus Lichtenstein, 1812. Reisen im südlichen Africa in en Jahren 1803, 1804, 1805 und 1806 2: pl. 4 opp. p. 544. Impala. Type locality: now identified as Khosis. Additional references: Reynolds (2010a).

Subfamily: Alcelaphinae

Alcelaphus De Blainville, 1816. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1816: 75.
Alcelaphus buselaphus Pallas, 1766. P.S. Pallas Medecinae Doctoris Miscellanea Zoologica: 7. Hartebeest.
Alcelaphus caama Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803. Catalogue des Mammifères du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle: 269. Red hartebeest. Synonyms: Antilope; Bubalus; bubalis; buselaphus caama. Type locality: since restricted to syntype locality Steynsburg. Additional references: Gray (1850a, 1850b); Grubb (2004); Hoffman (1953); Smith (1849).
†Alcelaphus robustus Cooke, 1949. Mem. Geol. Surv. S. Afr. 35: 20. Type locality: Larsen’s Main Workings. Comments: see Parmularius braini below.
Beatragus Heller, 1912. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 60(8): 8. Additional references: Gentry (2010); Vrba (1974b, 1997).
Connochaetes Lichtenstein, 1812. Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin 6: 152. Synonyms: Gorgon.
†Connochaetes antiquus Broom, 1913. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 12: 14. Type locality: Florisbad (Hagenstad).
Connochaetes gnou Zimmermann, 1780. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen und der Allgemein Verbreiteten Vierfüssigen Thiere 2: 102. Black wildebeest. Synonyms: laticornutus. Type locality: since selected as Agterbruintjieshoogte. Additional references: Brink (1993, 2005); Gentry (2010); Gray (1850a, 1850b); Von Richter (1974). Comments: Gentry (2010) proposes that Connochaetes laticornutus should be retained as a distinct species.
Connochaetes taurinus Burchell, 1824. Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa 2: 278 (footnote). Blue wildebeest. Synonyms: Catoblepas. Type locality: Apparently ‘Kosi Fountain’, but lectotype came from ‘Chue Spring, Maadji Mtn [Klein Heuningvlei]’. Additional references: Smith (1849).
Damaliscus Sclater and Thomas, 1894. The Book of Antelopes 1: 51. Additional references: Fraas (1907).
Damaliscus lunatus Burchell, 1824. Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa 2: 334. Common tsessebe. Synonyms: Acronotus; Bubalus. Type locality: ‘Makkwarin’ (Matlhwareng) River. Additional references: Cotterill (2003); Gray (1850a, 1850b); Groves and Grubb (2011); Smith (1849).
†Damaliscus niro Hopwood, 1936. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 10, 17: 640. Synonyms: Hippotragus. Additional references: Gentry (1965); Thackeray and Brink (2004).
Damaliscus pygargus Pallas, 1767. Spicil. Zool. 1: 10. Bontebok. Synonyms: albifrons; dorcas phillipsi; dorcas; ‘hipkini’. Type locality: since restricted to Swart River. Additional references: Faith et al. (2012); Gentry (2010); Gray (1850a, 1850b); Groves and Grubb (2011); Grubb (2004); Vrba (1997). Comments: according to Vrba (1997), Wells intended to name Damaliscus ‘hipkini’, but never did. Groves and Grubb (2011) propose that Damaliscus phillipsi (blesbok) be a full species separate from D. pygargus (bontebok).
†Megalotragus Van Hoepen, 1932. Paleontol. Nav. Nas. Mus. Bloemfontein 2(5): 63.
†Megalotragus priscus Broom, 1909. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 7: 279. Synonyms: Bubalis; Connochaetes; Lunatoceras; Peleoroceras; broomi; elegans; eucornutus; grandis; helmei; kattwinkeli; mirum. Type locality: Modder River. Additional references: Brink et al. (2015a); Gentry et al. (1995); Hoffman (1953); Seeley (1891); Van Hoepen (1932b, 1947); Wells (1959b, 1964).
†Parmularius Hopwood, 1934. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 10, 14: 550.
†Parmularius parvus Vrba, 1978. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 31(3): 23. Type locality: Kromdraai.

Subfamily: Antilopinae

Antidorcas Sundevall, 1845. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1845: 271.
†Antidorcas australis Hendey and Hendey, 1968. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 52(2): 56. Synonyms: marsupialis australis. Type locality: Swartklp. Additional references: Gentry (2010); Peters and Brink (1992); Vrba (1973).
†Antidorcas bondi Cooke and Wells, 1951. S. Afr. J. Sci. 47: 207. Synonyms: Gazella. Type locality: Chelmer. Additional references: Gentry (2010); Plug and Peters (1991); Vrba (1973).
Antidorcas marsupialis Zimmermann, 1780. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen und der Allgemein Verbreiteten Vierfüssigen Thiere 2: 427. Springbok Type locality: since restricted to ‘Cape Colony [Cape Province]’. Additional references: Cain et al. (2004); Gentry (2010); Gray (1850a, 1850b); Plug and Peters (1991); Vrba, (1970).
†Antidorcas recki Schwarz, 1932. Zentr. Mineral., Geol. Paläontol. B 1932: 1. Synonyms: Gazella; wellsi. Additional references: Gentry (2010).
Gazella De Blainville, 1816. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1816: 75. Additional references: Gentry (2010).
†Gazella praethomsoni Arambourg, 1947. Mission Scient. Omo 1. Géol. Anthrop. 3: 237.
†Gazella vanhoepeni Wells and Cooke, 1957. Palaeontol. Afr. 4: 43. Synonyms: gracilior?. Type locality: Limeworks Makapansgat.
Oreotragus oreotragus Zimmermann, 1783. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen und der Allgemein Verbreiteten Vierfüssigen Thiere 3: 269. Klipspringer. Synonyms: Palaeotragiscus longiceps; major. Type locality: now known to be False Bay. Additional references: Broom (1934); Gentry (2010); Gray (1850a, 1850b); Watson and Plug (1995); Wells (1951).
Ourebia Laurillard, 1842. In: d’Orbigny, Dictionnaire Universel d’Histoire Naturelle 1: 622. Type locality: none given.
Ourebia ourebi Zimmermann, 1783. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen und der Allgemein Verbreiteten Vierfüssigen Thiere 3: 268. Oribi. Type locality: since restricted to Bruintjieshoogte. Additional references: Gray (1850a 1850b).
Raphicerus Smith, 1827. In: Griffith et al., The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with its Organization by the Baron Cuvier 5: 342. Additional references: Klein (1976c).
Raphicerus campestris Thunberg, 1811. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg 3: 313. Steenbok. Type locality: since selected as Malmesbury District. Additional references: Gray (1850a 1850b).
Raphicerus melanotis Thunberg, 1811. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg 3: 312. Cape grysbok. Type locality: since selected as Cape Peninsula. Additional references: Gray (1850a, 1850b).
Raphicerus sharpei Thomas, 1896. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896: 795, pl. 34. Sharpe’s grysbok. Synonyms: melanotis sharpei

Subfamily: Bovinae

†’Bos’ makapani Broom, 1937. S. Afr. J. Sci. 33: 510. Type locality: Buffalo Cave. Additional references: Gentry (2010).
†Miotragoceros acrae Gentry, 1974. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 65(5): 146. Synonyms: Mesembriportax; Tragoportax. Type locality: Langebaanweg. Additional references: Gentry (1980, 2010).
†Simatherium kohllarseni Dietrich, 1942. Palaeontographica A 94: 43–133. Additional references: Gentry (2010).
Syncerus Hodgson, 1847. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Series 2, 16: 709. Synonyms: Bos; Bubalis; Pelorovis. Additional references: Martínez-Navarro et al. (2007).
†Syncerus antiquus Duvernoy, 1851. C. R. Hebdom. Scé. Acad. Sci. Paris 33: 597. Synonyms: Bubalis; Homoioceras; Pelorovis; Syncerus; baini. Additional references: Bate (1949); Gentry (2010); Geraads (1992); Klein (1994a); Martínez-Navarro et al. (2007); Pomel (1893); Reck (1928).
Syncerus caffer Sparrman, 1779. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 40: 79. African buffalo. Synonyms: Bubalis; andersoni. Type locality: now restricted to Sundays River. Additional references: Geraads (1992); Scott (1907).
Taurotragus oryx Pallas, 1766. P.S. Pallas Medecinae Doctoris Miscellanea Zoologica: 9. Common eland. Synonyms: Antilope; Boselaphus; Tragelaphus; oreas. Type locality: restricted to near Cape Town. Additional references: Gray (1850a, 1850b); Pappas (2002); Smith (1849); Willows-Munro et al. (2005).
Tragelaphus De Blainville, 1816. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1816: 75.
Tragelaphus angasii Angas, 1848. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1848: 89. Nyala. Type locality: ‘Hills that border: upon the northern shores of St Lucia Bay’. Additional references: Gray (1850a, 1850b); Grubb (2004); Willows-Munro et al. (2005).
Tragelaphus scriptus Pallas, 1766. P.S. Pallas Medecinae Doctoris Miscellanea Zoologica: 8. Bushbuck. Additional references: Gray (1850a, 1850b); Willows-Munro et al. (2005).
Tragelaphus spekeii Speke, 1863. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile: 223 (footnote). Sitatunga. Additional references: Grubb (2004); Willows-Munro et al. (2005).
Tragelaphus strepsiceros Pallas, 1766. P.S. Pallas Medecinae Doctoris Miscellanea Zoologica: 9. Greater kudu. Synonyms: Damalis; Strepsiceros; capensis. Type locality: restricted to eastern part of western Cape Province. Additional references: Smith (1849); Willows-Munro et al. (2005).

Subfamily: Caprinae

†‘Makapania’ Wells and Cooke, 1957. Palaeontol. Afr. 4: 26. Type locality: Limeworks Makapansgat. Additional references: Gentry (1970).
†’Makapania’ broomi Wells and Cooke, 1957. Palaeontol. Afr. 4: 26. Synonyms: Bos; Hippotragus; Hippotragoides; makapaani. Type locality: Limeworks Makapansgat. Additional references: Gentry (1970, 2010).
†Numidocapra arambourgi Ennouchi, 1953. C.R. Somm. Séanc. Soc. Geol. Fr., Paris, 8: 126. Synonyms: Rabaticeras. Additional references: Arambourg (1949). Comments: Ennouchi (1953) not seen.
†Numidocapra porrocornutus Vrba, 1971. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 27(5): 59. Synonyms: Damaliscus; Rabaticeras. Type locality: Swartkrans. Additional references: Laubscher et al. (1972); Vrba (1974b).

Subfamily: Cephalophinae

Cephalophus Smith, 1827. In: Griffith et al., The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with its Organization by the Baron Cuvier 5: 344. Comments: material only identified to genus level has not been mapped because this could include specimens assignable to Philantomba as currently understood.
Cephalophus natalensis Smith, 1834. S. Afr. Quart. J., Series 2, 2: 217. Red duiker. Type locality: ‘Port Natal’ = Durban. Additional references: Gray (1850a, 1850b); Smith (1849).
Philantomba monticola Thunberg, 1789. Resa uti Europa Africa, Asia, forrattad aren 1770–1779 2: 66. Blue duiker. Synonyms: Cephalophus; bicolor; caeruleus. Type locality: since identified as Langkloof. Additional references: Gray (1850a, 1850b, 1862a, 1862b); Jansen van Vuuren (1999).
Sylvicapra Ogilby, 1836. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1836: 138.
Sylvicapra grimmia Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 70. Bush duiker. Type locality: now known to be Cape Town. Additional references: Gentry (2010); Gray (1850a, 1850b).

Subfamily: Hippotraginae

Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845. Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Förhand. 1845: 31. Additional references: Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003); Grubb (2004).
†Hippotragus cookei Vrba, 1987. Palaeontol. Afr. 26(5): 49. Type locality: Limeworks Makapansgat.
Hippotragus equinus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803. Catalogue des Mammifères du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle: 259. Roan antelope. Synonyms: Aigoceros; Antilope; osanne. Type locality: now thought to be Plettenberg Bay. Additional references: Gray (1850a, 1850b); Grubb (2004); Smith (1849).
†Hippotragus gigas Leakey, 1965. Olduvai Gorge 1: 49. Additional references: Gentry (2010).
†Hippotragus leucophaeus Pallas, 1766. P.S. Pallas Medecinae Doctoris Miscellanea Zoologica: 4. Blaaubok, blue antelope. Synonyms: problematicus. Type locality: since restricted to Swellendam Dist. Additional references: Broom (1949b); Cooke (1947); Gentry (2010); Klein (1974a).
Hippotragus niger Harris, 1838. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838: 2. Sable antelope. Synonyms: harrisi. Type locality: since specified as Magaliesberg near Krugersdorp and Rustenburg. Additional references: Gray (1850a 1850b); Harris (1838a).
Oryx De Blainville, 1816. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1816: 75. Type locality: understood to be South Africa. Comments: this material is likely to be O. gazella since only one species has so far been recognised in the sub-region.
Oryx gazella Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae Regnum Animale, 10th edition, 1: 69. Gemsbok. Type locality: understood to be South Africa. Additional references: Gray (1850a, 1850b).

Subfamily: Reduncinae

Kobus Smith, 1840. Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa, Part 12: pl. 28 plus text. Synonyms: Aigoceros; Onotragus. Additional references: Birungi and Arctander (2001).
†‘Kobus’ altidens Cooke, 1949. Mem. Geol. Surv. 35(3): 29. Type locality: Keeble’s Paddock. Comments: according to Wells (1965), this taxon is a ‘myth’, being a bovine not a reduncine, although he did not reassign the specimen.
Kobus ellipsiprymnus Ogilby, 1833. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1833: 47. Waterbuck. Synonyms: Aigoceros. Type locality: since restricted to Gaborone. Additional references: Birungi and Arctander (2001); Gray (1850a, 1850b); Smith (1849).
Kobus leche Gray, 1850. Gleanings from the Menagerie and Aviary at Knowsley Hall 2: 23. Lechwe. Synonyms: Onotragus; venterae. Type locality: since identified as Botletle River, near Lake Ngami. Additional references: Birungi and Arctander (2001).
Pelea capreolus Forster, 1790. Le Vaillant’s Reise in das Innere von Afrika 1: 71. Vaal rhebok. Type locality: now specified as Houhoek Pass. Additional references: Birungi and Arctander (2001); Gray (1850a, 1850b).
Redunca Smith, 1827. In: Griffith et al., The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with its Organization by the Baron Cuvier 5: 337.
Redunca arundinum Boddaert, 1785. Elenchus Animalium 1: 141. Southern reedbuck. Type locality: since selected as Bethulie. Additional references: Gentry (2010); Gray (1850a, 1850b).
†Redunca darti Wells and Cooke, 1957. Palaeontol. Afr. 4: 17. Type locality: Limeworks Makapansgat.
Redunca fulvorufula Afzelius, 1815. Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsala 7: 250. Mountain reedbuck. Synonyms: Cervicapra. Type locality: restricted to eastern North Cape Province.

5.2 Pleistocene Sites

So far, 201 sites have yielded Pleistocene material, ranging from individual specimens to the major collections. The latter include the Early Pleistocene sites in the Cradle of Humankind and Later Pleistocene ones such as Border Cave, Elandsfontein, Florisbad, Klasies River and Wonderwerk. During this epoch, sites, especially the later ones, increasingly constitute former human habitations. Although the distribution of sites is much broader than it was previously, there remains a large area from which evidence is not yet forthcoming (Figure 5.1). The gap may be real, arising, for instance, from a lack of suitable sites for bone preservation and/or human habitation, or may simply result from a lack of attention to the region by workers.

Figure 5.1 Location of Pleistocene sites.

• !Ncumtsa Hills (2021). Other names: Koanaka. Taxa: Papio ursinus; Parapapio jonesi cf.; Pedetes capensis. References: Pickford (1990); Pickford and Mein (2011); Pickford et al. (1994); Senut (1996); Williams et al. (2012).

• ≠Gi (1938:2100). Taxa: Alcelaphus caama cf.; Ceratotherium simum; Connochaetes taurinus; Equus capensis; Giraffa camelopardalis?; Megalotragus priscus; Phacochoerus africanus; Raphicerus; Syncerus antiquus. References: Brooks et al. (1980); Brooks and Yellen (1977); Wadley (2015).

• Abenab (1917:1838). Taxa: Phacochoerus. References: Pia (1930); Pickford and Senut (2010).

• Abrahamskraal (2826). Taxa: Megalotragus priscus. References: Hoffman (1953).

• Aigamas I and II (1929:1713; 1927:1717). Taxa: Acomys; Crocidura; Desmodillus; Gerbilliscus; Gerbillurus; Graphiurus; Malacothrix; Miniopterus; Mus; Rhabdomys; Saccostomus; Steatomys; Stenodontomys; Thallomys; Zelotomys. References: Pickford and Senut (2010).

• Aloes Bone Deposit (3349:2538). Taxa: Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes; Crocuta crocuta; Equus capensis cf.; Phacochoerus africanus; Potamochoerus larvatus. References: Wells (1970a).

• Amis (2110:1430). Taxa: Pronolagus randensis; Suricata suricatta. References: Van Neer and Breunig (1999).

• Andriesgrond (3218BB). Taxa: Crocidura flavescens; Cryptomys hottentotus; Elephantulus edwardii; Gerbilliscus afra; Gerbillurus paeba; Micaelamys namaquensis; Myosorex varius; Myotomys unisulcatus; Mystromys albicaudatus; Otomys saundersiae; Rhabdomys pumilio; Steatomys krebsii. References: Avery (unpublished); Pfeiffer (2013).

• Anyskop Blowout (3358:1809). Taxa: Bathyergus suillus; Equus capensis; Diceros bicornis; Taurotragus oryx. References: Kandel and Conard (2012).

• Apollo 11 (2745:1706). Taxa: Aethomys chrysophilus; Antidorcas marsupialis; Canis; Caracal caracal cf.; Crocuta; Equus capensis; Equus quagga cf.; Equus zebra; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Lepus; Macroscelides; Oreotragus oreotragus; Oryx gazella; Petromus typicus cf.; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Pronolagus; Raphicerus; Saccostomus campestris. References: Cruz-Uribe and Klein (1981–1983); Dewar and Stewart (2016); Thackeray (1979); Vogelsang et al. (2010); Wadley (2015).

• Asis Ost (1942:1743). Taxa: Antidorcas; Procavia capensis. References: Pickford and Senut (2002).

• Austin’s Rush (2824). Taxa: Equus capensis; Equus sandwithi; Hippopotamus amphibius; Loxodonta africana. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Baard’s Quarry (3318). Taxa: Antidorcas; Canis?; Ceratotherium; Diceros bicornis; Equus capensis cf.; Eurygnathohippus hooijeri; Gazella praethomsoni cf.; Hippopotamus; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Mammuthus subplanifrons; Mellivora capensis; Miotragoceros acrae; Orycteropus; Pachycrocuta brevirostris cf.; Panthera; Parahyaena brunnea aff.; Raphicerus; Sivatherium maurisium?. References: Hendey (1969, 1978d); Klein (1974b).

• Barkly West (2824DA). Taxa: Damaliscus pygargus; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Hippopotamus amphibius cf. References: Fraas (1907); Wells (1959c).

• Berg Aukas (1931:1815). Taxa: Crocidura; Cryptomys; Dendromus; Elephantulus; Gerbilliscus; Grammomys; Graphiurus; Hipposideros; Homo sapiens; Malacothrix; Mastomys; Mus; Myocricetodon; Mystromys; Rhinolophus; Saccostomus; Steatomys; Stenodontomys; Zelotomys. References: Conroy et al. (1996); Grine et al. (1995); Mein et al. (2000b); Pickford and Senut (2010); Senut et al. (1992).

• Bestpan (2824). Taxa: Connochaetes; Megalotragus priscus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Black Earth Cave (2737:2437). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Canis adustus; Canis mesomelas; Connochaetes gnou; Crocidura; Cryptomys; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Homo sapiens; Hystrix; Kobus leche; Lycaon; Panthera leo cf.; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Syncerus caffer; Vulpes. References: Kuhn et al. (2016); McKee (1994).

• Bloembos[ch] (3317:1811). Taxa: Connochaetes; Crocuta crocuta; Diceros bicornis; Equus capensis; Giraffa camelopardalis; Hippopotamus amphibius cf.; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Hippotragus niger cf.; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer. References: Cooke (1947, 1955); Broom (1913c).

• Bloemhof (2725DA). Taxa: Connochaetes gnou; Elephas iolensis; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Syncerus antiquus. References: Cooke (1949a); Osborn (1942).

• Bloemhof Site. See Sheppard Island.

• Blombos Cave (3425:2113). Taxa: Acomys subspinosus; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas; Aonyx capensis; Atelerix frontalis; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Chlorotalpa duthiae; Connochaetes; Crocidura cyanea; Crocidura flavescens; Damaliscus pygargus; Dasymys incomtus; Dendromus melanotis; Dendromus mesomelas; Diceros bicornis; Equus capensis; Felis silvestris; Galerella pulverulenta; Genetta; Georychus capensis; Gerbilliscus afra; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Lepus capensis; Lepus saxatilis; Mellivora capensis; Miniopterus natalensis; Mus minutoides; Myomyscus verreauxii; Myosorex varius; Oreotragus oreotragus; Otomys irroratus; Otomys saundersiae; Papio ursinus; Pelea capreolus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Rhabdomys pumilio; Rhinolophus capensis; Rhinolophus clivosus; Steatomys krebsii; Suncus varilla; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx. References: Badenhorst et al. (2016); Discamps and Henshilwood (2015); Henshilwood (1995, 1996); Henshilwood et al. (2001); Hillestad Nel and Henshilwood (2016); Wadley (2015).

• Boegoeberg 1 (2846:1634). Taxa: Antidorcas marsupialis; Bathyergus janetta; Canis mesomelas; Connochaetes taurinus; Diceros bicornis; Felis silvestris; Galerella pulverulenta; Ictonyx striatus; Mellivora capensis; Oryx gazella; Otocyon megalotis; Panthera leo?; Parahyaena brunnea; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum; Suricata suricatta; Vulpes chama. References: Klein et al. (1999b).

• Bolt’s Farm (2602:2753). Taxa: Acomys spinosissimus; Caracal caracal; Cercopithecoides williamsi; Crocidura fuscomurina; Crossarchus transvaalensis; Cryptomys robertsi; Dasymys ‘bolti’; Dasymys ‘lavocati’; Dendromus melanotis; Desmodillus auricularis; Dinofelis barlowi; Elephantulus antiquus; Elephantulus brachyrhynchus cf.; Elephantulus broomi; Elephas recki cf.; Equus burchellii?; Equus capensis; Erinaceus broomi; Eurygnathohippus cornelianus; Felis shawi; Gerbilliscus; Lemniscomys rosalia cf.; Leptailurus serval; Malacothrix typica cf.; Metridiochoerus andrewsi; Metridiochoerus modestus; Mus major; Mus minutoides; Myosorex robinsoni; Myotis cf.; Mystromys hausleitneri; Otomys gracilis; Otomys irroratus aff.; Papio izodi; Parapapio broomi; Parapapio whitei; Potamochoeroides hypsodon; Proamblysomus antiquus; Proodontomys cookei; Proteles cristata; Rhabdomys pumilio cf.; Rhinolophus capensis cf.; Steatomys pratensis; Thallomys debruyni; Theropithecus oswaldi. References: Broom (1937b, 1939c, 1948a); Churcher (1970); Cooke (1985, 1991, 1993a, 1993b); Davis (1961); Freedman (1965, 1970); Gilbert (2007b); Gingerich (1974); Gommery et al. (2012a); Lacruz et al. (2006); Meester (1961a); Reynolds (2010b); Thackeray et al. (2008).

• Boomplaas Cave (3323:2211). Taxa: Acomys subspinosus; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas marsupialis cf.; Bunolagus monticularis; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal cf.; Chlorotalpa sclateri; Connochaetes gnou cf.; Connochaetes taurinus cf.; Crocidura cyanea; Crocidura flavescens; Cryptomys hottentotus; Damaliscus pygargus; Dasymys incomtus; Dendromus melanotis; Dendromus mesomelas; Elephantulus; Equus capensis; Felis silvestris; Galerella pulverulenta; Genetta; Gerbilliscus afra; Gerbillurus paeba; Graphiurus ocularis; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippotragus equinus; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Lepus capensis; Lycaon pictus; Megalotragus priscus; Mellivora capensis; Micaelamys namaquensis; Mus minutoides; Myomyscus verreauxii; Myosorex varius; Myotomys unisulcatus; Mystromys albicaudatus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Otomys irroratus; Otomys laminatus; Otomys saundersiae; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea cf.; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Rhabdomys pumilio; Suncus varilla; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Avery (1977, 1982b); Brophy et al. (2014); Faith (2013); Klein (1978a, 1994b); Von den Driesch and Deacon (1985); Wadley (2015).

• Border Cave (2701:3159). Taxa: Acomys; Aepyceros melampus; Aethomys chrysophilus; Alcelaphus; Amblysomus hottentotus; Antidorcas bondi; Chlorocebus aethiops; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocidura cyanea; Crocidura flavescens; Crocidura fuscomurina; Crocidura hirta; Crocidura mariquensis; Cryptomys hottentotus; Damaliscus pygargus cf.; Dasymys incomtus; Dendromus melanotis; Dendromus mystacalis; Elephantulus myurus; Eptesicus hottentotus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Gerbilliscus; Gerbilliscus leucogaster cf.; Glauconycteris variegata; Grammomys dolichurus; Graphiurus murinus; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Lemniscomys rosalia; Lepus; Loxodonta africana?; Lycaon pictus; Malacothrix typica; Mastomys natalensis; Mellivora capensis; Micaelamys namaquensis; Miniopterus natalensis; Mus minutoides; Mus triton; Myosorex cafer; Myosorex varius; Mystromys albicaudatus; Neoromicia capensis; Nycteris thebaica; Oreotragus oreotragus; Otomys angoniensis; Otomys irroratus; Otomys laminatus; Ourebia ourebi; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Paraxerus palliatus; Pelomys fallax; Phacochoerus africanus; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris cf.; Redunca fulvorufula; Rhabdomys pumilio; Rhinolophus clivosus cf.; Rhinolophus darlingi?; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii cf.; Saccostomus campestris; Scotophilus nigrita; Steatomys pratensis; Suncus infinitesimus; Suncus varilla; Syncerus caffer; Tadarida; Taurotragus oryx; Thallomys paedulcus; Tragelaphus angasii; Tragelaphus scriptus; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Avery (1982a, 1991b, 1992a); Cooke et al. (1945); De Villiers (1974, 1976a); Klein (1977); Rightmire (1979b); Wadley (2015).

• Boskop (2634:2707). Taxa: Homo sapiens. References: Broom (1918); Dusseldorp et al. (2013).

• Brakfontein (3149:2301). Taxa: Diceros bicornis. References: Cooke (1955).

• Buffalo Cave (2408:2911). Taxa: ‘Bos’ makapani; Connochaetes; Damaliscus; Equus; Eurygnathohippus; Hippotragus; Panthera leo cf.; Parmularius cf.; Phacochoerus; Redunca; Syncerus; Tragelaphus cf. References: Kuykendall et al. (1995).

• Bulawayo (2010:2840). Taxa: Pedetes capensis. References: Pickford and Mein (2011).

• Bundu Farm (2945:2212). Taxa: Antidorcas; Connochaetes gnou; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Megalotragus priscus; Papio; Phacochoerus. References: Hutson (2016); Kiberd (2006).

• Bushman Rockshelter (3038:2435). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Alcelaphus; Connochaetes taurinus; Damaliscus lunatus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Hippotragus equinus; Hippotragus niger; Hippopotamus amphibius; Lepus; Megalotragus priscus cf.; Oreotragus oreotragus; Orycteropus afer; Papio ursinus; Pelea capreolus cf.; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus caffer cf.; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Badenhorst and Plug (2012); Brain (1969, 1981); Dusseldorp et al. (2013); Plug (1981); Wadley (2015).

• Calabria 630 (2808:2656). Taxa: Antidorcas bondi; Connochaetes gnou; Equus burchellii; Hippopotamus amphibius; Phacochoerus africanus. References: De Ruiter et al. (2011).

• Cango Caves (3324:2212). Taxa: Connochaetes; Procavia capensis; Tragelaphus scriptus cf. References: Cooke (1955).

• Canteen Koppie (2824DA). Taxa: Homo sapiens. References: Smith et al. (2012).

• Cave of Hearths (2409:2904). Taxa: Acomys; Aepyceros melampus; Aethomys chrysophilus cf.; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Alcelaphus caama; Alcelaphus robustus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocidura taungensis; Crocuta crocuta; Cryptomys robertsi; Damaliscus lunatus; Dendromus mesomelas; Elephantulus broomi; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Gerbilliscus brantsii cf.; Herpestes ichneumon; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Kobus leche; Lepus saxatilis; Megalotragus priscus; Miniopterus natalensis cf.; Mus minutoides cf.; Mystromys hausleitneri; Oreotragus oreotragus; Otomys gracilis; Ourebia cf.; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Pronolagus randensis; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum; Rhinolophus capensis cf.; Rhinolophus clivosus cf.; Saccostomus campestris; Steatomys pratensis; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Thallomys paedulcus cf.; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Brophy et al. (2014); Cooke (1962, 1988); De Graaff (1961c, 1988); McKee et al. (1995); Tobias (1971); Wadley (2015); Wells (1988).

• Chelmer (1959:2830). Taxa: Alcelaphus caama; Antidorcas bondi; Connochaetes; Damaliscus; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Megalotragus priscus; Phacochoerus africanus cf.; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx cf. References: Cooke (1962); Cooke and Wells (1951); Wadley (2015); Wells and Cooke (1955).

• Christiana (2725CC). Taxa: Connochaetes gnou; Elephas iolensis; Equus quagga cf.; Eurygnathohippus cornelianus; Hippopotamus amphibius; Loxodonta africana. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Cooper’s (2600:2745). Taxa: Acinonyx jubatus; Antidorcas marsupialis; Antidorcas recki; Australopithecus africanus; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Cercopithecoides williamsi; Chasmaporthetes nitidula; Connochaetes taurinus cf.; Crocuta crocuta; Crocuta ultra; Cynictis penicillata; Damaliscus pygargus cf.; Dinofelis aronoki cf.; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Felis silvestris; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippotragus; Homo; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Lepus; Lycaon sekowei; Megalotragus; Megantereon whitei; Metridiochoerus andrewsi; Metridiochoerus modestus; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Papio izodi; Papio robinsoni; Paranthropus robustus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pedetes; Pelea; Poecilogale albinucha; Procavia antiqua; Procavia transvaalensis; Proteles cristata; Raphicerus; Redunca fulvorufula; Simatherium kohllarseni; Sivatherium maurisium; Suricata; Syncerus; Taurotragus oryx; Theropithecus oswaldi; Tragelaphus scriptus cf.; Tragelaphus strepsiceros cf. References: Berger et al. (1995, 2003); Churcher (1970); De Ruiter et al. (2009); Freedman (1970); Kuhn et al. (2017); O’Regan and Menter (2009); O’Regan and Steininger (2017); Reynolds (2010b).

• Cornelia-Uitzoek (2710:2852). Taxa: Aepyceros helmoedi; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas recki; Connochaetes gnou; Damaliscus niro; Equus burchellii cf.; Equus capensis; Equus quagga cf.; Eurygnathohippus cornelianus; Hippopotamus gorgops; Homo; Kolpochoerus heseloni; Kolpochoerus paiceae; Megalotragus priscus; Metridiochoerus compactus; Metridiochoerus modestus; Panthera leo; Phacochoerus; Raphicerus; Sivatherium maurisium; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus antiquus. References: Bender and Brink (1992); Brink (2004, 2005); Brink et al. (2012); Brink and Rossouw (2000); Brophy et al. (2014); Cooke (1974); McKee et al. (1995).

• David’s Drift (2824). Taxa: Megalotragus priscus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• De Hoop 120 (2828:2644). Taxa: Antidorcas bondi. References: De Ruiter et al. (2011).

• Delport’s Hope (2824). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Damaliscus; Elephas iolensis; Equus capensis cf.; Hippopotamus; Loxodonta africana; Megalotragus priscus; Taurotragus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Die Kelders (3432:1922). Taxa: Acomys subspinosus; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas australis; Atelerix frontalis; Atilax paludinosus; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Ceratotherium simum; Chrysochloris asiatica; Connochaetes gnou; Crocidura flavescens; Damaliscus niro; Damaliscus pygargus; Dasymys incomtus; Dendromus melanotis; Dendromus mesomelas; Diceros bicornis; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Felis silvestris; Galerella pulverulenta; Genetta; Georychus capensis; Gerbilliscus afra; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Lepus capensis; Lycaon pictus; Mellivora capensis; Mus minutoides; Myomyscus verreauxii; Myosorex varius; Mystromys albicaudatus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Otomys irroratus; Otomys saundersiae; Panthera leo; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Rhabdomys pumilio; Suncus varilla; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Armstrong (2016); Avery (1977, 1979); Avery et al. (1997); Brophy et al. (2014); Grine et al. (1991); Klein (1975b); Klein and Cruz-Uribe (2000); Marean et al. (2000); Rightmire (1979a); Schweitzer (1974, 1979); Schweitzer and Scott (1973); Wadley (2015).

• Diepkloof (3223:1827). Taxa: Antidorcas; Atelerix frontalis; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Connochaetes gnou; Equus capensis; Felis silvestris; Galerella pulverulenta; Genetta; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Lepus; Mellivora capensis; Oreotragus oreotragus; Orycteropus afer; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Pelea capreolus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx; Vulpes chama. References: Klein and Steele (2008); Steele and Klein (2013); Wadley (2015).

• Dikbosch 1 (2839:2354). Taxa: Aethomys chrysophilus; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Ceratotherium simum?; Crocidura cyanea; Crocidura flavescens; Crocidura hirta; Cryptomys hottentotus; Equus quagga cf.; Gerbilliscus; Gerbillurus paeba; Graphiurus ocularis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Lepus; Mystromys natalensis; Mus minutoides; Mystromys albicaudatus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Otomys saundersiae; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus; Redunca fulvorufula; Rhabdomys pumilio; Sylvicapra grimmia?; Steatomys; Suncus lixus; Taurotragus oryx. References: Avery and Avery (2011); Humphreys (1974); Humphreys and Thackeray (1983); Klein (1979a).

• Dinaledi Chamber (2601:2743). Taxa: Homo naledi. References: Berger et al. (2015).

• Doring River (2810:2648). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas bondi; Connochaetes taurinus; Damaliscus niro; Damaliscus pygargus; Megalotragus priscus; Syncerus antiquus. References: Brink et al. (1999).

• Draaihoek (2824). Taxa: Diceros bicornis cf.; Megalotragus priscus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Driefontein (3225). Taxa: Antidorcas bondi; Damaliscus niro cf.; Equus capensis cf.; Equus quagga cf.; Megalotragus priscus; Oryx gazella cf.; Phacochoerus africanus cf.; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum cf.; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx. References: Wells (1970b).

• Drimolen (2527). Taxa: Acomys spinosissimus aff.; Antidorcas recki; Canis; Caracal caracal; Cercopithecoides; Chasmaporthetes nitidula?; Connochaetes; Cryptomys hottentotus cf.; Damaliscus; Dasymys ‘bolti’; Dendromus melanotis cf.; Desmodillus auricularis; Dinofelis piveteaui aff.; Elephantulus; Eurygnathohippus cornelianus cf.; Gazella vanhoepeni aff.; Gerbilliscus; Grammomys dolichurus; Graphiurus; Hippotragus; Homo; Malacothrix; Mastomys natalensis; Megalotragus; Metridiochoerus; Mus; Myosorex; Mystromys hausleitneri; Oreotragus; Otomys gracilis; Papio robinsoni; Paranthropus robustus; Pelea; Praomys; Proodontomys cookei; Redunca cf.; Rhabdomys pumilio aff.; Steatomys pratensis cf.; Suncus; Tragelaphus; Vulpes chama. References: Dusseldorp et al. (2013); Keyser et al. (2000); Moggi-Cecchi et al. (2010); O’Regan and Menter (2009); Reynolds (2010b); Rovinsky et al. (2015); Sénégas et al. (2005).

• Drotsky’s Cave (2002:2125). Taxa: Equus burchellii; Gerbilliscus brantsii cf.; Gerbillurus paeba; Mystromys albicaudatus; Otomys angoniensis cf.; Pedetes capensis. References: Robbins et al. (1996); Yellen et al. (1987).

• Duinefontein (3343:1827). Taxa: Antidorcas australis; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Ceratotherium simum; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus pygargus; Diceros bicornis; Equus quagga; Felis silvestris; Galerella pulverulenta; Genetta; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Leptailurus serval; Lepus capensis; Loxodonta africana; Megalotragus priscus; Oryx gazella; Panthera leo; Parahyaena brunnea; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Brophy et al. (2014); Cruz-Uribe et al. (2003); Klein (1976b); Klein and Cruz-Uribe (1991); Klein et al. (1999a).

• Elands Bay Cave (3218:1820). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas; Atelerix frontalis; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Crocidura cyanea; Crocidura flavescens; Cryptomys hottentotus; Diceros bicornis; Elephantulus edwardii; Elephantulus rupestris; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Felis silvestris; Gerbilliscus afra; Gerbillurus paeba; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Lepus; Loxodonta africana; Loxodonta cookei; Mellivora capensis; Micaelamys namaquensis; Myosorex varius; Mystromys albicaudatus; Myotomys unisulcatus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Orycteropus afer; Otomys irroratus; Otomys saundersiae; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Rhabdomys pumilio; Steatomys krebsii; Suncus varilla; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Vulpes chama. References: Avery (unpublished); Dusseldorp et al. (2013); Jerardino et al. (2013); Klein and Cruz-Uribe (1987); Klein et al. (2007); Pfeiffer (2013).

• Elandsfontein (3305:1815). Taxa: Alcelaphus; Antidorcas australis; Antidorcas recki; Aonyx capensis; Atilax paludinosus; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Ceratotherium simum; Connochaetes gnou; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus lunatus cf.; Damaliscus niro; Diceros bicornis; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Felis silvestris; Gazella; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus gigas; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Homo rhodesiensis; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Kolpochoerus paiceae; Lepus capensis; Loxodonta africana; Loxodonta atlantica; Lycaon pictus; Megalotragus priscus; Megantereon gracile; Mellivora capensis; Metridiochoerus andrewsi; Numidocapra arambourgi; Oryx gazella; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Parahyaena brunnea; Parmularius?; Phacochoerus africanus; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Sivatherium maurisium; Smutsia; Suricata major; Suricata suricatta; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx; Theropithecus oswaldi; Tragelaphus strepsiceros; Vulpes chama. References: Braun et al. (2013); Brophy et al. (2014); Drennan (1953); Ewer and Singer (1956); Hendey (1969); Klein (1974b, 1978c); Klein and Cruz-Uribe (1991); Klein et al. (2007); McKee et al. (1995); Singer (1956).

• Equus Cave (2737:2438). Taxa: Acinonyx jubatus; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Aonyx capensis; Atelerix frontalis; Atilax paludinosus; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocuta crocuta; Cynictis penicillata; Damaliscus pygargus; Diceros bicornis; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Felis nigripes; Felis silvestris; Genetta; Giraffa camelopardalis; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Kobus leche; Lepus; Lycaon pictus; Megalotragus priscus; Mellivora capensis; Orycteropus afer; Otocyon megalotis; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pedetes capensis; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca fulvorufula; Suricata suricatta; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros; Vulpes chama. References: Brophy et al. (2014); Cruz-Uribe (1991); Grine and Klein (1985); Klein et al. (1991); McKee (1994); McKee et al. (1995).

• Erfkroon (2852:2536). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Atilax paludinosus; Canis mesomelas; Connochaetes gnou; Crocuta crocuta; Cynictis penicillata; Damaliscus niro; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus capensis; Galerella sanguinea; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Lycaon pictus cf.; Megalotragus priscus; Panthera leo; Phacochoerus; Syncerus antiquus; Vulpes chama. References: Bousman and Brink (2014); Brophy et al. (2014); Churchill et al. (2000b).

• Etosha Pan (1816CA). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Antidorcas marsupialis; Damaliscus lunatus; Equus quagga; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus spekeii. References: Pickford et al. (2014).

• Faraoskop Rock Shelter (3207:1836). Taxa: Procavia capensis. References: Manhire (1993); Pfeiffer (2013).

• Femur Dump (2602:2742). Taxa: Acomys spinosissimus; Aethomys chrysophilus cf.; Cercopithecoides williamsi; Cryptomys hottentotus cf.; Dasymys ‘bolti’; Dendromus melanotis; Dinofelis barlowi; Mastomys cf.; Micaelamys namaquensis cf.; Mus; Mystromys hausleitneri; Otomys gracilis cf.; Pachycrocuta brevirostris; Papio robinsoni; Proodontomys cookei; Rhabdomys pumilio cf.; Steatomys pratensis. References: Gommery et al. (2008a); Reynolds (2010b).

• Florisbad (2846:2604). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Alcelaphus caama cf.; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Aonyx capensis; Atilax paludinosus; Canis mesomelas; Cephalophus cf.; Ceratotherium simum; Connochaetes antiquus; Connochaetes gnou; Crocuta crocuta; Cryptomys?; Damaliscus niro; Damaliscus pygargus; Diceros bicornis; Equus (Asinus); Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Galerella sanguinea; Gerbilliscus; Giraffa camelopardalis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus; Homo sapiens; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Kobus leche; Lepus capensis; Lycaon pictus; Megalotragus priscus; Metridiochoerus cf.; Myotomys sloggetti cf.; Myotomys unisulcatus cf.; Otomys irroratus cf.; Panthera leo; Parahyaena brunnea; Parotomys; Pedetes capensis; Pedetes hagenstadti; Phacochoerus africanus; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum; Sivatherium maurisium; Sylvicapra grimmia cf.; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus angasii cf.; Xerus inauris. References: Brink (1988, 1994, 2005); Brophy et al. (2014); Churchill et al. (2000b); Cooke (1955); Dreyer (1935); Ewer (1957b); Hoffman (1953); Kuman and Clarke (1986); Lewis et al. (2011); McKee et al. (1995); Scott and Brink (1992); Singer (1956); Wadley (2015).

• Forlorn Hope (2824). Taxa: Equus burchellii cf.; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Friesenberg Hilltop (1917:1740). Taxa: Lycaon cf. References: Pickford and Senut (2010); Sénégas (1996).

• Garage Ravine Cave (2602:2752). Taxa: Canis mesomelas; Equus capensis; Taurotragus oryx. References: Badenhorst et al. (2011b).

• Gcwihaba C Hill (2121:2001). Taxa: Dendromus; Elephantulus; Georychus; Gerbilliscus brantsii cf.; Gerbillurus; Graphiurus; Malacothrix; Mus; Myosorex; Myotomys campbelli; Otomys gracilis; Rhinolophus; Steatomys pratensis; Suncus; Zelotomys woosnami aff. References: Pickford (1990); Pickford and Mein (1988); Pickford and Senut (2003); Pickford et al. (1994).

• Geelbek Dunes (3311:1810). Taxa: Bathyergus suillus; Connochaetes gnou; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Lepus capensis; Loxodonta africana; Megalotragus priscus; Mellivora capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx. References: Conard and Kandel (2006); Kandel and Conard (2012).

• Geelwal Karoo (3131:1804). Taxa: Canis mesomelas. References: Cooke (1955).

• Gladysvale (2553:2746). Other names: Uitkomst. Taxa: Acomys spinosissimus; Aepyceros melampus cf.; Aethomys chrysophilus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Antidorcas recki; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Australopithecus africanus cf.; Canis mesomelas; Cercopithecoides williamsi; Connochaetes gnou cf.; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocidura fuscomurina cf.; Crocuta ultra cf.; Cryptomys hottentotus; Cryptomys robertsi; Damaliscus lunatus; Damaliscus pygargus; Dasymys incomtus; Dendromus melanotis; Desmodillus auricularis; Diceros bicornis; Dinofelis barlowi; Dinofelis piveteaui cf.; Elephantulus myurus; Elephas; Eptesicus hottentotus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Eurygnathohippus; Gerbilliscus; Grammomys; Hipposideros caffer; Hippotragus equinus; Hippotragus niger; Homo; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Kobus leche; Kolpochoerus paiceae?; Lemniscomys rosalia; ‘Makapania’ broomi; Mastomys; Megalotragus; Miniopterus natalensis; Mus minutoides; Myosorex robinsoni; Myotis tricolor; Myotomys sloggetti; Mystromys albicaudatus; Mystromys hausleitneri; Neoromicia capensis; Nyctereutes terblanchei cf.; Oreotragus oreotragus; Oryx gazella cf.; Otomys saundersiae; Pachycrocuta brevirostris; Otomys gracilis; Panthera leo; Panthera cf. pardus; Papio izodi cf.; Papio robinsoni cf.; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus antiquus cf.; Potamochoeroides hypsodon cf.; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia antiqua; Procavia capensis; Procavia transvaalensis; Proodontomys cookei; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum; Redunca darti; Redunca fulvorufula; Rhabdomys pumilio; Rhinolophus clivosus; Saccostomus campestris; Scotophilus nigrita; Steatomys; Stenodontomys; Suncus infinitesimus; Suncus varilla; Syncerus; Taurotragus oryx; Thallomys debruyni; Theropithecus oswaldi; Tragelaphus angasii; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Avery (1995a); Berger (1992, 1993); Berger et al. (1993); Broom (1937a, 1948a); Churcher (1956); Cooke (1962); Freedman (1970); Lacruz et al. (2002, 2003); Meester (1961a); Reynolds (2010b).

• Gobabis townlands (2227:1858). Taxa: Antidorcas bondi; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus; Equus; Megalotragus priscus cf.; Phacochoerus africanus. References: Jacobson (1978).

• Gondolin (2549:2750). Taxa: Antidorcas recki; Canis mesomelas; Ceratotherium simum; Connochaetes; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus niro?; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus capensis cf.; Eurygnathohippus cornelianus cf.; Hippopotamus; Hippotragus equinus; Hystrix makapanensis; Metridiochoerus andrewsi; Oreotragus oreotragus; Procavia antiqua; Procavia transvaalensis; Redunca arundinum; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus angasii; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Adams and Conroy (2005); Adams et al. (2007b); Kuykendall and Conroy (1999); Menter et al. (1999); Watson (1993b).

• Gong-Gong (2824). Taxa: Equus capensis; Mammuthus subplanifrons; Megalotragus priscus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Groot Kloof (2411:2821). Taxa: Damaliscus; Equus; Kobus leche; Syncerus antiquus. References: Curnoe et al. (2006).

• Haasgat (2551:2750). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Australopithecus?; Canis; Cercopithecoides haasgati; Cercopithecoides williamsi; Chasmaporthetes nitidula?; Connochaetes gnou; Connochaetes taurinus; Damaliscus pygargus; Dinofelis cf.; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Equus quagga cf.; Giraffa camelopardalis; Hippotragus equinus; Homo?; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Kobus leche; Megalotragus; Metridiochoerus cf.; Oreotragus oreotragus; Ourebia ourebi; Papio izodi; Parapapio broomi; Pelea capreolus; Procavia antiqua; Procavia capensis; Procavia transvaalensis; Pronolagus rupestris; Raphicerus; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Sylvicapra grimmia; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Adams (2012b); Brophy et al. (2014); Keyser (1991); Keyser and Martini (1991); Leece et al. (2016); McKee and Keyser (1994); Plug and Keyser (1993); Reynolds (2010b).

• Hadeco. See Minaar’s Cave.

• Halliwell’s Workings (2824). Taxa: Damaliscus lunatus cf.; Connochaetes; Equus burchellii cf.; Equus capensis; Equus quagga cf.; Hippopotamus amphibius; Loxodonta; Megalotragus priscus; Metridiochoerus compactus; Syncerus antiquus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Hawston (3419AD). Taxa: Diceros bicornis; Loxodonta africana. References: Cooke (1955).

• Hennops River (2551:2756). Taxa: Mystromys hausleitneri. References: Broom (1948a).

• Herolds Bay (3315:2226). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas marsupialis; Aonyx capensis; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Connochaetes gnou; Damaliscus; Equus; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Lepus capensis; Lycaon pictus; Mellivora capensis; Oreotragus oreotragus; Panthera leo; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx. References: Brink and Deacon (1982).

• Hettie 582 (2808:2658). Taxa: Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes gnou; Equus burchellii; Megalotragus priscus; Phacochoerus africanus. References: De Ruiter et al. (2011).

• Heuningneskrans (2436:3039). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Equus burchellii; Hippotragus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Orycteropus afer; Panthera leo; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Redunca arundinum; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus caffer; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Klein (1984a).

• Hoedjiesbaai (3317BD). Taxa: Canis mesomelas; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Suricata?. References: Cooke (1955).

• Hoedjiespunt 1 (3303:1758). Taxa: Acomys subspinosus; Antidorcas australis; Aonyx capensis; Atilax paludinosus; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Ceratotherium simum; Crocidura cyanea; Crocuta crocuta; Cryptomys hottentotus; Damaliscus pygargus; Elephantulus rupestris; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Felis nigripes; Felis silvestris; Genetta tigrina; Gerbilliscus afra; Herpestes ichneumon; Homo rhodesiensis; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Lepus capensis; Lepus saxatilis; Lycaon pictus; Megalotragus priscus; Mellivora capensis; Micaelamys namaquensis; Myomyscus verreauxii; Myosorex varius; Myotomys sloggetti; Myotomys unisulcatus; Mystromys albicaudatus; Otomys irroratus; Otomys saundersiae; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Parahyaena brunnea; Parotomys brantsii; Pelea capreolus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus; Redunca arundinum; Rhabdomys pumilio; Rhinolophus clivosus; Suricata suricatta; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros; Vulpes chama; Zelotomys woosnami. References: Berger and Parkington (1995); Brophy et al. (2014); Churchill et al. (2000a); Matthews et al. (2005, 2006); Stynder (1997).

• Hofmeyr Cave (3125DB). Taxa: Homo sapiens. References: Dusseldorp et al. (2013); Grine et al. (2007).

• Homestead Area (2824). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Equus capensis; Phacochoerus africanus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Hoogstede (3151:2607). Taxa: Equus burchellii; Megalotragus priscus cf. References: Cooke (1955).

• Jack’s Camp (2033:2512) Other names: SAAN-0036. Taxa: Hippopotamus; Hippotragus; Kobus ellipsiprymnus cf.; Syncerus antiquus; Tragelaphus. References: Berger and Brink (2001).

• Jägersquelle (1925:1804). Taxa: Acomys; Crocidura; Cryptomys; Gerbillurus; Malacothrix; Micaelamys; Miniopterus; Mus; Mystromys; Panthera pardus; Parapapio; Rhinolophus; Steatomys; Zelotomys. References: Pickford and Senut (2010).

• Jakkalsfontein (3123AC). Taxa: Equus burchellii; Equus capensis. References: Cooke (1955).

• Kalk Bay (3418AB). Taxa: Hippopotamus amphibius; Loxodonta africana. References: Cooke (1955).

• Kalk Plateau (2417DB). Taxa: Equus burchellii. References: Cooke (1955).

• Kalkbank (2332:2921). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Alcelaphus caama cf.; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus lunatus cf.; Diceros bicornis; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Georychus capensis; Giraffa camelopardalis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ichneumia albicauda; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Loxodonta africana; Lycaon pictus; Megalotragus priscus; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Phacochoerus africanus; Redunca fulvorufula; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx; Vulpes chama cf. References: Brown (1988); Cooke (1962); Ewer (1958a, 1962); Hutson (2006); Hutson and Cain (2008); Wadley (2015).

• Kalkoenkrans 225 (2810:2645). Taxa: Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes gnou. References: De Ruiter et al. (2011).

• Kathu Pan (2740:2301). Taxa: Alcelaphus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Ceratotherium simum; Elephas recki; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Giraffa camelopardalis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus cf.; Megalotragus priscus; Orycteropus afer; Pedetes capensis; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Redunca; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Tragelaphus. References: Klein (1988); Wadley (2015).

• Keeble’s Paddock (2824). Taxa: Connochaetes gnou cf.; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus niger; ‘Kobus’ altidens; Phacochoerus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Klasies River (3406:2424). Taxa: Acomys subspinosus; Alcelaphus buselaphus cf.; Amblysomus hottentotus; Antidorcas australis; Aonyx capensis; Atilax paludinosus; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal cf.; Chlorotalpa duthiae; Connochaetes; Crocidura cyanea; Crocidura flavescens; Cryptomys hottentotus; Damaliscus niro; Damaliscus pygargus; Dasymys incomtus; Dendromus melanotis; Dendromus mesomelas; Diceros bicornis; Equus quagga; Felis silvestris; Galerella pulverulenta; Genetta; Georychus capensis; Grammomys dolichurus; Graphiurus ocularis; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Kobus; Lepus capensis; Loxodonta africana; Macroscelides proboscideus; Mastomys coucha; Megalotragus priscus; Mellivora capensis; Micaelamys namaquensis; Mus minutoides; Myomyscus verreauxii; Myosorex varius; Mystromys albicaudatus; Orycteropus afer; Otomys irroratus; Otomys laminatus; Otomys saundersiae; Ourebia ourebi; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Philantomba monticola; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Rhabdomys pumilio; Suncus infinitesimus; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Thallomys paedulcus; Tragelaphus scriptus; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Avery (1987b, 1995b); Brophy et al. (2014); Grine et al. (1998); Henderson (1992); Klein (1975b, 1976a); McKee et al. (1995); Pearce (2008); Rightmire and Deacon (1991); Van Pletzen (2000); Wadley (2015).

• Klipdrift Complex (3427:2044). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas marsupialis cf.; Bathyergus suillus; Connochaetes gnou; Damaliscus pygargus; Diceros bicornis; Equus; Lepus saxatilis; Oreotragus oreotragus; Ourebia ourebi; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx. References: Harvati et al. (2015); Henshilwood et al. (2014); Reynard et al. (2016a, 2016b); Wadley (2015).

• Koanaka Hills. See !Ncumtsa.

• Koffiefontein (2925AC). Taxa: Equus capensis. References: Wells (1940).

• Kombat E900 (1942:1743). Taxa: Antidorcas; Procavia. References: Pickford and Senut (2010).

• Kraanvogelvallei Breakwater (2824). Taxa: Hippopotamus amphibius. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Kramleeg (3017:1724). Taxa: Pedetes capensis cf. References: Pickford and Mein (2011).

• Kranskraal (2928AB). Taxa: Megalotragus priscus. References: Hoffman (1953).

• Kromdraai (2600:2745). Taxa: Acomys; Arvicanthis; Canis antiquus; Canis atrox; Chrysospalax; Connochaetes taurinus cf.; Crocuta crocuta; Crocuta ultra; Crossarchus transvaalensis cf.; Cryptomys robertsi; Dasymys; Dendromus; Desmodillus; Elephantulus antiquus; Elephantulus brachyrhynchus; Elephantulus broomi; Eptesicus hottentotus cf.; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Eurygnathohippus cornelianus; Felis crassidens; Gerbilliscus leucogaster cf.; Gorgopithecus major; Grammomys dolichurus cf.; Graphiurus; Hyaena hyaena; Lemniscomys; Macroscelides proboscideus; Malacothrix; Mastomys natalensis cf.; Mellivora; Metridiochoerus andrewsi; Metridiochoerus modestus; Micaelamys namaquensis cf.; Mus; Myosorex robinsoni; Myotis tricolor cf.; Myotis welwitschii cf.; Mystromys hausleitneri; Nyctereutes terblanchei; Otomys gracilis; Panthera leo; Papio izodi; Parahyaena brunnea; Paranthropus robustus; Parmularius parvus; Potamochoeroides hypsodon; Proamblysomus antiquus; Procavia transvaalensis; Proodontomys cookei; Rhabdomys pumilio cf.; Rhinolophus capensis cf.; Steatomys; Suncus varilla cf.; Taphozous; Thallomys paedulcus cf.; Theropithecus oswaldi; Vulpes pulcher; Zelotomys. References: Broom (1939c, 1940, 1948a); Broom and Robinson (1948); Brophy et al. (2014); Churcher (1970); De Graaff (1961b); De Ruiter (2004); De Ruiter et al. (2008b); Ewer (1958b); Freedman (1970); Freedman and Brain (1972); Gommery et al. (2008b); McCrae and Potze (2006); Pickford (2013b); Pocock (1985, 1987); Reynolds (2010b); Singleton et al. (2016); Thackeray et al. (2001, 2005); Turner (1986); Vrba (1981).

• Larsen’s Pits, Main Workings and Shaft 47 (2820:2444). Taxa: Alcelaphus robustus; Connochaetes; Damaliscus pygargus cf.; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Equus sandwithi; Hippopotamus amphibius; Metridiochoerus compactus; Phacochoerus africanus; Phacochoerus altidens; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer. References: Cooke (1949a, 1949b); Shaw and Cooke (1940).

• LeRoux 717 (2811:2659). Taxa: Antidorcas marsupialis. References: De Ruiter et al. (2011).

• Lesedi Chamber (2601:2743). Taxa: Homo naledi. References: Hawks et al. (2017).

• Lincoln Cave (2627BA). Taxa: Antidorcas; Canis mesomelas; Damaliscus niro; Equus burchellii; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus; Homo erectus cf.; Hystrix cf.; Otocyon megalotis; Papio ursinus cf.; Pedetes capensis; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus; Suricata suricatta; Taurotragus oryx cf.; Tragelaphus scriptus cf.; Vulpes chama. References: Reynolds et al. (2007); Wadley (2015).

• Linkerhandsgat (3419). Taxa: Alcelaphus caama cf.; Canis mesomelas; Crocuta. References: Cooke (1955).

• Little England (3222BD). Taxa: Equus burchellii cf. References: Cooke (1955).

• Longlands (2824). Taxa: Crocuta crocuta; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Metridiochoerus andrewsi; Notochoerus capensis. References: Broom (1925, 1928); Cooke (1949a).

• Lower Kemp’s Cave (2605:2742). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas marsupialis; Canis mesomelas; Connochaetes gnou; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Genetta genetta; Hippotragus niger cf.; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Leptailurus serval; Lepus saxatilis; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pedetes capensis; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Pronolagus; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros; Vulpes chama. References: Swanepoel (2003).

• Luleche (2550:2751). Taxa: Oreotragus oreotragus; Redunca; Tragelaphus angasii. References: Adams et al. (2007a).

• Mahemspan (2746:2609). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes gnou; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus niro; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus capensis; Equus quagga cf.; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Kobus leche; Megalotragus priscus; Panthera leo; Phacochoerus africanus; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx. References: Brink (1993, 2005); Brophy et al. (2014); Hoffman (1953); Van Hoepen (1947).

• Malapa (2553:2748). Taxa: Atilax mesotes; Australopithecus sediba; Cynictis cf.; Dinofelis barlowi; Elephantulus; Equus; Felis nigripes; Felis silvestris; Genetta; Lepus; Lycaon; Megantereon whitei; Mungos; Oreotragus; Panthera pardus; Papio; Parahyaena brunnea; Rhynchogale cf.; Tragelaphus scriptus cf.; Tragelaphus strepsiceros cf.; Vulpes chama; Vulpes skinneri. References: Dirks et al. (2010); Kuhn et al. (2011, 2016); Val et al. (2011, 2014).

• Meerholtzkop (2727BB). Taxa: Megalotragus priscus. References: Hoffman (1953).

• Melkbos (3342:1824). Taxa: Antidorcas australis; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Ceratotherium simum; Connochaetes; Diceros bicornis; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Loxodonta africana; Panthera leo; Parahyaena brunnea; Raphicerus; Redunca arundinum; Syncerus; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Hendey (1968, 1969); Klein (1974b).

• Mimosa 559 (2827:2638). Taxa: Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes gnou; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Giraffa camelopardalis; Hippotragus niger; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Kobus leche; Megalotragus priscus; Phacochoerus africanus. References: De Ruiter et al. (2011).

• Minaar’s Cave (2559:2746). Other names: SAAN-0004; Hadeco. Taxa: Canis mesomelas; Crocuta crocuta; Equus capensis; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Megalotragus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Panthera pardus; Papio izodi cf.; Procavia antiqua; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Brain (1981); Berger and Brink, (2001); Churcher (1970); Freedman (1970); Gommery et al. (2012b).

• Mitasrust Farm (2826). Taxa: Connochaetes antiquus cf.; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis cf.; Megalotragus priscus; Phacochoerus africanus; Syncerus antiquus. References: Rossouw (2006).

• Mockesdam (2928AB). Taxa: Megalotragus priscus. References: Hoffman (1953).

• Modder River (2825). Megalotragus priscus; Syncerus antiquus. References: Cooke (1955).

• Morris Draai (2824). Taxa: Equus capensis cf.; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus niger cf.; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Motsetse (2554:2749). Taxa: Antidorcas; Canis mesomelas; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus; Dinofelis piveteaui; Equus; Genetta; Oreotragus oreotragus cf.; Pelea capreolus cf.; Procavia capensis; Redunca; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Berger and Lacruz (2003); Reynolds (2010b).

• Namib IV (2347:1520). Taxa: Elephas recki; Equus burchellii cf.; Syncerus caffer cf. References: Klein (1988); Shackley (1980, 1985).

• Nelson Bay Cave (3406:2322). Taxa: Alcelaphus caama cf.; Antidorcas marsupialis cf.; Aonyx capensis; Atilax paludinosus; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Connochaetes gnou cf.; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus capensis; Felis silvestris; Galerella pulverulenta; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Lepus capensis; Megalotragus; Mellivora capensis; Orycteropus afer; Ourebia ourebi; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Philantomba monticola; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Smutsia temminckii cf.; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus scriptus. References: Brophy et al. (2014); Klein (1972, 1974b); Pearce (2008).

• Niekerk’s Rush (2824). Taxa: Equus burchellii. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Nooitgedacht (2830). Taxa: Homo sapiens. References: Morris et al. (1995).

• Nooitgedacht (3419). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Redunca arundinum. References: Cooke (1955).

• Nos (2530:1530). Taxa: Antidorcas marsupialis; Canis; Procavia. References: Thackeray (1979).

• Nosib (1925:1748). Taxa: Crocidura; Cryptomys; Dasymys; Dendromus; Gerbilliscus; Gerbillurus; Graphiurus; Malacothrix; Mastomys; Mus; Mystromys; Rhabdomys; Rhinolophus; Steatomys; Stenodontomys; Zelotomys. References: Pickford and Senut (2010).

• Nxazini Pans (2005:2522). Other names: SAAN-0034, 0035. Taxa: Antidorcas bondi; Connochaetes taurinus cf.; Damaliscus; Elephas; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis cf.; Hippopotamus; Metridiochoerus; Phacochoerus; Procavia; Sylvicapra cf.; Syncerus; Tragelaphus scriptus. References: Berger and Brink (2001).

• Old Pont Site (2824). Taxa: Elephas iolensis; Equus burchellii; Hippopotamus amphibius; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Ondera (1839:1339). Taxa: Procavia. References: Pickford and Senut (2010); Pickford et al. (1993).

• Ongers River (2957:2311). Taxa: Megalotragus priscus. References: Brink et al. (1995).

• Oranjemund (2833:1624). Taxa: Homo sapiens. References: Senut et al. (2000).

• Otjiseva (2216BD). Taxa: Homo sapiens. References: De Villiers (1972a); Sydow (1969).

• Peers Cave (3407:1825). Taxa: Equus capensis; Equus zebra; Homo sapiens. References: Cooke (1955); Pfeiffer (2013).

• Pinnacle Point (3422AA). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas marsupialis; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Connochaetes gnou; Crocidura cyanea; Crocidura flavescens; Cryptomys hottentotus; Damaliscus niro; Damaliscus pygargus; Dendromus mystacalis; Diceros bicornis; Elephantulus; Elephantulus edwardii; Equus capensis cf.; Equus quagga cf.; Felis silvestris; Galerella pulverulenta; Genetta; Georychus capensis; Gerbilliscus afra; Grammomys dolichurus; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Lepus capensis; Megalotragus priscus; Mellivora capensis; Mus minutoides; Myomyscus verreauxii; Myosorex varius; Myotis; Mystromys albicaudatus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Otocyon megalotis; Otomys irroratus; Otomys saundersiae; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pedetes capensis; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Rhabdomys pumilio; Rhinolophus clivosus; Saccostomus campestris; Steatomys krebsii; Suncus infinitesimus; Suncus varilla; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus scriptus cf.; Vulpes chama; Zelotomys. References: Armstrong (2016); Brophy et al. (2014); Marean et al. (2004); Matthews et al. (2009, 2011); McGrath et al. (2015); Rector and Reed (2010); Wadley (2015).

• Plovers Lake (2559:2747). Taxa: Aethomys chrysophilus; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Aonyx capensis; Atilax paludinosus; Canis mesomelas; Chlorocebus aethiops; Connochaetes gnou; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocidura silacea; Crocuta crocuta cf.; Cryptomys hottentotus; Cynictis penicillata cf.; Damaliscus niro; Damaliscus pygargus; Dendromus melanotis; Elephantulus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Felis silvestris; Galerella sanguinea cf.; Genetta tigrina; Gerbilliscus; Hippopotamus; Hippotragus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Lepus; Lycaon pictus; Mastomys natalensis; Megalotragus priscus; Mellivora capensis; Metridiochoerus andrewsi; Micaelamys namaquensis cf.; Mungos mungo cf.; Mus minutoides; Mystromys albicaudatus; Otocyon megalotis; Otomys irroratus; Panthera leo cf.; Panthera pardus cf.; Papio robinsoni; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Procavia transvaalensis; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Steatomys pratensis; Suricata suricatta; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros; Vulpes chama; Zelotomys woosnami. References: Brophy et al. (2006, 2014); De Ruiter et al. (2008a); McKee et al. (1995); Reynolds (2010b); Thackeray and Watson (1994); Wadley (2015).

• Pneil (2824BD). Taxa: Connochaetes gnou; Damaliscus niro; Damaliscus pygargus; Elephas iolensis; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Kobus leche cf.; Kolpochoerus paiceae; Loxodonta africana; Megalotragus priscus; Phacochoerus africanus; Phacochoerus altidens; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus. References: Broom (1928); Cooke (1939); Cooke and Wells (1946); Hoffman (1953); Hutson (2016); Shaw and Cooke (1940).

• Pockenbank (2713:1631). Taxa: Canis; Equus zebra cf.; Lepus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Oryx gazella; Procavia capensis. References: Thackeray (1979); Wadley (2015).

• Pomongwe (2032:2830). Taxa: Connochaetes taurinus cf.; Damaliscus lunatus cf.; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Hippotragus equinus; Hippotragus niger; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Lepus; Mellivora capensis; Oreotragus oreotragus; Panthera pardus; Pedetes capensis; Phacochoerus africanus; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Raphicerus sharpei cf.; Redunca arundinum; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus scriptus; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Brain (1981); Wadley (2015).

• Power’s Site (2832:2428DA). Taxa: Alcelaphus caama cf.; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas recki; Ceratotherium simum; Connochaetes; Damaliscus pygargus cf.; Elephas iolensis; Elephas recki; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Equus quagga cf.; Equus sandwithi cf.; Hippopotamus amphibius; Loxodonta; Megalotragus priscus; Metridiochoerus andrewsi; Metridiochoerus compactus; Phacochoerus africanus; Phacochoerus altidens; Redunca arundinum; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer cf.; Taurotragus oryx. References: Cooke (1949a); Klein (1988); Power (1955).

• Pretoria (2528). Taxa: Papio spelaeus. References: Broom (1936b); Freedman (1970).

• Prieska (2922DA). Taxa: Megalotragus priscus. References: Hoffman (1953).

• Putslaagte 8 (3218). Taxa: Bathyergus suillus; Caracal caracal; Equus; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Oreotragus oreotragus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus; Redunca; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus caffer. References: Mackay et al. (2015).

• Ravenscraig (3000:2747). Taxa: Equus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Pelea capreolus. References: Plug (1997b).

• Redcliff (1901:2946). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Alcelaphus cf.; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Aonyx; Atelerix frontalis; Canis mesomelas; Ceratotherium simum; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus pygargus; Dendrohyrax arboreus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Felis silvestris; Galerella sanguinea; Giraffa camelopardalis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ichneumia albicauda; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Kobus leche; Lepus; Loxodonta africana; Lycaon pictus; Megalotragus priscus; Mellivora capensis; Metridiochoerus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Orycteropus afer; Ourebia ourebi; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pedetes capensis; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Smutsia temminckii; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros; Vulpes chama. References: Cruz-Uribe (1983); Klein (1978b); Wadley (2015).

• Reunion Rocks (2930DD). Taxa: Loxodonta africana. References: Ramsay et al. (1993).

• Riet River (2614:2948). Taxa: Connochaetes antiquus; Equus quagga; Homo; Kobus leche; Megalotragus cf.; Parahyaena brunnea; Phacochoerus. References: Berger and Brink (1996).

• Rietfontein (1942:1753). Taxa: Antidorcas; Oryx; Panthera pardus; Procavia. References: Pickford and Senut (2010).

• River-bed above the Island (2824). Taxa: Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Loxodonta africana cf.; Syncerus caffer. References: Cooke (1949a).

• River-bed below the Island (2824). Taxa: Elephas iolensis; Hippopotamus amphibius. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Riverton (2831:2442). Taxa: Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Phacochoerus africanus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Rocky II and III (1748:1342). Taxa: Crocidura; Desmodillus; Elephantulus; Gerbilliscus; Graphiurus; Lepus; Malacothrix; Mastomys; Mus; Myotis; Nycteris; Pedetes; Petromus; Petromyscus; Procavia; Rhabdomys; Rhinolophus; Saccostomus; Steatomys; Thallomys; Thryonomys; Zelotomys. References: Pickford and Senut (2010); Pickford et al. (1993).

• Rose Cottage Cave (2913:2728). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus cf.; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Aonyx capensis cf.; Cephalophus natalensis; Connochaetes gnou; Connochaetes taurinus; Cricetomys ansorgei cf.; Cryptomys hottentotus; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Giraffa camelopardalis cf.; Herpestes; Hippotragus leucophaeus cf.; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Lepus; Mastomys natalensis; Megalotragus priscus; Papio ursinus; Pedetes capensis; Pelea capreolus cf.; Phacochoerus africanus; Philantomba monticola; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Redunca fulvorufula; Smutsia temminckii; Sylvicapra grimmia cf.; Syncerus antiquus cf.; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus scriptus; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Avery (1997b); Brophy et al. (2014); Plug (1997b); Plug and Engela (1992); Welbourne (1988); Wells (2006).

• SAAN-0005 (2559:2746). Taxa: Equus capensis; Megalotragus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Procavia capensis. References: Berger and Brink (2001).

• SAAN-0034, 0035. See Nxazini Pans.

• SAAN-0036. See Jack’s Camp.

• SAAN-004. See Minaar’s Cave.

• SAAN-0042, 0043. See Thomeng.

• Saldanha Bay (3300:1757). Taxa: Equus capensis. References: Cooke (1955); Freedman (1970).

• Saldanha Bay Yacht Club (3317BB). Taxa: Bathyergus suillus; Chrysochloris asiatica; Crocidura cyanea; Crocidura flavescens; Cryptomys hottentotus; Dendromus melanotis; Dendromus mesomelas; Elephantulus edwardii; Gerbilliscus afra; Gerbillurus paeba; Myosorex varius; Myotomys unisulcatus; Mystromys albicaudatus; Otomys irroratus; Otomys saundersiae; Rhabdomys pumilio; Rhinolophus clivosus; Steatomys krebsii; Suncus varilla. References: Manthi (2002); Matthews et al. (2007).

• Sand River (2826AA). Taxa: Megalotragus priscus. References: Hoffman (1953); Van Hoepen (1947).

• Schmidt’s Drift (2824DA). Taxa: Equus capensis. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Schoolplaats No. 1 (2824BB). Taxa: Equus capensis. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Sea Harvest (3301:1757). Taxa: Acinonyx jubatus; Antidorcas australis cf.; Aonyx capensis; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Ceratotherium simum; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Felis silvestris; Galerella pulverulenta; Genetta tigrina cf.; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Leptailurus serval cf.; Leptis capensis; Lepus saxatilis; Loxodonta africana; Lycaon pictus; Mellivora capensis; Oreotragus oreotragus; Orycteropus afer; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Sylvicapra grimmia; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Brophy et al. (2014); Grine and Klein (1993).

• Sehonghong (2946:2847). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas marsupialis; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Chlorocebus pygerythrus; Connochaetes gnou; Cryptomys hottentotus; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Hippotragus equinus; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Ictonyx striatus; Lepus saxatilis; Megalotragus priscus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca fulvorufula; Sylvicapra grimmia; Taurotragus oryx. References: Horsburgh et al. (2016); Plug and Mitchell (2008); Wadley (2015).

• Sheppard Island (2725DA). Other names: Bloemhof site. Taxa: Elephas iolensis; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Equus sandwithi; Hippopotamus amphibius; Megalotragus priscus; Phacochoerus africanus cf.; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Tragelaphus?. References: Cooke (1949a, 1955).

• Sibudu (2931:3105). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Aonyx capensis cf.; Atilax paludinosus; Cephalophus natalensis; Cercopithecus albogularis; Chlorocebus aethiops; Chlorocebus pygerythrus; Connochaetes taurinus; Cricetomys ansorgei; Cryptomys hottentotus; Damaliscus pygargus; Elephantulus myurus; Equus burchellii cf.; Equus capensis cf.; Equus quagga; Felis silvestris; Galerella sanguinea; Genetta tigrina cf.; Georychus capensis; Giraffa camelopardalis; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus equinus; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis cf.; Ictonyx striatus cf.; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Lepus saxatilis; Loxodonta africana; Mastomys natalensis; Megalotragus priscus; Myosorex varius; Oreotragus oreotragus; Orycteropus afer; Otomys angoniensis; Otomys irroratus; Otomys laminatus; Panthera leo; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Philantomba monticola; Potamochoerus larvatus; Procavia capensis; Pronolagus crassicaudatus; Pronolagus rupestris; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum; Redunca fulvorufula; Rhabdomys pumilio; Rhinolophus clivosus; Smutsia temminckii; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Thryonomys swinderianus; Tragelaphus scriptus; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Cain (2006); Clark and Plug (2008); Glenny (2006); Le Roux and Badenhorst (2016); Plug (1997d, 2004); Wadley et al. (2008); Wells (2006).

• Silberberg Grotto (2627). Taxa: Acinonyx jubatus; Australopithecus; Homotherium crenatidens; Lycyaenops silberbergi; Megantereon whitei; Panthera pardus. References: Reynolds (2010b).

• SK400 (2941:1704). Other names: Springbok Midden. Taxa: Antidorcas marsupialis; Canis. References: Dewar (2007); Dewar et al. (2006).

• Spitzkloof A Rockshelter (2852:1705). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas marsupialis; Bathyergus janetta; Canis mesomelas; Lepus capensis; Mus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Oryx gazella; Parotomys brantsii; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Sylvicapra grimmia. References: Dewar and Stewart (2012, 2016, 2017); Wadley (2015).

• Spitskop B (2827:2748). Taxa: Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes gnou; Connochaetes taurinus; Damaliscus niro; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus capensis; Equus quagga cf.; Hippotragus; Megalotragus priscus; Phacochoerus africanus; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx. References: Brink (2005).

• Spreeuwal (3318AA). Taxa: Bathyergus suillus; Connochaetes gnou; Damaliscus pygargus; Diceros bicornis; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Gerbillurus paeba; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Lepus saxatilis; Megalotragus priscus; Oryx gazella; Otomys saundersiae; Parahyaena brunnea; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx. References: Avery (1997); Brophy et al. (2014); Klein et al. (2007).

• Springbok Flats. See Tuinplaas.

• Springbok Midden. See SK400.

• Sterkfontein (2601:2744). Taxa: Acomys spinosissimus cf.; Aepyceros; Aethomys chrysophilus; Amblysomus; Antidorcas bondi; Antidorcas marsupialis; Antidorcas recki; Arvicanthis?; Australopithecus africanus; Canis antiquus; Canis mesomelas; Cercopithecoides williamsi cf.; Chasmaporthetes nitidula; Chlorotalpa sclateri; Chlorotalpa spelea; Chrysospalax villosus; Connochaetes gnou cf.; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocidura silacea cf.; Crocuta crocuta; Cryptomys hottentotus; Cryptomys robertsi; Damaliscus pygargus cf.; Dasymys ‘broomi’; Dasymys incomtus cf.; Dendromus melanotis; Dendromus mesomelas cf.; Dinofelis barlowi; Elephantulus antiquus; Elephantulus brachyrhynchus cf.; Elephantulus broomi; Elephantulus fuscus; Elephantulus intufi; Elephas recki; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Eurygnathohippus cornelianus; Gazella?; Georychus capensis; Gerbilliscus brantsii cf.; Gerbilliscus leucogaster cf.; Graphiurus; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus cookei; Hippotragus equinus; Hippotragus niger; Homo erectus; Homo gautengensis; Homotherium crenatidens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Hystrix cristata?; Lepus capensis; Lycyaenops silberbergi; Macroscelides proboscideus; ‘Makapania’ broomi cf.; Malacothrix typica; Mastomys natalensis sl.; Megalotragus cf.; Megantereon gracile; Megantereon whitei; Metridiochoerus modestus; Micaelamys namaquensis cf.; Miniopterus natalensis; Mungos mungo cf.; Mus minutoides cf.; Mylomygale spiersi?; Myosorex cafer; Myosorex robinsoni; Myotis tricolor; Myotomys sloggetti; Mystromys albicaudatus; Mystromys hausleitneri; Oreotragus oreotragus; Otocyon megalotis; Otomys gracilis; Otomys irroratus; Otomys saundersiae; Pachycrocuta brevirostris; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Papio izodi; Papio robinsoni; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Paranthropus robustus; Parapapio broomi; Parapapio jonesi; Parapapio whitei; Pedetes capensis; Pelea capreolus; Pelomys fallax cf.?; Phacochoerus africanus; Phacochoerus antiquus; Proamblysomus antiquus; Procavia antiqua; Procavia capensis; Procavia transvaalensis; Pronolagus; Proodontomys cookei; Proteles; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca darti; Rhabdomys pumilio; Rhinolophus capensis cf.; Rhinolophus clivosus cf.; Rhinolophus darlingi cf.; Saccostomus campestris; Steatomys pratensis; Suncus varilla; Suricata suricatta; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus; Thallomys paedulcus cf.; Theropithecus oswaldi; Tragelaphus angasii aff.; Tragelaphus scriptus cf.; Tragelaphus strepsiceros; Vulpes chama; Zelotomys woosnami cf. References: Avery (2000, 2001); Berger et al. (2002); Berger and Tobias (1994); Broom (1937a, 1937b, 1939c, 1940, 1948a); Broom and Robinson (1949a); Brophy et al. (2014); Churcher (1970); Cooke (1947); De Graaff (1961c); De Ruiter (2004); De Ruiter et al. (2008b); Ewer (1958b); Freedman (1970); Kibii (2006); Lavocat (1957); McKee (1991); McKee et al. (1995); Moggi-Cecchi et al. (1998, 2006); Ogola (2009); Pocock (1969, 1987); O’Regan (2007); Reynolds (2010b); Reynolds and Kibii (2011); Reynolds et al. (2003, 2007); Turner (1986, 1987a, 1997); Val and Stratford (2015); Vrba (1974a).

• Strathalan B (3059:2823). Taxa: Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes gnou; Damaliscus pygargus; Equus; Hippotragus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Taurotragus oryx. References: Opperman (1992, 1996); Wadley (2015).

• Sunnyside Pan (2839:2609). Taxa: Connochaetes gnou; Connochaetes taurinus; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus niro. References: Brink (2005).

• Swart Duinen (3000:1702). Taxa: Bathyergus; Equus; Gerbillurus; Giraffa; Mastomys; Mystromys; Parotomys; Petromus; Pronolagus; Raphicerus campestris; Rhabdomys; Suricata suricatta. References: Pickford and Senut (1997).

• Swartklip (3405:1841). Other names: Zwartklip. Taxa: Antidorcas australis; Aonyx capensis; Atilax paludinosus; Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Ceratotherium simum; Connochaetes gnou; Damaliscus; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Felis silvestris; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus amphibius; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Ictonyx striatus; Leptailurus serval; Lycaon pictus; Mellivora capensis; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Raphicerus melanotis; Redunca arundinum; Suricata suricatta; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros; Vulpes chama. References: Brophy et al. (2014); Cruz-Uribe (1991); Ewer (1958c); Hendey (1968, 1969); Klein (1974b, 1975a); Klein and Cruz-Uribe (1991); Singer and Fuller (1962).

• Swartkrans (2602:2743). Taxa: Acinonyx jubatus; Acomys spinosissimus; Aepyceros melampus; Aethomys chrysophilus cf.; Antidorcas australis; Antidorcas bondi; Aonyx capensis; Atilax mesotes; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Cercopithecoides williamsi; Chasmaporthetes nitidula; Chrysospalax villosus cf.; Connochaetes taurinus cf.; Crocuta crocuta; Cryptomys hottentotus; Cryptomys robertsi; Cynictis penicillata; Damaliscus niro?; Damaliscus pygargus cf.; Dasymys; Dendromus nyikae?; Dinofelis; Dinopithecus ingens; Elephantulus broomi; Elephantulus fuscus; Elephas; Eptesicus hottentotus cf.; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Equus quagga; Eurygnathohippus cornelianus; Felis silvestris; Galerella sanguinea; Gazella; Genetta tigrina; Gerbilliscus; Graphiurus; Herpestes ichneumon; Hippopotamus; Beatragus cf.; Hippotragus gigas cf.; Hippotragus niger cf.; Homo gautengensis; Homotherium?; Hyaena hyaena; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Kobus leche cf.; Leptailurus serval; Macroscelides proboscideus cf.; ‘Makapania’; Malacothrix typica; Mastomys coucha; Megalotragus; Megantereon whitei; Mellivora capensis; Metridiochoerus andrewsi; Micaelamys namaquensis cf.; Mus; Myosorex cafer cf.; Myosorex robinsoni; Myotis tricolor; Mystromys albicaudatus; Neamblysomus gunningi cf.; Numidocapra porrocornutus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Orycteropus afer; Otocyon recki; Otomys gracilis; Otomys saundersiae cf.; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Papio robinsoni; Parahyaena brunnea; Paranthropus robustus; Parapapio broomi; Parapapio jonesi; Parapapio whitei; Pedetes; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus antiquus; Procavia transvaalensis; Proodontomys cookei; Proteles transvaalensis; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum cf.; Redunca darti; Rhabdomys pumilio; Rhinolophus blasii cf.; Rhinolophus capensis cf.; Smutsia; Steatomys pratensis; Suncus varilla; Suricata suricatta; Syncerus; Taurotragus oryx; Thallomys; Theropithecus oswaldi; Tragelaphus angasii aff.; Tragelaphus scriptus; Tragelaphus strepsiceros; Vulpes pulcher. References: Avery (1995b, 1998, 2001); Brain (1970, 1976); Brain et al. (1974, 1988); Brain and Watson (1992); Brophy et al. (2014); Churcher (1970); De Ruiter (2003); De Ruiter et al. (2006); De Ruiter et al. (2008b); Ewer (1958b); Freedman (1970); Gommery (2008); Grine (1989, 1993, 2005); Grine and Daegling (1993); Grine and Strait (1994); Grine and Susman (1991); Hendey (1974b); McKee et al. (1995); Pickering et al. (2012); Reynolds (2010b); Susman and De Ruiter (2004); Stynder (1997); Susman et al. (2001); Turner (1993); Watson (1993a).

• Swartlintjies 1 (3017). Taxa: Cryptomys; Equus; Homo; Loxodonta; Pronolagus; Sivatherium maurisium. References: Pickford and Senut (1997).

• Sydney-on-Vaal (2827:2419). Taxa: Damaliscus; Elephas iolensis; Elephas recki; Equus burchellii cf.; Hippopotamus amphibius; Loxodonta africana; Mammuthus subplanifrons. References: Cooke (1949a); Dart (1929b); Osborn (1942); Wells (1964).

• The Bend (2824DA). Taxa: Equus capensis. References: Broom (1928); Cooke (1949a).

• Thomeng (2742:2436). Other names: SAAN-0042, 0043. Taxa: Hystrix; Lepus; Oreotragus; Procavia. References: Berger and Brink (2001).

• Tierfontein (2826AA). Taxa: Sivatherium maurisium. References: Singer and Boné (1960).

• Tim’s Cave (1747:1359). Taxa: Lepus; Procavia. References: Pickford and Senut (2010).

• Tloutle (2928:2746). Taxa: Damaliscus pygargus; Equus burchellii; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Procavia capensis; Redunca fulvorufula. References: Mitchell (1993); Plug (1993d, 1997b).

• Tobias Cave (2737:2437). Taxa: Alcelaphus buselaphus; Antidorcas marsupialis; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Connochaetes gnou; Crocuta crocuta; Damaliscus pygargus; Diceros bicornis; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Homo sapiens; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Oreotragus oreotragus; Otocyon megalotis; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Papio ursinus; Parahyaena brunnea; Pelea capreolus; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca fulvorufula; Sylvicapra grimmia; Syncerus caffer; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros; Vulpes chama. References: McKee (1994).

• Tuinplaas (2555:2845). Other names: Springbok Flats. Taxa: Equus capensis; Homo sapiens. References: Dusseldorp et al. (2013); Haughton (1932a); Schepers (1941).

• Uitkomst. See Gladysvale.

• Umhlatuzana (2948:3045). Taxa: Aethomys chrysophilus; Chlorocebus pygerythrus; Crocidura flavescens; Cryptomys hottentotus; Felis silvestris; Grammomys dolichurus; Hippotragus; Myosorex varius; Otomys irroratus; Otomys laminatus; Philantomba monticola; Procavia capensis; Redunca fulvorufula; Rhabdomys pumilio; Suncus varilla; Syncerus caffer; Thryonomys. References: Avery (1991b); Kaplan (1990).

• Usakos (2159:1535). Taxa: Connochaetes; Equus sandwithi; Tragelaphus. References: Cooke (1955).

• Vanwyksfontein (2724CD). Taxa: Equus zebra. References: Lundholm (1952).

• Varsche Rivier 003 (3118DA). Taxa: Cryptomys hottentotus; Felis silvestris; Hippopotamus amphibius; Lepus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Raphicerus; Rhabdomys pumilio. References: Steele et al. (2012); Wadley (2015).

• Virginia 751 (2806:2654). Taxa: Antidorcas marsupialis; Megalotragus priscus. References: Butzer (1973); De Ruiter et al. (2011).

• Vlakkraal Thermal Springs (2826CC). Taxa: Alcelaphus caama; Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes taurinus cf.; Crocuta crocuta cf.; Damaliscus pygargus cf.; Equus (Asinus); Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Hippopotamus amphibius cf.; Hystrix; Kobus; Lycaon pictus cf.; Metridiochoerus compactus; Phacochoerus africanus; Redunca arundinum; Sylvicapra grimmia cf.; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx cf.; Vulpes chama cf. References: Brink (1994); Cooke (1962); Hoffman (1953); Wells et al. (1942).

• Vlakplaats (2628). Taxa: Antidorcas recki cf.; Lepus cf.; Parmularius cf.; Tragelaphus scriptus cf. References: Vrba and Panagos (1978).

• Waldeck’s Plant (2824). Taxa: Equus burchellii cf.; Equus capensis; Equus quagga cf.; Hippopotamus amphibius; Loxodonta africana; Metridiochoerus modestus; Phacochoerus africanus. References: Beck (1906); Cooke (1949a).

• Warrenton (2824BB). Taxa: Crocuta crocuta; Equus burchellii; Syncerus antiquus. References: Cooke (1949a).

• White Paintings Rock Shelter (1825:2130). Taxa: Ceratotherium simum; Crocidura hirta cf.; Equus capensis; Felis silvestris; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Lepus; Megalotragus priscus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Otocyon megalotis; Pedetes capensis; Redunca arundinum; Tragelaphus scriptus. References: Robbins (1990); Robbins et al. (2000).

• Willowbank (2824). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Connochaetes; Megalotragus priscus; Syncerus caffer. References: Cooke (1949a).

• Windsorton (2824BB). Taxa: Equus capensis; Kolpochoerus paiceae. References: Broom (1931); Cooke (1949a).

• Winter’s Rush (2824). Taxa: Equus capensis. References: Broom (1928); Cooke (1949a).

• Witkrans Cave (2736:2436). Taxa: Elephantulus; Homo sapiens; Otomys gracilis. References: Davis (1961); Dusseldorp et al. (2013); Humphreys (1978); McCrossin (1992); Meester (1961a).

• Wonderkrater (2426:2845). Taxa: Damaliscus; Equus quagga; Hippopotamus amphibius; Megalotragus priscus; Phacochoerus; Syncerus antiquus. References: Backwell et al. (2014).

• Wonderwerk (2751:2333). Taxa: Acomys; Alcelaphus; Antidorcas; Canis mesomelas; Chlorotalpa sclateri; Chrysochloris asiatica; Chrysospalax; Connochaetes gnou?; Crocidura cyanea; Crocidura flavescens; Crocidura fuscomurina; Crocidura hirta cf.; Cryptomys hottentotus; Damaliscus pygargus; Dasymys incomtus; Dendromus melanotis; Desmodillus auricularis; Elephantulus myurus; Eptesicus hottentotus; Equus burchellii; Equus capensis; Eurygnathohippus; Gazella; Raphicerus campestris; Gerbilliscus; Gerbillurus paeba; Graphiurus microtis cf.; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Lemniscomys rosalia; Lepus capensis; Macroscelides proboscideus; Malacothrix typica; Mastomys coucha; Megalotragus priscus; Micaelamys namaquensis; Miniopterus natalensis; Mus minutoides; Myosorex varius; Mystromys albicaudatus; Neoromicia capensis; Oryx gazella; Otomys angoniensis; Papio ursinus; Pedetes capensis; Pelea capreolus cf.; Phacochoerus africanus; Procavia antiqua; Procavia capensis; Procavia transvaalensis; Pronolagus; Raphicerus; Rhabdomys pumilio; Rhinolophus capensis; Saccostomus campestris; Steatomys krebsii; Suncus varilla; Syncerus antiquus; Syncerus caffer; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Taurotragus oryx; Zelotomys woosnami. References: Avery (1981, 1995b, 2007); Brink et al. (2015, 2016); Fernandez-Jalvo and Avery (2015); Klein (1988); Malan and Cooke (1941); Malan and Wells (1943); Thackeray (1984, 2015); Wells et al. (1942); Vrba (1973); Wadley (2015).

• X Cave (2602:2743). Taxa: Aepyceros melampus; Antidorcas bondi; Connochaetes; Hippotragus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Pelea capreolus; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca; Syncerus; Taurotragus oryx. References: Van Zyl et al. (2016).

• Yatala 73 (2807:2646). Taxa: Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes gnou. References: De Ruiter et al. (2011).

• Ysterfontein 1 (3320:1809). Taxa: Bathyergus suillus; Canis mesomelas; Caracal caracal; Connochaetes gnou; Diceros bicornis; Equus; Felis silvestris; Hippotragus leucophaeus; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Lepus; Mellivora capensis; Procavia capensis; Raphicerus campestris; Redunca arundinum; Syncerus antiquus; Taurotragus oryx; Tragelaphus strepsiceros. References: Avery et al. (2008); Halkett et al. (2003); Klein et al. (2004); Wadley (2015).

• Ysterplaat (3318CD). Taxa: Equus capensis. References: Cooke (1955).

• Zais (2401:1608). Taxa: Procavia capensis. References: Cruz-Uribe and Klein (1981–1983).

• Zebrarivier (2431:1716). Taxa: Gerbillurus paeba; Hipposideros vittatus; Oreotragus oreotragus; Parotomys littledalei cf.; Petromus typicus; Procavia capensis; Rhinolophus capensis. References: Avery (1984b); Broom (1928); Cruz-Uribe and Klein (1981–1983).

• Zwartklip. See Swartklip.